20 · ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njhlh;G+l;ly; jpizf;fsk; 2018 rdthp - khr;R kyH 3 ,jo; 01 - 03 &. 20 /-02 16 20 kw;Wk; ghpzhk gazpj;jYk; nghUj;jkhd fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

njhlh;G+l;ly; jpizf;fsk;

2018 rdthp - khr;R kyH 3 ,jo; 01 - 03

&. 20/-

02

16

20

,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; nfhs;if kw;Wk;

nryhtzp tPjf; nfhs;ifapd; ghpz

hk

tsHr;rpAk; Kd;Ndhf;fpg; gazpj;jYk;

gzk; mr;rplypy; nghUj;jkhd

fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

,yq;ifapd; Ntiyapd;ik

2 itg;gfk;rd - khr;R 2018

xy;nfhl; QhgfhHj;j ciu - 2017,id Mw;Wtjw;F

vd;id mioj;jikapd; %yk; ehd; ngUkstpw;F

nfsutpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; ,jw;F Kd;dH ,t;Tiuapid

Mw;wpa Mde;jh ngUkf;fspd; gl;baypy; ehDk;

,ize;jpUf;fpNwd;. vdJ ghlrhiy vdf;fspj;j ,g;ngUk;

nfsutj;jpid ehd; epidj;Jf;$lg; ghHf;ftpy;iy.

,t;tiog;gpid ehd; kpFe;j jho;ikAlDk; Mo;e;j

ed;wpAlDk; nfsutj;JlDk; kpFe;j ngUikAlDk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd;. Mde;jh fy;Y}hpapy; vdJ

ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; vdf;Ff; fpilj;j MjuT>

topfhl;ly; vd;gdtw;wpw;F vdJ ghuhl;Ljy;fisj;

njhptpf;f ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s ehd;

tpiofpNwd;. vkJ MrphpaHfs; vkf;fspj;j topfhl;ly;fs;

gpd;dhspy; ehk; vkJ tho;it ntw;wpfukhf mikj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd mj;jpthuj;jpid ,l;bUf;fpd;wd.

,d;iwa vdJ ciu ehzaf; nfhs;if kw;Wk;

nryhtzp tPjf; nfhs;if gw;wpa xU njhopy;El;g

tplakhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,r;rigapy; $bapUf;Fk;

ngUk;ghyhdtHfSf;F ghPl;rakw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;

Ghpahjjhd ,j;njhopy;El;gj;Jld; $ba ,t;tphpTiuia

Mw;Wifapy; ehd; kpfg;ngUk; rthypid vjpHNehf;f

Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vdpDk; ehd; rhj;jpakhdstpw;F

vspikahd Kiwapy; ,t;tphpTiuia Mw;w Kay;fpNwd;.

kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopYk; tpiy cWjpg;ghLk;

cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s ve;jnthU kj;jpa tq;fpapdJk;

Kf;fpa nghWg;G ePbj;Jepiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba

mbg;gilnahd;wpy; jho;e;jJk; cWjpahdJkhd

gztPf;fj;jpidg; NgZtjd; %yk; tpiy

cWjpg;ghl;bidg; NgZtNjahFk;. Kjypy; ehd;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; cWjpg;ghl;bw;Fk;

jho;e;jJk; cWjpahdJkhd gztPf;fk; Vd; Kf;fpakhdJ

vd;gJ gw;wp Muha tpUk;GfpNwd;.

gy;NtWgl;l ehLfspYk; NtWgl;l fhyg;gFjpfspYk;

fhzg;gl;l mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; NtWgl;l

kl;lq;fspyhd gztPf;fq;fis ehk; fhzKbAk;. ehLfs;

kpifahd gztPf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ

nghUl;fspdJk; gzpfspJk; tpiyfs; xt;nthU epkplKk;

caHe;J nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. mj;jifa #o;epiynahd;wpy;

cs;@H ehzaj;jpid itj;jpUf;f vtUk;

tpUk;gkhl;lhHfs;. tq;fpapypUe;J gzj;ijg; ngw;wJk;

topapy; nry;Yk; NghNj gzj;jpd; ngWkjp Fiwe;JtpLNkh

vd;w gaj;jpy; nghUl;fis thq;f NeNu filf;Nf XLtH.

cz;ikapy; tq;fp Kiw mJthfNt rpijtile;J

NghFk;. kf;fs; cs;@H ehzaj;jpy; ek;gpf;if ,oe;J

tpLtjdhy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw> my;yJ nghUl;fSf;fhfg;

nghUl;fis my;yJ gzpfisg; ghpkhw;wpf; nfhs;tJ

,ay;ghfptpLk;. nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpw;F kpff; fbdkhfptpLk;. NkYk;>

kpifahd gztPf;fk; kPs;tpepNahfj;jpd; gaDWjd;ik

Nkhrkiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhfp> cs;@H ehzaj;jpy;

eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpdhpd; Nrkpg;Gf;fspdJ cz;ikahd

ngWkjpapidAk; njhopyhsHfs; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpak;

ngWNthH Nghd;w epiyahd tUkhdj;jpid <l;LNthhpd;

cz;ikahd tUkhdj;jpidAk; mopj;JtpLk;. 1920 fspy;

N[HkdpapYk; mT];jpNuypahtpYk; kpf mz;ikapy; gy

yj;jPd; mnkhpf;f ehLfspYk; rpk;ghNt Nghd;w ehLfspYk;

epytpa kpifg; gztPf;fj;jpd; gaq;fukhd jd;ikfis

ePq;fs; gbj;jpUg;gPHfs;. N[Hkdpapy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpy;

fhzg;gl;l kpifg; gztPf;fk; fpl;yhpd; vOr;rpf;Fk;

mijj; njhlHe;J Vw;gl;l cyfshtpa Nrjq;fSf;Fk;

1 ,t;tphpTiuapy; njhptpf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; nghUspayhsnud;w hPjpapy; vdJ nrhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fNsad;wp ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; fUj;jpidg; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpankJTk; ,y;iy. ,t;tphpTiuapidj; jahhpf;Fk; nghOJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;l njhopy;El;g cjtpf;fhf ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; nghUshjhu Muha;r;rpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; KidtH re;jpuehe; mkuNrfuh kw;Wk; mtuJ FOtpdUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; nfhs;if

kw;Wk; nryhtzp tPjf; nfhs;ifapd;

ghpzhk tsHr;rpAk; Kd;Ndhf;fpg;

gazpj;jYk;

KidtH gp. ee;jyhy; tPurpq;f1> %j;j Jiz MSeH. ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

3itg;gfk;rd - khr;R 2018

trjpahf mike;jJ. Gfo;ngw;w nghUspay; vOj;jhsuhd

ePy; ,Htpd;> ',urthjpfs;: %d;W kj;jpa tq;fpahsHfSk;

gw;wp vhpAk; cyfKk;" vd;w jkJ E}ypy; me;j Neuj;jpy;

N[Hkdp wPl;[; tq;fpapd; MSeiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;

'tuyhw;wpy; kpf Nkhrkhd kj;jpa tq;fpahsH" vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

tpiy mirtpd; kpfj; jPtpukhd kw;nwhU tplakhd

gzr;RUf;fk; gw;wpg; ghHg;Nghk;. ,J njhlHgpy;

vtUf;Fk; kdjpy; vof;$ba cjhuzk; ahg;ghd;.

,e;ehL ',of;fg;gl;l jrhg;jk;" vd mwpag;gLk;

neUf;fbf;Fs;shdJ. jw;nghOJ ,J ',of;fg;gl;l

,UgJ Mz;Lfs;" vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. 1990fspy;

Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ag;ghd; gzr;RUf;fj;jpw;Fs;shd NghJ

nghUl;fspdJk; gzpfspdJk; tpiyfspy; njhlHr;rpahd

tPo;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyik kpfr; rpwe;jJ vdr; rpyH

vz;zf;$Lk;. FWq;fhyj;jpy; ,J EfHNthUf;Fr; rpwe;jJ

vdf; fUjg;glyhnkdpDk;> ag;ghdpd; mDgtj;jpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,jid Nehf;Fifapy; ,J

KOg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; ed;ik gag;gjhf ,Uf;fhJ.

mf;fhyj;jpypUe;J ag;ghdpd; nghUshjhuk; vjpHkiwahd

nghUshjhu tsHr;rpiaAk; ngausT nkh.c.cw;gj;jpapy;

tPo;r;rpiaAk; tPo;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; $ypfisAk;

vjpHkiwahd tl;b tPjj;jpidAk; fhl;baJ. ag;ghdpd;

nghUshjhuk; gyk; ngWtjw;fhd mwpFwpfisj;

jw;nghONj fhzKbfpwJ.

mjpH~;ltrkhf ,yq;if fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,J

Nghd;wnjhU #o;epiyf;Fl;gltpy;iy. vjpHfhyj;jpYk;

$l xd;wpy; kpifahd gztPf;fNkh my;yJ gzr;

RUf;fNkh vkf;F Ntz;lhk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy;

1970 fspypUe;J Vwj;jho 10 - 20 rjtPjk; tiuapyhd

tPr;rpy; mire;j ,ul;il ,yf;f gztPf;fj;jpidg; gw;wp

ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;? tYthd tsHr;rpf;F

,JNghd;w ,ul;il ,yf;f gztPf;fk; $lhJ vd;gij

mDgthPjpahd rhd;Wfs; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

caHe;jJk; jsk;gy;fisf; nfhz;lJkhd gztPf;fk;

tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; Vida epjpapay; epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w

fld; toq;FeHfs;> gztPf;fk; caHtiltjdhy;

Vw;glf;$ba ,lHNeHTfis <Lnra;tjw;fhf fld;fs;

kPJ caHe;j epiyahd tl;b tPjq;fisf; NfhUtjw;Ff;

fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf KjyPl;bw;fhd epjpaply;

nryT caHtilfpwJ. mNjNeuk; epjpapay; epWtdq;fs;

Nrkpg;ghsHfsJ Nrkpg;gpd; cz;ikg; ngWkjpapidf;

Fiwj;J tpLfpd;w caHe;jJk; jsk;gy; epiwe;jJkhd

gztPf;fj;jpd; ,lHNeHtpidj; jzpg;gjw;fhf epjpapay;

epWtdq;fs; Nrkpg;ghsHfs; mtHfsJ gzj;jpid

itg;Gr; nra;tjid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd caHe;j

ngausT kw;Wk; cz;ik tl;b tPjq;fis toq;f

Ntz;ba mtrpaj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd. caHe;j kw;Wk;

jsk;gy;kpf;f gztPf;fk; fld;toq;fy; tPjq;fSf;Fk;

itg;G tPjq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd mstpid mjpfhpg;gJld;

,t;TaHe;j epjpapay; ,ilaPl;Lr; nryTfs;

Nrkpg;ghsHfs;> fld;ghl;lhsHfs; ,UtUf;Fk; ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. caHe;jJk; jsk;gy; epiwe;jJkhd

gztPf;fk; njhopyhsHfs; caHe;j $ypf;fhf

Nguk;NgRtjidj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. caHe;jJk; jsk;gy;fs;

epiwe;jJkhd gztPf;fk; nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s

cw;gj;jpahsHfSk; tpw;gidahsHfSk; nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; gzpfspd; tpiyaplypy; caHe;j tpiyapliy

,izf;fTk; J}z;LfpwJ. ,r;RaepiwNtw;wy; Row;rp

tl;lj;jpd; ,ize;j ngWNgWfshf Fiwe;j nghUshjhu

tsHr;rp kw;Wk; caHe;j eilKiwf; fzf;Fg;

gw;whf;Fiw> Fiwtile;JtUk; xJf;Ffs; kw;Wk;

jsk;gYWk; nryhtzp tPjq;fs; vd;gd Njhd;WtJld;

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis thq;FgtHfisAk;

tpw;gtHfisAk; nfhz;l tHj;jf hPjpahd Kjyhspj;Jt

tFg;gpdH my;yJ ,ilj;jufH tFg;gpdUld; ehL

Kw;Wg;ngw;W tpLtH.

