Chapters 1-3

Colonization1500 – 1763

Today’s Conquests:

• Identify the primary nations that colonized North America and their objectives.

• State England’s process and chronological order of establishing colonies.

• Explain the religious, political, economical, and social structures in the south, north, and middle colonies.

• Analyze differences between the three regions.

Age of Exploration

• Impacted by the Renaissance• Europe began exploration due to needs in trade

and new technological tools.• In the Age of Exploration, three European

powers fought for control of North America:– Spain

• Focused on exploitation of Indian wealth

– France• Focused on fur trade

– England• Late comer to the colonial game

The Main Players

• All three powers set up colonies:– Santa Fe, 1610 Spain– Quebec, 1608 France– Jamestown, 1607 England

• And thus the inevitable…

• …power struggle in North America.

Elizabethan England

• Protestant Elizabeth begins warring with Catholic Spain:– Spanish Armada defeat in 1588– Rule Britannia!

• Left with a sense of national destiny

• Population looks to branch out

Elizabeth Energizes England

• Spanish Armada – Catholic Spanish King Philip II assembled “Invincible

Armada” of ships to invade England

– Spanish goals were to end the Protestant Reformation and take revenge for English raids by sea dogs

• In 1588, the Spanish sailed for England – English sea dogs attacked using better ships (faster,

more maneuverable, with better crew) and inflicted heavy damages on the Spanish

– Then huge storm (the “Protestant wind”) finished off the Spanish

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

• Spanish Armada was beginning of the end for the Spanish empire

• English Naval Power takes over

Why Leave England?

1. Population increase in Britain

2. Enclosure movement3. Primogeniture – first-born

sons gets everything4. Religious freedom –

Puritans and separatists5. Economic opportunity –

a) based on Spanish wealth b) Jamestown

6. Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration

7. Dumping unwanted people - Georgia

England on the Eve of Empire

• England’s “surplus population” – Population expanding (increased 1 million – to 4

million – by 1600)– English land owners enclosed croplands for sheep

grazing, removing many people from the land– Late 1500s – depression hit wool industry, putting

many people out of work• Puritans strong in these areas

– Laws of primogeniture – only eldest sons inherited estates; ambitious younger sons (like Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake) had to seek fortunes elsewhere

Jamestown Beginnings

• Virginia Company– Charter guaranteed same rights as Englishmen.

• Landed in May 1607 – approx. 100 men– Death was rampant– Men would not work

• 1608 Capt. John Smith took over– Must work to eat– Decent relations with the Indians

• In 1609 Smith returns to England– “Starving time” winter of 1609-1610 John Smith

Jamestown Takes Root

• In 1612 John Rolfe perfected methods for growing tobacco.– By 1616 tobacco was a staple export.

• Impact of tobacco on Virginia:– Ruinous to the soil– Enchained the fortunes of Virginia to one crop– Demand for labor to work the plantations

• First indentured servants, then the first Africans arrive in 1619

– Clashes with the Indians• Anglo-Powhatan War

Map of Jamestown

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

• Nightmare of Jamestown during early years– At Jamestown, settlers died by the dozens due to

disease (malaria, typhoid, dysentary), malnutrition, and starvation

– “gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves– Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of

hunting or farming

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

• In spite of Smith's efforts, Jamestown endured the “starving time” during the winter of 1609 – 1610 – Colonists still died in huge numbers – Forced to eat “dogges, Catts, Ratss, and Myce” – Some even resorted to cannibalism: digging up

corpses or food • One man killed and ate his wife (and then was executed)

– Of the 400 colonists who had arrived by 1609, only 60 survived by 1610

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

• In 1610, the colonists tried to sail back to England – They were met at the mouth of James River by relief

party headed by Lord De La Warr – De La Warr ordered colonists back to Jamestown,

imposed harsh military discipline, and took aggressive action against Indians

• Disease continued to kill many – 1625 – 1,200 people lived in Virginia, out of 8,000

who had come there

Self-Rule Precedent

• House of Burgesses founded in 1619

• Causes suspicion by James I– Revokes charter and makes a royal colony

The Southern Colonies

• Plantation agriculture

• Indentured and slave labor

• Strong economic and social hierarchies

• Widely scattered populations

• Focus on profit

• Poor relations with Indians

Maryland

• The fourth colony founded (second plantation colony)

• In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a “Catholic Haven.”

• Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but Protestants were also welcome.

• Maryland Toleration Act (1649) decreed religious freedom for all except Jews and atheists.

• The colony prospered thanks to tobacco.

• Initially depended upon indentured servants.

Lord Baltimore

Carolina

• In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II– The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the colony, but

they focused on the southern part

• In 1670 Charleston was founded– Aristocratic flavor

• North part of Carolina had many squatters – They were rough and rugged and defied authority– In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the crown

and called North Carolina

• 1712 the Carolinas separated and in 1729 South Carolina became a Royal colony

• In 1690s rice was introduced and became the staple crop.

Georgia

• Philanthropic experiment, founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 – the last colony– Said it was intended as a buffer between the

French in Louisiana and Spanish in Florida – constant struggles.

– Was really a refuge for English debtors

• All Christians (except Catholics) enjoyed religious freedom– Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to

convert the Indians.

The Northern Colonies

• Shaped by religious and political turmoil• Social order based on family and towns• Minimal diversity• Mostly founded on religious devotion• Town Hall Meetings

Religious Dissention

• Some factions look to escape Henry VIII’s Anglican Church.– Puritans– Separatists (are kicked out of England and

move to Holland)

• A group of Separatists negotiated with the Virginia Company to come to the colonies– Is that… legal?

Founding Plymouth

• 1620: Pilgrims (Separatists) founded Plymouth off the coast of New England – become squatters– Agreed upon the Mayflower Compact

• Hard working and determined

• In 1691 Plymouth merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mass. Bay Colony

• In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to settle in the New World

• Thrived on fishing, furs, and ship building• Offers were extended to all males who were

“freemen” and who belonged to Puritan churches– Had to be part of the church to vote

• Strict religious beliefs keep other views out– Quakers– Anne Hutchinson– Roger Williams

Rhode Island

• The land of outcasts – “Rogues Island”• People who settled there were not necessarily

similar, just not wanted elsewhere

• It secured a charter in 1644 which:– recognized freedom of religion– accepted a separation of church

and state– no taxes to support the church– no compulsory church

attendance

Connecticut

• In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas Hooker

• The settlers were Puritans• In 1639 they drafted the

Fundamental Orders- a modern constitution and the first written constitution in the colonies

Thomas Hooker

New Hampshire

• John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for New Hampshire

• In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by Massachusetts

• In 1679 it was separated and made a royal colony

Middle Colonies

• Rivers helped trading• Industry grew• Moderate socially• More ethnically mixed• Cultural and religious

diversity• Desirable land• Smaller farms• Better Indian relations

New York

• Dutch West India Company founded New Netherland and purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians (trinkets)

• Strong aristocratic vibe with the help of patroonships (purely economic interest)

• Charles II granted the area to his brother, the Duke of York.– Easily removed the Dutch

• Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson for exploration.– Sailed down the Hudson River

and claimed area for the Dutch

Pennsylvania

• In 1681 William Penn received a massive land grant from the king

• Sympathetic to the Quakers• Well advertised – “forward looking

spirits & substantial citizens”William Penn

• Welcomed all people• Treated Indians with respect

– Non-Quakers were violent against Indians

• Grew quickly - #2 to Virginia in wealth and population by 1700

New Jersey & Delaware

• New Jersey– Started in 1644 by two nobles who were

granted the land from the Duke of York.• Many moved for new soil

• Delaware– Under the governor of Pennsylvania until the

American Revolution