,g;nghOJ ek;Kd;NdAs;s Nfs;tp ahnjdpy; kpf

tpUk;gj;jf;f ngWNgwpid toq;ff;$ba jho;e;j kw;Wk;

cWjpahd gztPf;fj;jpd; nghUj;jkhd kl;lk; vJ

vd;gjhFk;. kpf Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l nghUshjhuq;fs;

mtw;wpd; ,yf;fpliy Vwj;jho 2 rjtPjk; nfhz;l

jho;e;j xw;iw ,yf;f kl;lj;jpy; epHzapj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf If;fpa mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

vd;gd Vwj;jho 2 rjtPjj;jpy; gztPf;fj;jpidg; Ngz

tpUk;gpa Ntisapy; INuhg;gpa tiyak; mjw;Fk;

fPNo Mdhy; 2 rjtPjj;jpw;F neUf;fkhf epHzapj;jd.

mT];jpNuypah 2 - 3 rjtPj gztPf;f ,yf;ifAk;

epA+rpyhe;J 1 - 3 rjtPj gztPf;f ,yf;ifAk;

epHzapj;jpUf;fpd;wd. Njhw;wk;ngw;WtUk; re;ij kw;Wk;

mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; nghUshjhuq;fspd; ,yf;Ffs;

rpwpjsT caHthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpypg;igd;

kw;Wk; rpyp 2 - 4 rjtPjj;jpYk; ,e;NjhNdrpah 2.5 - 4.5

rjtPjj;jpYk; gpNurpy; 4.5 rjtPjj;jpYk; njd;dhgphpf;fh

3 - 6 rjtPjj;jpYk; gztPf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;s

Ntisapy; ,e;jpah 2 - 6 rjtPj gztPf;f ,yf;fpidf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

kj;jpa tq;fp Nfs;tpapdhy; J}z;lg;gLk; gztPf;fj;jpid

khj;jpuNk fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;j

KbAnkd;gjid ehk; ftdpj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Nkhrkhd cs;ehl;L epuk;gy; epiyikfs; my;yJ

vjpHghuhj gd;dhl;L gz;l tpiy mirTfspd; fhuzkhf

tpiyapy; Vw;gLk; FWq;fhy jlq;fy;fisr; rpwpjstpy;

kj;jpa tq;fpahy; fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $bajhftpUf;Fk;.

vdpDk;> toikahf ikag; gztPf;f Rl;nlz;zpd;

mirTfspdhy; milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nfs;tpapdhy;

J}z;lg;gl;l gztPf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; gjpypWg;G Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;Gf;fs;

jho;e;jJk; cWjpahdJk;> xw;iw ,yf;f

kl;lj;jpyike;jJkhd gztPf;fj;jpidg; NgZk; nghUl;L>


cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s kj;jpa tq;fpfsplk;> NtWgl;l

mstpyhd RahjPdj;Jld; ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid

elhj;Jk; gzp xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,g;gzpapid

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kj;jpa tq;fpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l

nfhs;iff; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,Wjpf; Fwpf;Nfhshd

tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bid va;Jk; tpjj;jpy; njhopw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; nghwpKiwf;Fj;

Njitahd gy;NtW ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpid

kj;jpa tq;fpfs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

epjpapay; re;ij caHju kl;lk;> nghUshjhuj;jpd; jpwe;j

jd;ik> gyk;> epWtdq;fspdJ ,aysT kw;Wk; RahjPdk;

Nghd;w ehLfSf;Nf chpj;jhd #o;epiyfisg; nghWj;J

ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G ehLfspilNa NtWgLk;.

cjhuzkhf> rpy ehLfspy; ehzaf; nfhs;iff;

fl;likg;G gzr; rig xOq;Ffis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wtplj;J> cs;ehl;L ehzaj;jpd;

ngWkjp gd;dhl;L ehzankhd;Wld; fl;lhakhf

,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ehzar; rig xOq;Ffspy;

epHzapf;fg;gl;l ehzaj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;s xU ehl;bd;

cs;ehl;Lg; gztPf;fk; ve;j ehl;bd; ehzaj;Jld;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j ehl;bd; gztPf;fj;Jld;

Neubahf ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mg;nghOJ

gztPf;fj;jpid epiyepWj;Jk; fUtpahfr; nryhtzp

tPjk; ,Uf;Fk;. mj;jifa fLikahd nryhtzp

tPj ,yf;fply; mikg;Gf;fspy;> tsHr;rp kw;Wk;

gztPf;fk; Mfpa epajpfspy;> ehl;bd; tpahghu Row;rp

tl;lk; kw;nwhU ehl;bd; tpahghu Row;rp tl;lj;Jld;

KOikahd tpjj;jpy; Vf fhyj;jpy; eilngWnkhd;whf

,Uf;Fk;. ,e;ehLfspy;> cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;

tsHr;rpiaAk; gztPf;fj;jpidAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

vjpH Row;rp tl;lf; nfhs;if topKiwnahd;whf ehzaf;

nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;JtJ ehza mjpfhurigf;F kpfr;

rpwpa topnahd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. ,d;ndhU Kidf;Nfhbapy;>

ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;Gf;fs; KOikahd

gztPf;f ,yf;fply; mikg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;bUg;gJld;> ,q;F gztPf;fk;> Neubahf

gztPf;f ,yf;fply; kw;Wk; tl;b tPjf; nfhs;ifA+lhf

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Ntisapy;> KOikahf

kpjf;ftplg;gLfpd;w nryhtzp tPjk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;nthOq;fpd; fPo;> cz;ikg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPjhd

ntspehl;L mjpHTfspd; jhf;fj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd

mjpHT ePf;fpahf nryhtzp tPjk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

mj;jifa mikg;Gf;fspy;> VNjDk; nghUshjhu mjpHT

Row;rp tl;lj;jpid vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd fUtpnahd;whf

tl;b tPjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F kj;jpa tq;fpfs;

$Ljyhd RaepHzaj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd. gy

kj;jpa tq;fpfs; ,t;tpuz;L vjpnujpH tplaq;fSk;

,ize;jjd;iknahd;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

,q;F rpy gztPf;f ,yf;fplYld; neUq;fpadthfTk;

kw;iwait gztPf;fj;jpidAk; tsHr;rpiaAk;

Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fUtpnahd;whf tl;b tPjq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd XusT FWfpa topnahd;Wld; $ba

nkd;ikahd epHzapj;jy; xd;Wld; $ba nryhtzp

tPj ,yf;Fld; neUq;fpaitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

xU mikg;G kw;nwhd;wpidtpl NkyhdJ vd vtuhYk;

thjpf;f KbahJ. ,itnay;yhk; ehl;bd; #o;epiyfisg;

nghWj;jjhf ,Ug;gJld; xU ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa ehzaf;

nfhs;iff; fl;likg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;l Neuj;jpy; NtWgl;l

jpiria Nehf;fp efHfpd;wd. ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fply;

fl;likg;G> mj;jifa nfhs;if mikg;Gf;fspd;

nryhtzp tPj nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikapd; mstpidg;

nghWj;J> ,t;tpuz;L jPtpukhd mikg;Gf;fspilNa

mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpd; ghpzhkk;

,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G> 1950,y;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp epWtg;gLtjw;F Kd;dH fhzg;gl;l

gzr; rig xOq;FfspypUe;J gbg;gbahf ghpzhkk;

milaj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,t;tuyhwhdJ> Kjd;ik E}

nyhd;whd NguhrphpaH vr;.V.j.v];. FzNrfuhtpdhy;

vOjg;gl;l ',yq;ifapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; ehzaj;jpypUe;J

kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopYf;F" vd;w E}ypy; kpf tpgukhf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,tiuf; nfsutpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;

vdJ Xa;Tngw;w kj;jpa tq;fpapd; %j;j ez;guhd

rpwpNktd; nfhyk;gNf mz;ikapy; Nguhjidg;

gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j tphpTiunahd;wpid

Mw;wpapUe;jhH.

1950 ,ypUe;J 1977 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd;

ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G> ,yq;if &ghtpd;

ngWkjpapid Kjypy; ];NlHypq; gTZlDk; gpd;dH

I.m.nlhyUlDk; epHzapf;fpd;w epajpfspy; epiyahd

nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpidg; ngUkstpy; NgZtjid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;epiyahd nryhtzp

tPj mikg;gpd; fPo;> cs;ehl;Lg; gztPf;fk; ntspehl;Lg;

gztPf;fj;Jld; Neubahf ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jikapd;

fhuzkhf gztPf;fj;jpid Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

ntspg;gilahd ehza epiyepWj;jpf;fhd Njit

fhzg;gltpy;iy. gztPf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

epiyepWj;jpahf epiyahd nryhtzp tPjk;

fhzg;gl;likahy; cs;ehl;Lg; gztPf;fj;jpidf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd toptiffs; kj;jpa tq;fpf;F

mjpfstpw;Ff; fhzg;gltpy;iy. kw;iwa gy tplaq;fisg;

Nghd;Nw> gztPf;fk; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;lnjhd;whff;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

ve;jtpjkhd fl;Lg;ghLfSkpy;yhky; ,wf;Fkjp kPjhd

nrytpdj;jpid <Lnra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhd ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpapid ,yq;if <l;bf; nfhz;l fhyk; tiu

,k;Kiwik rpwe;j Kiwapy; njhopw;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf>

Vw;Wkjpfs; nropg;gile;jpUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy;> Fwpg;ghf>

1950fspd; njhlf;fg;gFjpapy; cs;ehl;L Vw;Wkjp

Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhs;iffspYk; ghHf;f ntspehl;Lf;


fhuzpfspd; fhuzkhf caHtile;j ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzp tUtha;fspd; fhuzkhf epiyahd nryhtzp

tPj mikg;G ed;F nrayhw;wpaikahdJ eilKiwr;

nrytpdj;jpidg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf

,Ue;jJ kl;Lkd;wp> ntspehl;L xJf;Ffisf;

fl;bnaOg;g cjtpajd; %yk; ehza epHzaj;jpid

ntspehl;Lf; nfhilfs; my;yJ fld;ghLfs; ,y;yhky;

NgzKbe;jJ. tYthdnjhU mbg;gilapy; ];NlHypq;

gTz; Nghd;w tYthd xJf;F ehzaj;Jld;> ehza

epHzankhd;wpidg; NgZtjw;Fg; NghJkhd ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpapid <l;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,ayhw;wiyf;

nfhz;bUg;gJ ve;jnthU ehl;bw;Fk; mtrpakhdnjhU

epiyahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. kWnrhw;fspy; $Wtjhapd;>

mj;jifa ehL tYthd Vw;Wkjp rhHe;j nfhs;iffisf;

nfhz;bUg;gJ mtrpakhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopy;El;g

nrhw;gjj;jpy; $Wtjhapd;> ehnlhd;W tYthd ntspehl;L

ehzankhd;Wld; epHzapf;fg;gl;lnjhU epiyapidg;

Ngzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjw;F ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy;

nrd;kjp epYitapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; eilKiwf;

fzf;fpid rkepiyg;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;dhspy; ag;ghd; ,e;ehl;fspy; n`hq;nfhq;> rpq;fg;G+H>

jha;thd; kw;Wk; rPdh Nghd;wtw;wpd; nghUshjhuq;fs;

mtw;wpd; tYthd Vw;Wkjp rhHe;j nfhs;iffSf;F Kd;Dhpikaspj;jikapdhy; tYthdnjhU mbg;gilapy; eilKiwf; fzf;F kpiffis cUthff; $badthftpUe;jik kl;Lkd;wp ,jd; ngWNgwhf> ];NlHypq; gTz; kw;Wk; I.m.nlhyH Nghd;w Kf;fpa ehzaq;fSf;nfjpuhf mtw;wpd; ehzaq;fs; caHtiltjidAk; fhzf;$badthf ,Ue;jd.

,yq;ifapy; epiyahd nryhtzp tPj mikg;G fhzg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;> njhlHr;rpahf Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; Vw;Wkjp rhHe;j nfhs;iffisj; njhlHr;rpahf gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. Vw;Wkjp Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpa nfhs;iffs; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpf;Nf fhzg;gl;lJld; khwhf ngUk;ghyhd fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,wf;Fkjp gjpyPLfis Cf;Ftpg;gdthfTk; cs;Nehf;fpa nfhs;iffisAiladthfTNk fhzg;gl;ld. ePz;l fhy Nehf;fpy;> mf;nfhs;iffs; epiyahd nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpidg; NgZtjw;fhd NjitAld; ,ire;J nry;yhjdthff; fhzg;gl;ld. ,r;#o;epiyfspd; fPo;> kj;jpa tq;fp vjpHNehf;f Ntz;bapUe;j Kf;fpa rthyhf> Vw;Wkjpfis Cf;Ftpf;fhj nfhs;iffspilNa nryhtzp tPj epHzapg;gpid vt;thW ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJ fhzg;gl;lJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; kj;jpa tq;fpf;F fpilf;fj;jf;fjhftpUe;j xNu NjHT ntspehl;L xJf;Ffspd; gad;ghl;bidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk; gy nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fis tpjpg;gjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;top %yk;> kj;jpa tq;fp me;Neuj;jpy;> mjd; %yk; nghWg;ghz;ikfspy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whd Fiwe;j gztPf;fj;jpid ntw;wpfukhfg; Ngzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jnjdpDk;> ,J gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F Mjutspf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ. ,it mg;Nghija kj;jpa

tq;fpapy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Kuz;ghLfisf; nfhz;ldthff;

fhzg;gl;ld.

cs;Nehf;fpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffisg;

gpd;gw;wpaikf;Fg; Nkyjpfkhf> njhlHe;J te;j

murhq;fq;fs; Kf;fpakhf cjTnjhiffisAk;

gy;NtWgl;l ,ytr chpj;Jf;fisAk; toq;Ftjw;fhf

caHe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiwapidg; Ngzpd.

mj;jifa tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiwfs; kpjkhd

kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l NghJk; $l> gyaPdkhd Vw;Wkjpr;

nrayhw;wj;jpw;fpilapy; $Ljyhd ,wf;Fkjpapidj;

Njitg;gLj;jpaikahdJ> njhlHr;rpahd eilKiwf;

fzf;Fg; gw;whf;Fiwapid cUthf;fpa Ntisapy;>

kj;jpa tq;fp epiyahd nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpidg;

NgZkhW Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J kj;jpa tq;fpf;F

,ayhj gzpnahd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf>

kj;jpa tq;fp fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; xd;wpy; &ghtpid

ngWkjpapwf;fk; nra;jJ my;yJ ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpg;

gad;ghl;by; fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfSld; $ba

,ul;ilr; nryhtzp tPjq;fisg; Ngz Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

,jd; ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G ek;gfj;jd;ik

Fiwe;jjhfTk; re;ij tpiyaplypy; fLikahd

gpwo;Tfis cUthf;FtjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

mNjNtis> cyfshtpa hPjpapy;> 1971,y; If;fpa

mnkhpf;fh mjd; xJf;fpypUe;J gTZf;fhf If;fpa

mnkhpf;f nlhyHfis tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjid epWj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; vDk; gpufldj;Jld; gpwpl;ld; T+l;]; Kiwik

Kwptile;jik cyfg; nghUshjhuk; epiyahd nryhtzp

tPj Kiwikfspd; njhopw;ghl;bid rthy;kpf;fjhf;fpaJ.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> 1973,y; vz;nza; neUf;fb ,yq;if

cl;gl midj;J ehLfspYk; gztPf;fk; cr;rkilaf;

fhuzkhfpaJld; jPq;Ftpistpf;ff;$ba $yp - tpiy

Row;rpf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; toptFj;jJ. 1973 jpnrk;ghpy;

,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd tuyhw;Wf;

fhyg;gFjpapy; ehL Kfk;nfhLj;j gztPf;fj;jpd; caHe;j

kl;lkhd 14.4 rjtPjj;jpw;Fg; gztPf;fk; mjpfhpj;jJ.

mNjNtis> cyfshtpa Jiwapy;> gpwpl;ld; T+l;];

Kiwik Kwptile;jikapidj; njhlHe;J> cyfpd;

vg;gFjpapYk; gd;dhl;Lr; r%fk; kpjf;ftpLk; nryhtzp

tPjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy; xt;nthU

ehzaj;jpdJk; ngWkjp me;ehzaj;jpw;fhd gd;dhl;Lf;

Nfs;tpapd; %yk; epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Gjpa

toikahd tplakhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd;dH

gzkhdJ tuyhw;W hPjpahf jq;fk; Nghd;w ngWkjpkpf;f

gz;lj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

1997 ,ypUe;J jhuhskakhf;fYf;Fg; gpe;jpa ehzaf;

nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G

1977 entk;ghpy;> ,yq;if Kf;fpa nghUshjhuj;

jhuhskakhf;fiy Nehf;fp efuj; njhlq;fpaikAld;

cs;Nehf;fpa fl;Lg;ghlhd nfhs;iffspypUe;J GjpanjhU

khjphp mikg;nghd;whd jhuhska mikg;gpid Nehf;fp


khw;wkile;jJ. ,t;tikg;gpd; fPo; tHj;jfk; kw;Wk;

nfhLg;gdTfs; ngUkstpy; jhuhskag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

Gjpa jhuhs mikg;Gld; ,ire;J nry;tjw;fhf> kj;jpa

tq;fp epiyahd nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpidf; iftpl;Lf;

$Ljyhdstpw;F re;ijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

nryhtzp tPj Kfhikj;Jt Kiwiknahd;wpid Nehf;fp

efHe;jJ. 1977 entk;gH 15Mk; ehsd;W mg;NghJ epytpa

,ul;ilr; nryhtzp tPjq;fs; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L

I.m.nlhyUf;nfjpuhf &.16 nfhz;l Muk;g tPjnkhd;W

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J mbg;gilr; nryhtzp tPjj;jpd;

ngWkhdj;jpid Xhputpy; 120 rjtPjj;jpdhy; Fiwtilar;

nra;jJ. &ghthdJ Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l nryhtzp tPj

mikg;gpd; fPo; kpjf;f tpLtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd;gb> 1976 ,Wjpapy; I.m.nlhyH xd;wpw;F &.8.83

rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;l nryhtzp tPjk; 1977 ,Wjpapy;

&.15.56,y; gjpTnra;ag;gl;lJ.

,f;fLikahd ehza ngWkjpf; Fiwg;G epiyahd

mikg;gpd; fPo; vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l &ghtpd; kpifahd

kjpg;gPl;bidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J

Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l nryhtzp tPj mikg;G> re;ijapd;

Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; mbg;gilapy; ehzaj;jpd;

ngWkjpapidg; ngUkstpw;F epHzapg;gjw;F rpy

nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikfis mDkjpj;j Ntisapy;> Kf;fpa

ehzaq;fspd; $ilapd; mirtpw;nfjpuhf &ghtpd;

cz;ikg; ngWkjpapidg; NgZtjd; %yk; &ghtpd;

kpif kjpg;gPl;bidj; jLg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpjf;ftplypd; gpd;tpisT

Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpjf;ftply; nryhtzp tPjj;jpd;

mwpKfkhdJ jhuhs Nguz;lg; nghUspayhsHfspd;

Nehf;fpy; tuNtw;fj;jf;fnjhU eltbf;ifahff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> Fwpg;ghf> fle;j fhyj;jpidg;

Nghd;W gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fis epiyepWj;Jtjw;F

nryhtzp tPjj;jpd; fpilg;gdT ,y;yhky; Nghtjd;

fhuzkhf ,J ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid elj;Jtjpy;>

Gjpa rthy;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. tpiuTgLj;jg;gl;l

kfhtypj; jpl;lk; Nghd;w mur cl;fl;likg;gpid

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Kf;fpakhf rYif hPjpahd

ntspehl;L epjpaplypd; %yk; epjpaplg;gl;l kpfg; ghhpa

,iwg; gw;whf;Fiwapid murhq;fk; njhlq;fpaikapd;

fhuzkhf kj;jpa tq;fp Gjpa rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;s

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mz;L ,iwg; gw;whf;Fiw 1979,w;Fk;

1983,w;Fkpilapy; ruhrhpahf nkh.c.cw;gj;jpapd;

13.3 rjtPjkhfTk; 1979,w;Fk; 1983 ,w;Fkpilapy;

ntspehl;L eilKiwf; fzf;fpd; gw;whf;Fiw ruhrhpahf

nkh.c.cw;gj;jpapd; 10.8 rjtPjkhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. 1978

ngg;GUthpf;Fk; 1985 rdthpf;Fkpilapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy;

Mz;bd; gztPf;fk; ruhrhpahf 15.6 rjtPjkhff;

fhzg;gl;lJld; ,J 1980 Xfj;jpy; 32.5 rjtPjkhd

cr;rkl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. 1980,d; nghJ Ntiy

epWj;jj;jpw;Fk; mjd; fhuzkhf mur kw;Wk; jdpahH

Jiw Ntiyahl;fs; jkJ Ntiyfis ,og;gjw;Fk;

caHtile;J nrd;w gztPf;fNk Kf;fpa fhuzk;

vd;gjid ,q;F fl;lhak; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

epHzapf;fg;gl;l nryhtzp tPj mikg;nghd;W ,y;yhj

rkaj;jpy;> ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp gztPf;fj;jpidAk;

gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F Gjpa

fl;likg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Maj;jq;fisj;

njhlq;fpaik nfhQ;rk; Mr;rhpakhdNj.

ehza

,yf;fply;

fl;likg;G

nfhs;ifr;rhjdq;fs;

njhopw;ghl;L ,yf;fply;

,ilepiy,yf;fply;

,Wjpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;

• xJf;Fg; gzk;

• tphpe;j gzepuk;gy;

• nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

tpiy cWjpg;ghL

cU 1: ehza ,yf;fply; fl;likg;G - ,yq;if

• nfhs;if tPjq;fs; kw;Wk;

jpwe;j re;ijj;

njhopw;ghLfs;

• xJf;Fj; Njitg;ghLfs;

• tq;fp tPjk;

• jhHkPff; flg;ghLfs;

ml;ltiz 1: njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; Fwpfhl;bfspd;

fhyj;jpw;Fhpa ruhrhp2

cz;ik

nkh.c.

cw;gj;jp

(%)

Mz;Lr;

ruhrhpg;

gztPf;;;fk;

(%)

tuT

nryTj;jpl;lg;

gw;whf;Fiw

(nkh.c.c.%

Mf)

eilKiwf;

fzf;F kPjp

(nkh.c.c.%

Mf)

fhyr; ruhrhp

1950 - 1977 3.7 2.9 -4.9 -1.5

2 ,t;tl;ltizahdJ ,izg;gpYs;s A1-A4 tiuahd

tiuglq;fspd; RUf;fj;jpidj; jUfpd;wJ


,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fplj; njhlq;fpaik

nghJkf;fspdhy; itj;jpUf;fg;gl;l gzj;njhifapd; epajpfspy; ehza tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fk; gztPf;fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlHG ehl;by; kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopy; Muk;gpj;jjpypUe;Nj ,yq;ifapy; ed;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk;> ,yq;ifapy; kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;ifapy; 'tpUk;gj;jf;f ehza ,yf;Ffs;" vd;gJ 1982Mk; Mz;bw;fhd kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;ifapNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 1982Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mz;lwpf;ifahdJ '1982,w;fhd Njrpa nfhLfld; jpl;lk; jw;NghJ epyTfpd;w ehza kw;Wk; nfhLfld; nfhs;iffspd; Nehf;fpw;nfjpuhf tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l nfhLfld; nfhs;iff; fUtpnahd;whf> nghUshjhuj;jpd; NtWgl;l JiwfspilNa jdpahH Jiwf; nfhLfld;fspd; gad;ghl;bid xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J Kaw;rpj;jJ. cz;ikahd tsHr;rp> tpiy mjpfhpg;gpd; kjpg;gplg;gl;l tPjk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mjpfhpj;j ehzakakhf;fy; vd;gdtw;wpidg; ghprPyidapy; nfhz;L nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s epjpapay; kw;Wk; cz;ik ntspaPl;Lg; gha;r;ry; vd;gdtw;wpw;fpilNa ,zf;fj;jd;iknahd;iwg; NgZk; Nehf;Fld; tpUk;gg;gl;l ehza ,yf;Ffs; jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ehza ,yf;Ffs;> ntspehl;Lj; Jiwapd; elj;;ijapdJ jhf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhLfld; Njitg;ghLfSf;fhfTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH tHj;jf tq;fpfspdhy; jdpahH Jiwf;F toq;fg;gl;l nfhLfldpd; mDkjpf;fj;jf;f kl;lj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;ld."

,J tUlhe;j ehza epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpd; kpfr; rpwg;G tha;e;jnjhU gz;ghFk;. ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fplypy; ,J ,d;wpaikahjnjhU $whFk;. ,Htpq; gp~;~hH]; gzf;fzpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fplyhdJ ehza tsHr;rpf;Fk; ngausT nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHgpid (,J cz;ikg; nghUshjhu tsHr;rp kw;Wk; gztPf;fk; vd;gdtw;wpd; ,ize;j jd;ik) tpsf;Ftjw;F Kidfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;likg;gpy;> ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fUtpfs;> ehzaf; $l;Lf;fspy; Kjypy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gztPf;fj;jpd; ,Wjpf; Fwpf;Nfhspd; kPJ nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;j Kaw;rpg;gjdhy;> tphpe;j gzepuk;gy; ,ilepiy ,yf;fhff; fUjg;gl;;lJ. njhopw;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;> ehshe;j mbg;gilapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gl;L fz;fhzpf;fg;gLk; xJf;Fg; gzk; my;yJ jsg; gzk; njhopw;ghl;L ,yf;fhff; fUjg;gl;;lJ. ehzaf; $l;Lf;;fshf ,Uf;fpd;w njhopw;ghl;L ,yf;fply; kw;Wk; ,ilepiy ,yf;fply; ,uz;Lk; gzg;ngUf;fpA+lhf xd;Wld; kw;nwhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

ghpzhk tsHr;rpaile;JtUk; nryhtzp tPj Kiwik

,yq;ifapy; ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fply; fl;likg;G njhlHe;Jk;

fhzg;gl;l Ntisapy;> nryhtzp tPj mikg;Gk;

gbg;gbahd ghpzhk tsHr;rpf;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ.

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fYld; ,ize;J

fhzg;gLk; msT fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; mjpfhpg;gjdhy;>

Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpjf;ftply; nryhtzp tPj

Kiw nkJthf efUfpd;w xOq;fpw;Fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr; re;ijapy; kj;jpa tq;fpapdJ

jiyaPl;bd; msT> nrd;kjp epYitapd; mgptpUj;jpfs;

kw;Wk; nryhtzp tPjg; Nghf;F njhlHghd kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; Nehf;F vd;gdtw;iwg; nghWj;J fhyj;jpw;Ff;

fhyk; NtWgl;lJ.

efHfpd;w nryhtzp tPjj;Jld; $ba ,e;ehza

,yf;fply; fl;likg;gpd; fPo;> tpiuTgLj;jg;gl;l kfhtypj;

jpl;lk; epiwtile;j gpd;dUk; $l> ghhpasT tPlikg;Gj;

jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tPjp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjpapl

Ntz;bapUe;jikapdhy; njhlHe;J te;j murhq;fq;fs;

njhlHe;Jk; caHe;j ,iwg; gw;whf;Fiwapid

Vw;gLj;jpaikapd; fhuzkhf> tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bid

va;JtJ rthy;kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk;>

%d;W jrhg;jfhy ,d Nkhjy;fs; njhlHe;J te;j

murhq;fq;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; nrytpdj;jpd; kPJ $Ljyhd

gzj;jpidr; nrytpLtjidj; Njitg;gLj;jpd. &ghtpd;

Nghl;bj;jd;ikapidg; NgZk; nghUl;L kj;jpa tq;fp>

efHfpd;w epHzapf;fg;gl;l Kiwikapd; fPo;> ,yq;iff;Fk;

tHj;jfg; gq;fhsHfSf;Fkpilapyhd gztPf;f

NtWghLfis <Lnra;tjw;fhf> gFjpastpNyDk;

Nja;tiltjw;F ehzaj;jpid mDkjpf;f

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,t;nthOq;F Vw;Wkjpfs; kPjhd

Nkhrkhd jhf;fj;jpid ePf;Ftjw;F Xustpw;F cjtpa

NghJk; $l> kpifahd ,iwg; gw;whf;FiwfspD}lhf

cUthf;fg;gl;l caHe;j cs;ehl;Lf; Nfs;tp> nrd;kjp

epYitapd; eilKiwf; fzf;fpd; ghhpa gw;whf;Fiwf;F

toptFj;J> $bastpyhd ngWkjpapwf;fkpy;yhky;

efHfpd;w epHzapf;fg;gl;l jd;ikapidg; NgZtjid

fbdkhf;fpd.

,wf;Fkjp kPjhd nrytpdj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

mjpfhpg;gpd; tpisthf> 2000Mk; Mz;lstpy; ,yq;if

mYty;rhH gd;dhl;L xJf;Ffspy; ,yq;if fzprkhd

tPo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf;fhd

mjpfhpj;j Nfs;tp nryhtzp tPjj;jpd; kPJ fLikahd

mOj;jj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l

kpjf;fpd;w nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpw;Fs; gd;dhl;L

xJf;Ffspd; kPJ mjpfhpj;jsT mOj;jq;fs; Vw;gLtJ

,ay;ghdNj. Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpjj;jiy ghJfhf;Fk;

Nehf;Fld;> kj;jpa tq;fp mjd; nfhs;if tl;b tPjq;fis

Kd;ndhUNghJkpy;yhj kl;lj;jpw;F caHj;jpaJ. ,J

gpd;dH ntw;wpfukw;w eltbf;if vd;gjid kl;Lkd;wp

nryTkpf;fg; ghpNrhjid vd;gjidAk; ep&gpj;jJ.

,J 2001,y; ehl;bd; tuyhw;wpy; tUlhe;j cz;ik

nkh.c.cw;gj;jp tsHr;rp tPjk; vjpHkiwahf -1.5 rjtPjk;

Vw;gLtjw;Fg; ngUkstpw;Ff; fhuzkhaike;jJ.


,J kj;jpa tq;fpia> mjd; nryhtzp tPjf; nfhs;ifapid

kPs;ghprPyid nra;tjw;Fj; J}z;baJ. 2001 rdthp 23Mk;

ehsd;W kj;jpa tq;fp> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr;

re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpapd; epuk;gy;

kw;Wk; Nfs;tpiag; nghWj;J nryhtzp tPjj;jpid

epHzapg;gjw;F tHj;jf tq;fpfis mDkjpf;Fk; Kf;fpa

eltbf;ifnahd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,e;eltbf;ifAld;>

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpapd; ehshe;j thq;Fk; kw;Wk;

tpw;Fk; tPjq;fis mwptpg;gjpypUe;Jk; kj;jpa tq;fp

tpyfpf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk; Rje;jpukhd ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.

nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; Kjy; %d;W

ehl;fspy; I.m.nlhynuhd;wpw;fhd &ghtpid 98 ,ypUe;J

&.13 ,dhy; Nja;tilar; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; kpifahd

jhf;fnkhd;wpid Njhw;Wtpj;jnjdpDk; mjd; gpd;dH

nryhtzp tPjk; xg;gPl;L hPjpapy; tpiuthf cWjpaile;jJ.

kpjf;ftpLk; nryhtzp tPj mikg;gpd; fPo;> ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzp tPjj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gjw;F ehzaf;

nfhs;ifapid ,dpNky; gad;gLj;jj; Njitapy;iy

vd;gjdhy; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; tq;fpapd;

Fwpf;Nfhshd tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bid miltjd;

kPJ mjpfsT ftdj;Jld; ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid

Nkw;nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. vdpDk;> ,t;tikg;gpd; fPo;>

tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bidg; NgZtJ ghhpa mOj;jj;jpd;

fPo; te;jpUf;fpd;w Ntisapy; tphptile;j ,iwf;

nfhs;iffspd; tpisthf> $l;Lf; Nfs;tp kpifahdjhff;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

MfNt> ,iw Mjpf;fj;jpD}lhf> mj;jifa kpifahd

cs;ehl;Lf; Nfs;tp Vw;gLk; Neuj;jpy;> Nja;tpypUe;Jk;

nryhtzp tPjj;jpid ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fp ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr; re;ijapy;

jiyapl;lJ. fbdkhd Neuj;jpy; Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu

cWjpg;ghl;bidg; NgZfpd;w rpwe;j Nehf;Fld; ,it

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJk;> nryhtzp tPjj;jpid tphpthd

Kiwapy; Kfhikg;gLj;JtJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l gd;dhl;L

xJf;Ffspd; fzprkhd ,og;Gf;fSlDk; mjidj;

njhlHe;J ghhpa Nja;khdj;JlDk; vg;nghOJ ,ize;J

fhzg;gLtjid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ.

mj;jifa epfo;Tfs; kpf mz;ikapy; 2011Æ2012 kw;Wk;

2015,y; Vw;gl;lJ. 2011Æ2012 fhyg;gFjpapy; kj;jpa tq;fp

re;ijf;F I.m.nlhyH 4.2 gpy;ypaid Njwpa mbg;gilapy;

epuk;gy; nra;j Ntisapy; 2015Mk; Mz;Lg;gFjpapy;

I.m.nlhyH 3.2 gpy;ypaid Njwpa mbg;gilapy; epuk;gy;

nra;jJ. xJf;Ffspy; ,f;Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;r;rpfs;

Vw;gl;likf;fpilapYk; &gh 2011Æ2012 fhyg;gFjpapd;

,Wjpapy; I.m.nlhyUf;nfjpuhf &.13.5 rjtPjj;jpdhYk;

2015 fhyg;gFjpapy; 9.0 rjtPjj;jpdhYk; Nja;tile;jJ.

mjd; gpd;dH> kj;jpa tq;fp> kpifg; ngWkjpapidf;

nfhz;l nryhtzp tPjj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gd;dhl;L

xJf;fpidg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vdj; njspthf

mwptpj;jJ. gjpyhf> ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr; re;ijapy;

kj;jpa tq;fpapdJ jiyaPl;bd; Nehf;fk; gd;dhl;L

xJf;Ffisf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. 2017Mk;

Mz;by; ,Jtiu> ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa tq;fp

re;ijapypUe;J Njwpa mbg;gilapy; I.m.nlhyH 1.3

gpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l njhifapidf; nfhs;tdT

nra;af;$bajhf ,Ue;jJld; re;ij ek;gpf;if

Nkk;gl;bUg;gjid ,t;thz;Lg;gFjpapy; ehzaj;jpd;

Nja;T kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jikapd; %yk; fhzKbe;jJ.

ehzaf; nfhs;if elj;ijf;Fg; gbg;gbahd jpUj;jq;fs;

Kd;ida fye;JiuahlYf;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;GNthk;. 1990

fspd; gpw;gFjpapYk; 2000 fspd; njhlf;fg;gFjpapYk;

,yq;ifapy; kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopy; mtrpakhdJ

vd;w kPs;rpe;jid jPtpukile;jJ. gd;dhl;L kj;jpa

tq;fpj;njhopy; kw;Wk; fy;tpapay; Rw;Wtl;lj;jpw;fpilNa

tpiy cWjpg;ghL kj;jpa tq;fpnahd;wpd; Kf;fpa

Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;w mjpfhpj;JtUk;

gpugy;ak; tha;e;j fUj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghf> ,yj;jpudpay;

nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; epjpa khw;wy; Kiwikfspd;

mgptpUj;jp cs;spl;l epjpapay; GJikfSk; epjpapay;

Kiwik cWjpg;ghL kPjhd mjd; ghHitapid kj;jpa

tq;fp caHj;Jtjw;F mjidj; J}z;bd. ,f;fhuzpfSk;

,t;tphpTiuapd; tuk;gpw;F ntspNaAs;s Vida gy

fhuzpfSk; nraw;wpl;lq;fis etPdkag;gLj;jTk;

rl;lthf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jTk; ,yq;ifapy; kj;jpa

tq;fpj;njhopy; njhlHghd eilKiw hPjpahd kw;Wk;

njhopw;ghl;L hPjpahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jTk; kj;jpa

tq;fpiaj; J}z;bd.

rl;lthf;f khw;wq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> 2002,y; ehza

tpjpr; rl;lj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l jpUj;jq;fs; kpf

Kf;fpakhditahf ,Ue;jd. ,jd;gb> cWjpg;gLj;jy;

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mNjNghd;W &ghtpd;

cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lg; ngWkjpfisg; NgZjy;

Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Muk;g ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpd;

gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tpiy

cWjpg;ghl;ilAk; epjpapay; Kiwik cWjpg;ghl;ilAk;

NgZtNj kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ikaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf

,Uf;Fnkd tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;likapd; %yk;

xOq;FKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,e;Neuj;jpy;> kj;jpa tq;fp> 1977 njhlf;fk; gpd;gw;wpa

jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffSld; Muk;gkhd

nrad;Kiwnahd;whd Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; juTfspypUe;J

gbg;gbahf ntspNawp ehzaf; nfhs;ifapd; re;ijia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fUtpfSf;F khwpapUe;jJ.

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ehzaf; nfhs;ifj; njhopw;ghl;by;

fhzg;gl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

kPs;nfhs;tdT kw;Wk; NeHkhw;W kPs;nfhs;tdT

tPjq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likNaahFk;. kj;jpa tq;fp

re;ijapypUe;J XhpuT kpifahd jputj;jd;ikapid

<Hj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf 1993,y; kPs;nfhs;tdT

trjpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Ntisapy; re;ijf;F


XhpuT jputj;jd;ikia cs;sPL nra;tjw;fhf 1995,y;

NeHkhw;W kPs;nfhs;tdT trjpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

,t;tpuz;L tPjq;fSk; tq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd miog;Gg;

gzr;re;ij tPjj;jpd; mirTfSf;fhd fPo; kw;Wk;

Nky;kl;l vy;iyfshfj; njhopw;gl;ld. 2000,d;

Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,f;nfhs;if tl;b tPj tPr;R kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; ehzaf; nfhs;if epiyapd; khw;wq;fSf;fhd

rkpf;iQahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,d;W ,f;nfhs;if

tPr;R Jizepy; tPj tPr;R vd miof;fg;gLtJld;

mjd; fPo; kw;Wk; Nky;kl;l tPr;Rf;fs; KiwNa kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; Jizepy; itg;G trjp tPjk; vdTk; Jizepy;

fld;toq;fy; trjp tPjk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

re;ijj; jputj;jd;ikapidg; NgZtjw;fhf> jpwe;j

re;ijj; njhopw;ghLfs;> XhpuT> FWq;fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l

fhyj; njhopw;ghLfSld; kpfj; jPtpukhd Vyj;jpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;likg;Gld; elj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; re;ij tl;b tPjq;fs; kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehzaf; nfhs;if epiyAld;

,ire;J nry;tjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ehzaf; nfhs;if elj;ijf;fhd Kf;fpa njhopw;ghl;L

khw;wq;fs; ehzaf; nfhs;if gFg;gha;Tfisg;

gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; nfhs;if tFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;

2001,y; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzaf; nfhs;if FO

epWtg;gl;likapid cs;slf;fpf; fhzg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa

tq;fp Kd;$l;bNa ntspapl;l ehl;fhl;bapd; mbg;ilapy;

ehzaf; nfhs;if jPHkhdq;fis> nghJkf;fSf;Ff;

fpukkhd mbg;gilapy; ntspaplj; njhlq;fpaJ.

,g;gj;jphpif ntspaPLfisj; njhlHe;J kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; %j;j mYtyHfSld; NrHe;J MSehpd;

jiyikapy; gj;jphpif khehLfSk; elj;jg;gl;ld.

ehzaf; nfhs;if tbtikg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; jdpahH

Jiwapd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

mtw;iwg; ngWtjid kj;jpa tq;fpf;F ,ayr;nra;Ak;

tpjj;jpy; fy;tpkhd;fs;> njhopy;rhH epGzHfs;> jdpahH

Jiw gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpa ehzaf;

nfhs;if MNyhridf; FOnthd;wpid kj;jpa tq;fp

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk;> kj;jpa tq;fp mjd; eLj;ju

fhyg;gFjpf;fhd ehza kw;Wk; epjpapay; nfhs;iffis

xt;nthU Mz;bd; Muk;gj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gLk;

topfhl;lY}lhfj; njspTgLj;jj; njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ.

njhlHe;J 105 khjq;fshf xw;iw ,yf;fj;jpy; gztPf;fk;

njhlHghd fhyg;gFjpapy;> ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w fl;likg;gpw;F ,j;jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl;l

NghJk;> caHe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk;

jsHthd ,iwf; nfhs;if> Kd;$l;ba nraw;ghL rhHe;j

ehzaf; nfhs;ifiatpl vjpH eltbf;ifahf mike;j

ehzaf; nfhs;if> mbf;fb cs;ehl;L epuk;gypy; Vw;gl;l

jlq;fy;fs; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L hPjpahd gz;l tpiyfspd;

jhf;fk; vd;gdtw;wpd; ,ize;j ngWNgw;wpd; tpisthf 2009

tiu ,ul;il ,yf;f gztPf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,yq;if

njhlHe;Jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1980fspd; gpd;dH 2008 A+dpy;

gztPf;fk; 28.2 rjtPjk; nfhz;l caHe;j kl;lj;jpw;F

mjpfhpj;jJ. ehza ,yf;fply; fl;likg;nghd;wpw;Fs;

,e;epiyikapid Kfhikg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> mjpfhpj;j

nfhs;if tl;b tPjq;fSld; fLikahd msTrhH

ehza ,yf;fply;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa Ntisapy; kj;jpa

tq;fp NeHkhw;W kPs;nfhs;tdT trjpfis ehLtjd;

kPJk; fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jJ. ehza

,yf;fplypd; nry;Ygbj;jd;ikapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

tpjj;jpy; kj;jpa tq;fp gztPf;fj;jpid 12 khj

fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; cr;rkl;lj;jpypUe;J Vwj;jho g+[;a

kl;lj;jpw;F Fiwf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,yq;ifapd;

tuyhw;wpy; kpff; fLikahd gztPf;fr; RUf;fj;jpid ehL

mDgtpf;fr; nra;jnjdpDk; Fiwtile;j cyfshtpa

gz;l tpiyfSk; ,t;tPo;r;rpf;F Xustpw;Fg; gq;fspj;jd.

,Ug;gpDk; $l> nraw;ghLfspD}lhfTk; mNjNghd;W

njhlHG+l;lY}lhfTk; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l eL

xw;iw ,yf;f kl;lj;jpy; gztPf;fj;jpidg; NgZtjw;fhd

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; vz;zk; cz;ikapy; ,yq;if

nghUshjhuk; ,ul;il ,yf;f gztPf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;lJ

jhd; vd;w kf;fspd; kNdhghtj;jpid khw;Wtjw;F

kj;jpa tq;fpia ,ayr;nra;jJ. kNdhghtj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpid gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fspy;

Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. 2009

ngg;GUthpapypUe;J gztPf;fk; xw;iw ,yf;fj;jpy;

njhlHe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lJld; 105 khj njhlHr;rpahd

xw;iw ,yf;fg; gztPf;fk; ,yq;ifapd; mz;ikf; fhy

kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopy; tuyhw;wpy; rhjidnahd;whff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

ml;ltiz 2: njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuf; Fwpfhl;bfspd;

fhyj;jpw;Fhpa ruhrhpfs;3

cz;ik nkh.c. cw;gj;jp

(%)

Mz;Lr; ruhrhpg;

gztPf;;;fk; (%)

tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw

(nkh.c.c.%

Mf)

eilKiwf; fzf;F kPjp

(nkh.c.c.%

Mf)

fhyr; ruhrhp

1950 - 1977 3.7 2.9 -4.9 -1.5

1978 - 2009 5.0 11.6 -9.3 -5.3

2010 - 2016 6.2 5.3 -6.1 -3.6

3 ,t;tl;ltizahdJ ,izg;gpYs;s A1-A4 tiuahd

tiuglq;fspd; RUf;fj;jpidj; jUfpd;wJ

ehzaf; $l;Lf;fspd; ,yf;fplypd; rhj;jpakw;wjd;ik

vt;thnwdpDk;> njhlHe;J 105 khjq;fshff; fhzg;gLk;

,yq;ifapd; xw;iw ,yf;fg; gztPf;fr; rhjid

gztPf;ff; $l;L ,yf;fplypy; xU rpwpa jhf;fj;jpidNa

nfhz;bUe;jJ. 2009 A+iyapypUe;J 2017 nrj;njk;gH

tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; Mz;bw;F Mz;L tphpe;j gzj;jpd;

tsHr;rp ruhrhpahf 17.1 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,Nj


fhyg;gFjpapy; Mz;bw;F Mz;Lg; gztPf;fk; ruhrhpahf

5.2 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Kd;dH fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l

gp~hpd; gzf;fzpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ,t;tpuz;L

,yf;fq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghlhd 11.9 rjtPjk;

,f;fhyg;gFjpapd; ruhrhp cz;ikg; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapy;

gpujpgypj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;

cz;ikg; nghUshjhu tsHr;rp ruhrhpahf 6.0 rjtPjkhf

khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;lJ. tpthjj;jpid kWgf;fk; jpUk;gpg;

ghHg;gpd; tphpe;j gzj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; cz;ikg;

nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;Fkpilapy; 11.1 rjtPjk; nfhz;l

,ilntsp fhzg;gl;lJ. fzpaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> ,J>

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ruhrhp gztPf;fj;jpidg; gpujpgypj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ,Jty;yh tplak;. rhj;jpakhd

elj;ij hPjpahd khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; epjpapay; Jiw

mgptpUj;jpfspd; fhuzkhf gzj;jpd; Rw;Nwhl;l

Ntfj;jpy; my;yJ gzj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tpapy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fSf;fhf rpy tpl;Lf;nfhLg;Gf;fs; nra;ag;gl;l

NghJk; $l> ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; gzj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;nfjpuhd

nghUshjhuj;jpd; cz;ik tsHr;rp kw;Wk; gztPf;fk;

vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;f Kbahky; ,Uf;fpwJ.

ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fply; fl;likg;gpd; ntw;wpf;F

,d;wpaikahjjhftpUe;j tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bw;Fk;

ehza tsHr;rpapd; ngausT epHzaj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd

tYthdJk; ek;gfkhdJkhd njhlHG ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpw;F eyptile;Js;sjw;Fg; NghJkhd

rhd;whftpUf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa epfo;Tfs; ,yq;iff;F

kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;

kw;iwa gy nghUshjhuq;fspYk; ,jid mtjhdpf;f

Kbe;jJ. 1982,d; njhlf;fg;gFjpapy; fdlhtpy; ehzaf;

$l;L ,yf;fply; Kbtile;j Ntisapy; fdlh tq;fpapd;

MSeuhf mg;nghOJ ,Ue;j n[uhy;l; Nghapd; 'ehzaf;

$l;Lf;fis ehk; iftpltpy;iy ehzaf; $l;L vq;fisf;

iftpl;Ltpl;lJ" vd;w $w;W gpugy;ak; tha;e;jJ. gy

Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l nghUshjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l

fzpak;rhH jsHj;jy; ,e;ehLfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

kj;jpa tq;fp Ie;njhifapd; gpukhz;lkhd tphpthf;fk;

tsHr;rpiaNah my;yJ gztPf;fj;jpidNah

caHj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;gjid

kPz;Lk; ep&gpj;jpUf;fpwJ.

njhlHr;rpahd 105 khj xw;iw ,yf;fg; gztPf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifapd; gztPf;fr; rhjidf;F ehzaf; $l;L ,yf;fply; kpfr; rpwpjsNt fhuznkd Kd;dH thjplg;gl;lJ. gjpyhf> ,J> eL xw;iw ,yf;f kl;lj;jpy; gztPf;fj;jpdg; NgZk; kj;jpa tq;fpapy; kpFe;j tpUg;gj;jpid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpajd; %yk; gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fis epHzapf;Fk; mjd; ,ayhw;wypd; ngWNgwhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. gzr; RUf;fj;jpd; fhyg;gFjpahd 2008 - 2009,y; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; elj;ij ehzaf; nfhs;ifapd; ek;gfj;jd;ikapid caHj;jpapUf;ff;$Lk;. Nkk;gl;l njhlHG+l;lYk; ,r;rhjidia miltjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fpidahw;wpapUf;fpwJ. ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapd; rpy gFjpfspy; may; ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuq;fs; ,ul;il ,yf;f gztPf;fj;Jld; Nghuhbaikia ,q;F fl;lhak; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,e;jpah 2014 tiu gztPf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ. gd;dhl;L gz;l tpiyfs; vkf;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jjhf xUtH thjplf;$Lk;. vdpDk;> ,J vg;nghOJk; cz;ikahdjy;y. Vnddpy;> cyfshtpa krnfz;nza; tpiyfs; 2011 ngg;GUthpapypUe;J 2014 nrj;njk;gH tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; gPg;gha; xd;wpw;F tpiy ruhrhpahf I.m.nlhyH 100 Mff; fhzg;gl;ld.

khw;W Vw;ghnlhd;whf gztPf;f ,yf;fply;: kw;iwa ehLfspypUe;jhd ghlk;

MfNt> cyfpYs;s kw;iwa gy kj;jpa tq;fpfisg; Nghd;Nw ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpAk; toikahd vt;tpjkhd mwptpg;Gkpd;wp> ehzaf; $l;Lf;fs; my;yJ nryhtzp tPjj;jpYk; ghHf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapdhy; Msg;gLk; ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpid Nehf;fp efHe;jpUf;fpwJ.

cyfshtpa nghUshjhuj;jpy;> Vw;fdNtAs;s vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapdJk; tfpghfj;jpid typAWj;jpa ,j;jifa ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G 'gztPf;f ,yf;fply;" vd mwpag;gl;lJ. ,J gw;wp ehd; Muk;gj;jpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;. ,J 1990,y; epA+rpyhe;jpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJld;> fdlh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> mT];jpNuypah kw;Wk; RtPld; Mfpa ehLfspy; tpiue;j ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;ghf gztPf;f ,yf;fply; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. gztPf;f ,yf;fplypd; ntw;wpapdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l Vida gy Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l nghUshjhuq;fSk; mNjNghd;W Njhw;wk;ngw;WtUk; re;ijg; nghUshjhuq;fSk; mjd; gpd;dH ,f;fl;likg;gpidg; gpd;gw;wpd. ,e;ehLfs; xd;wpy; gpbthjkhf caH kl;lj;jpypUe;j gztPf;fj;jpidf; fPNo nfhz;L tUtjw;F my;yJ gztPf;fj;jpidj; jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff;$ba mbg;gilapy; jho;e;jJk; cWjpahd kl;lj;jpy; NgZtjw;Fk; gztPf;f ,yf;fpliyg; gad;gLj;jpd.

gztPf;f ,yf;fply;> nghJthf mwptpf;fg;gl;l gztPf;f ,yf;fply;; Kd;Ndhf;fpa ehzaf; nfhs;ifj;

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

2011

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

rjtPjk;

tiuglk; 1: ngausT nkh.c.cw;gj;jp tsHr;rp vjpH

tphpe;j gzj;jpd; tsHr;rp

tphpe;j gz tsHr;rp ngausT nkh.c.cw;gj;jp tsHr;rp

ruhrhp tphpe;j gz tsHr;rp (1997-2009) ruhrhp ngausT nkh.c.c tsHr;rp (1997-2009)

ruhrhp ngausT nkh.c.c tsHr;rp (2010-2016) ruhrhp tphpe;j gz tsHr;rp (2010-2016)


jPHkhdj;jpidf; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F trjpaspf;fpd;w gztPf;f

vjpHT$wy; kw;Wk; caHe;jstpyhd ntspg;gilj;jd;ik

kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpdhy;

tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. RtPldpd; nghUspayhsUk; wp];f;

tq;fpapy; gpd;dH Jiz MSeuhfg; gzpahw;wpatUkhd

yhH]; nrtd;rd;dpd;gb> ,f;nfhs;iff; fl;likg;G

kj;jpa tq;fpf;Ff; fl;lhakhfj; Njitahd tpiy

cWjpg;ghL> RahjPdk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk;jd;ik Mfpa

%d;W tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ug;gJld;

gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fisf; fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy;

epiyepWj;JtijAk; ,ayr; nra;fpwJ.

eilKiwapy;> gztPf;f ,yf;fply; fbdkhd

jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gjpYk; ghHf;f nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik

nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJ. nrtd;rd;dpd;gb>

nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f ,yf;fply;

vd;gJ gztPf;fj;jpid gztPf;f ,yf;fplYlDk;

cz;ikg; nghUshjhuj;jpidAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjid

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;stplj;J fLikahd gztPf;f

,yf;fplypidg; nghWj;jtiu gztPf;fj;jpid khj;jpuk;

cWjpg;gLj;JtjhfTk; cz;ikg; nghUshjhuj;jpd;

cWjpf;F rpwpjsT Kf;fpaj;JtNkAilajhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. fLikahd gztPf;f ,yf;fplyhsiu>

,q;fpyhe;J tq;fpapd; Kd;dhs; MSeuhd NkHtpd;

fpq; 'gztPf;f tplhg;gbahsH" vd mioj;jhH. kj;jpa

tq;fpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit gztPf;fj;jpid Vwj;jho

gztPf;f ,yf;fplypy; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjid khj;jpukd;wp

cz;ikg; nghUshjhu khwpfisAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w

Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tjidAk; Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;Ls;sd. ,k;Kaw;rpahdJ gztPf;f ,yf;fpliy

va;Jfpd;w fhy mstpd; %yk; tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J cz;ikg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPjhd nfhs;iffspd;

Nkhrkhd jhf;fj;jpidf; Fiwj;JtpLfpd;wJ. MfNt>

nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f ,yf;fplypd;

Kf;fpakhd gz;G gztPf;f tPjk; ruhrhpahf ,yf;fpw;Fs;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;; vd;whYk; xt;nthU

khjKk; mt;thW fhzg;glkhl;lhJ.

gztPf;f ,yf;fplypd; Kf;fpa mE$yk; ahnjdpy;>

,jDld; njhlHghd tplaq;fs; nghJkf;fSf;F

,yFthf ,Ug;gNjahFk;. gztPf;fk; nghJkf;fspdhy;

ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLtjdhYk;> gztPf;f

vjpHT$wy; cz;ikahd epiyepWj;jpahf

,Ug;gjdhYk; Nkk;gl;l njhlHG+l;lYld; ,J kj;jpa

tq;fpf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd jfty;

,ilntspapid epug;Gtjw;F cjTk;. eOtyhd ehza

,yf;fplnyhd;wpYk; ghHf;f> xopTkiwtw;w Neubahd

,yf;fply; mjpfhpj;j ntspg;gilahdjd;ikapidAk;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk;jd;ikapidAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w

Ntisapy; nghJkf;fs; nfhs;ifspYs;s FiwghLfis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjidAk; ,ayr; nra;fpwJ.

gztPf;f ,yf;fpliy Nkw;nfhs;ifapy; ehL gy;NtW

Kw;Njitg;ghLfis> Fwpg;ghfr; rl;l kw;Wk; epWtd

hPjpahd fl;likg;G epajpfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tJ

mtrpankd;gjid cyfshtpa mDgtk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,it tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhd kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

RahjPdk; kw;Wk; tYthd nghWg;ghiz> ,iw

Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;jhd RahjPdj;Jld; $ba tYthd

,iw epiyik> nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j nryhtzp

tPj mikg;G> ed;F mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l epjpapay;

Kiwik> gztPf;f ,yf;fplYf;fhd Mw;wy;tha;e;j

njhopy;El;g cl;fl;lig;G kw;Wk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

nghWg;Gf;$Wk;jd;ikapidAk; ek;gfj;jd;ikapidAk;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd ntspg;gilahd nfhs;iffs;

vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf> ,iw

Mjpf;fj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiu kw;iwa ehLfs; Fwpg;ghf

,yq;ifapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;w mur gpiza

Vyq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy; kw;Wk; Kw;gzf; fzf;nfhd;wpÇlhf

murhq;fj;jpw;F tl;baw;w epjpfis toq;FtJ Nghd;w

,iwg;gw;whf;Fiwapd; ehza epjpapliy epWj;Jtjw;fhd

nghwpKiwfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Js;sd. gjpyhf>

kw;iw kj;jpa tq;fpfs; Njitahd tpjj;jpy; Njitahd

Ntisapy; ehza epiyikfspy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jtjw;fhf ,uz;lhe;jur; re;ijapypUe;J mur

gpizaq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;ayhk;.

tiuglk; 2: epA+rpyhe;J> fdlh kw;Wk; If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;fhd gztPf;f

tPjq;fSk; gztPf;f ,yf;FfSk; - 1980 - 2005

(m) epA+rpyhe;J gztPf;fk;

gztPf;f

,yf;fply;

Muk;gk;

gztPf;f

,yf;fply;

Muk;gk;

gztPf;f

,yf;fply;

Muk;gk;

(M) fdlh gztPf;fk;

(,) If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; gztPf;fk;

,yf;fply; tPr;R

,yf;fply; eLikak;

,yf;fply; tPr;R

,yf;fply; eLikak;

,yf;fply; tPr;R

,yf;fply; eLikak;

(m) epA+rpyhe;JÉ (M) fdlhÉ (,) If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;

%yk;: Ben S. Bemanke, Thomas Laubach, Frederic S. Mishkin and Adam S. Poson, Inflation Targeting: Lessons

from the International Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), updates from the same sources

and www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/econind/a3/ha3.xls

19871981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 20001999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 20001999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1981

%

%

20

15

10

5

0

-2

15

10

5

01982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 20001999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

%

25

20

15

10

5

0


nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f ,yf;fplYf;fhd

top: ehk; vq;Nf epw;fpNwhk;

Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;l kw;Wk; Njhw;wk;ngw;W tUfpd;w

re;ijfspd; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j ,yf;fplypd;

ntw;wpiag; ghprPyidapy; nfhs;ifapy;> ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fpAk; eLj;ju fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;glf;$ba rpwe;j

fl;likg;ghf ,jidg; ghprPyidapy; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

eLj;ju fhyj;jpy; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f

,yf;fpliy Nehf;fp efUk; Nehf;Fld;Æ fle;j

rpy Mz;Lfshf ,g;Gjpa fl;likg;gpw;fhd gy

Kw;Njitg;ghLfs; kj;jpa tq;fpapdhYk; murpdhYk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.

jw;nghOJ> ,ilf;fhy xOq;FKiwnahd;whf> kj;jpa

tq;fp mjd; ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid ehzaf; $l;L

,yf;fply; kw;Wk; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f

,yf;fply; fl;likg;G Mfpa ,uz;L gz;GfSlDk; $ba

xU Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;gpy; elhj;jp tUfpd;wJ.

,k;Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpd;

fPo;> kj;jpa tq;fp eLj;ju fhyj;jpy; gztPf;fj;jpid

eL xw;iw ,yf;fj;jpy; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;Jfpd;w Ntisapy;> tsHr;rpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk;

nryhtzp tPj Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikf;Fk;

Mjutspf;fpd;wJ. kj;jpa tq;fp ve;jnthU ehza

,yf;FfisAk; ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fhj NghJk;>

tphpe;j gzf;$l;Lf;fs; ehzaf; nfhs;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; Kf;fpa FwpaPl;L

,ilepiy khwpahfj; njhlHe;Jk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>

xJf;Fg; gzj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf> kj;jpa tq;fp jw;nghOJ

mjd; njhopw;ghl;L ,yf;fhf ruhrhp epiwNaw;wg;gl;l

miog;Gg; gztPjj;jpidg; gad;gLj;JtJld; mJ

mjd; re;ijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nfhs;ifr;

rhjdq;fshd nfhs;if tl;b tPjq;fspYk; jpwe;j re;ijj;

njhopw;ghLfspYk; mjpfhpj;jstpy; jq;fpapUf;fpwJ.

gztPf;fj;jpd; Jy;ypakhd vjpHT$wy;fSk; Vida

Kf;fpa khwpfSk; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j

gztPf;f ,yf;fplypd; ntw;wpf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf

fhzg;gLtjdhy; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu

vwpT ,ayhw;wy;fs; jw;nghOJ gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f

,yf;fpliy ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

njhopy;El;gf; fl;likg;gpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjid

Nehf;fpa Kf;fpakhdnjhU eltbf;ifahf> FWq;fhy

vjpHT$wy; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; eLj;ju fhy ,af;fthw;wy;

epfo;jfT nghJ rkepiyj; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gdtw;wpidg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;w vjpHT$wy; kw;Wk; nfhs;if Ma;T

KiwikahdJ gd;dhl;L ehza epjpaj;jpd; cjtpAld;

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,k;KiwahdJ

jw;nghOJ kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzaf; nfhs;if

tbtikg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;Fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ. gztPf;f ,yf;fplyhsHfspilNaahd

rpwe;j eilKiwfisj; njhlHe;J> ehzaf; nfhs;iff;

FOf; $l;lj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> Mokhd Nguz;lg;

nghUshjhug; gFg;gha;tpw;F njhopy;El;g mYtyHfSf;Fg;

NghJkhd Neuj;jpid toq;Fk; nghUl;L Mz;nlhd;wpw;F

vl;Lf; $l;lq;fSf;Ff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

kw;iwa gy mz;ika nfhs;if khw;wq;fSk; eLj;ju

fhyj;jpy; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f ,yf;fplypd;

eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F Mjuthf mikAk;. kj;jpa tq;fp

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr; re;ijapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

jiyaPLfSld;> mz;ikf; fhyg;gFjpapy;> $bastpw;F

re;ij rhHe;j nryhtzp tPjf; nfhs;ifapid

eilKiwg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. nryhtzp tPjj;jpd;

kPJ Fiwe;jsT jhf;fj;Jld; gd;dhl;L xJf;Ffs;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. vOkhwhd tpjj;jpy;>

epjpapay; Kiwik njhlHr;rpahf tphptile;J tUfpd;w

Ntisapy; cyfshtpa KiwapYk; cs;ehl;L hPjpapYk;

rthy; tpLf;fpd;w re;ij epiyikfSf;F kj;jpapYk;

kPs;vOr;rpailAk; jd;ik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

ghry; III fl;likg;gpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; epjpapay;

Kiwikapd; kPs;vOr;rpia NkYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

mur gpizaq;fs; kPjhd tpisTfs;> eLj;ju fhy

kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy tl;b tPjq;fSf;F mbg;gil

msTf;FwpaPl;L mstpid cUthf;Ftjdhy;> re;ij

tl;b tPjq;fSf;fhd kj;jpa tq;fpf; nfhs;if tPj

rkpf;iQfspd; R%fkhd ghpkhw;wq;fSf;F MokhdJk;

kpfj; jputj;jd;ik tha;e;jJkhd mur gpizaq;fs;

re;ijAk; $l Kw;Njitg;ghlhf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J

njhlHgpy;> kpf ntspg;gilahd jpiwNrhp Vyq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mz;ikapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tpjpfspd; Kiwik mur gpizaq;fs; kPjhd tpistpy;

Vw;glf;$ba fLikahd jsk;gy;fisf; Fiwj;jJ

kl;Lkd;wp kj;jpa tq;fpf; nfhs;if tPjq;fSf;F

Kd;dH fhzg;gl;l re;ij tl;b tPjq;fSf;fpilapyhd

gpwo;TfisAk; rhpnra;fpwJ. ,g;nghwpKiwahdJ

Kjyhe;ju Vyq;fspy; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; jpiwNrhp

cz;bay;fspd; nfhs;tdT+lhf ,iwg; gw;whf;Fiwapd;

epjpapliyf; Fiwf;f cjtpapUf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf>

Gjpa KiwikahdJ> tl;b tPjq;fspy; Nkhrkhd

jsk;gy;fis cUthf;fhky;> Vy KiwikapD}lhf

KO re;ijg; gq;Nfw;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjdhy; kj;jpa

tq;fp trKs;s jpiwNrhp cz;bay; clikfs; 2016,d;

,Wjpapd; &.300 gpy;ypaDf;Fk; $Ljyhd mstpypUe;J

,t;thz;Lg;gFjpapy; Vwj;jho &.30 gpy;ypaDf;F tpiuthf

tPo;r;rpaile;jd. cj;Njr nghWg;G Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lk;

mLj;JtUk; Mz;bd; nrytpdj;jpid <Lnra;tjw;F

jhq;fpUg;G epjpaj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;F jpiwNrhpf;F

mDkjpf;fpd;wikahdJ> ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpd;

jw;Nghija Vw;ghLfspd;gb> xt;nthU Mz;bd;

njhlf;fj;jpYk; jpiwNrhpf;F Kw;gzj;jpid toq;f

Ntz;ba kj;jpa tq;fpapd Njitapid xopj;JtpLfpd;wJ.

,t;tpuz;L topKiwfSk; vjpHfhyj;jpy;> ehzaf;


nfhs;ifapid ,iw Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk;.

,r;rPHjpUj;jq;fs;> kj;jpa tq;fp kw;Wk; jpiwNrhp

,uz;bw;Fk; ntw;wpfukhd jd;ikapid cUthf;Fk;

vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit Nghl;b tPjq;fspy; kpf

etPdg;gLj;jg;gl;l mur gpizaq;fs; re;ijapypUe;J

rhj;jpakhdstpw;Ff; Fiwe;j nrytpy; Njitahd

epjpfisj; jpul;l jpiwNrhpf;F trjpfis toq;Ffpd;w

Ntisapy;> kj;jpa tq;fpf;F mjd; Kjyhe;juf;

Fwpf;Nfhshd tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bidg; NgZtjw;F

cjTk;.

vjpHfhyk; njhlHghd Kd;Ndhf;fpa ghHit: Gjpa

ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;ghf nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik

tha;e;j gztPf;f ,yf;fply; fl;likg;G

2017 rdthpapy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l 'topfhl;ly;: 2017

,w;Fk; mjw;F mg;ghYf;Fkhd ehza kw;Wk;

epjpapay; Jiwf; nfhs;iffs;" ,y; ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fp mjd; Gjpa ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;ghf>

eLj;ju fhyj;jpy; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f

,yf;fpliy Nehf;fp efHtjw;fhd mjd; Nehf;fj;jpid

kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpaJ. murhq;fk; ,e;eltbf;ifapid

mg;nghONj mq;fPfhpj;jJld; mjd; mz;ika ntspaPlhd

njhiyNehf;F - 2025 nfhs;if Mtzj;jpy; 'eLj;ju

fhyj;jpypUe;J ePz;l fhy tpiy cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhf>

kj;jpa tq;fp nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f

,yf;fply; mikg;gpid Nehf;fp efUk;. mit jho;e;j

gztPf;fj;jpidj; njhlHe;Jk; NgZtjid ,yf;fhff;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy;> nghUshjhu eltbf;iff;Fk;

Nghl;bj;jd;ikf;Fk; Mjuthf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

murhq;fk; mtrpakhd rl;lthf;fj;jpidAk;

njhopw;ghl;L khw;wq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;" vd

typAWj;jpAs;sJ.

kj;jpa tq;fpAk; murhq;fKk; ehzaf; nfhs;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l gztPf;f

,yf;fplNy Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tjw;fhd top vd;gJ

njhlHgpy; Nfhl;ghl;L hPjpahf ,zq;fpapUg;gjidf;

ftdpg;gJ epiwT jUtjhf ,Ug;gJld;> 2020Mk;

Mz;lstpy; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f

,yf;fpliy KOikahf eilKiwf;fpLtjw;F gztPf;f

,yf;fplypd; ntw;wpf;fhd vQ;rpa Kw;Njitg;ghLfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mjpfhpj;j Kaw;rpfisj;

Njitg;gLj;Jk;.

nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gztPf;f ,yf;fplYf;F

khwpr; nry;tjw;Fk; ehzaf; nfhs;if Fwpf;Nfhs;fis

kPstiutpyf;fzk; nra;tjw;Fk; ,iwg; gw;whf;Fiwapd;

epjpapliy xopg;gjw;Fk; mj;Jld; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

RahjPdk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gf;$Wk;

jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ehza tpjpr;

rl;lj;jpw;F midj;ijAKs;slf;fpa jpUj;jq;fs;

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehza

tpjpr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fs;> ehzaf; nfhs;ifj;

jPHkhdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwapid

xOq;fikf;Fnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

kj;jpa tq;fpf;Fs; jw;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUk;

njhopy;El;g vjpHT$wiyj; juKaHj;jp gFg;gha;T

,ayhw;wy;fs; njhlHe;Jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gJld;

2020 mstpy; kj;jpa tq;fp midj;ijAKs;slf;fpa

gztPf;f mwpf;iffis ntspaplj; njhlq;Fk;

vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. gztPf;f mwpf;ifahdJ

gztPf;f mgptpUj;jpfs;> gztPf;f vjpHghHg;Gf;fs;>

gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; Vida Kf;fpa Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu

khwpfSf;fhd vwpTfs;> mj;jifa vwpTfSf;Fg;

gpd;dhYs;s vLNfhs;fs;> ,yf;fplg;gl;l kl;lq;fspypUe;J

cz;ikahd gztPf;f mgptpUj;jpfspd; VNjDk;

gpwo;TfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; gpwo;Tfs; Vw;gLk;

re;jHg;gq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kPl;G eltbf;iffs;

vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;Fk;. mj;jifa ntspg;gilahd

jd;ikAk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikAk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

ek;gfj;jd;ikapid caHj;Jk; Nghy; Njhd;WtJld;>

mjpfhpj;j nghUshjhu cWjpg;ghl;bidj; Njhw;Wtpj;J

caH nghUshjhu tsHr;rpf;F Mjutspj;J ,yq;ifapd;

mjpfhpj;j gd;dhl;L Nghl;bj;jd;ikapidAk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.

mNjNtis> ngUksT ,iw xOq;FfisAk; tYthd

,iw epiyikapidAk; miltjw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd;

njhlHr;rpahd flg;ghL nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;l

gztPf;f ,yf;fpliy ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

Kf;fpa mk;rkhfj; njhlHe;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt> kj;jpa tq;fp 2020 mstpy; nkh.c.

cw;gj;jpf;fhd gLfld; tpfpjj;jpid 70 rjtPjj;jpw;F

Fiwg;gjw;fhdJk; 2020 ,ypUe;J tuT nryTj;jpl;lg;

gw;whf;Fiwapid nkh.c.cw;gj;jpapd; 3.5 rjtPjj;jpy;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJkhd murhq;fj;jpd; Kaw;rpf;F

njhlHe;Jk; Mjutspf;Fk;. ,iw Kfhikj;Jt

(nghWg;ghz;ikr;) rl;lj;jpid tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w

murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,J tplaj;jpy; kpf Cf;fk;

jUtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kbthf> ,yq;ifapy; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpj;njhopypd;

Muk;gj;jpw;F jq;fis kPz;Lk; mioj;Jr; nry;y

tpUk;GfpNwd;. 1949,y; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

epWtduhd N[hd; vf;];lH ',yq;iff;fhf kj;jpa

tq;fpnahd;wpid epWTtJ njhlHghd mwpf;ifapy;"

gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

'kj;jpa tq;fpnahd;wpid epWTtjw;fhd ,yq;if

murhq;fj;jpd; jPHkhdk; ,yq;if kf;fSf;fhd ghhpa

nray;tpisTfisf; nfhz;l jhw;ghpak; kpf;fnjhU

jPHkhdkhFk;. xU jhw;ghpak;; Vw;fdNt kpfj; njspthff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ: kj;jpa tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; epUtfpf;fg;gl

Ntz;ba RahjPdkhd ehza Kiwiknahd;wpid

epWTtjw;fhd eltbf;ifapid vLf;ifapy;

murhq;fk; xd;wiu Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH mile;J


nfhz;l murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpd; mHj;jnkhd;whf

cz;ikahd nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; mile;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd mjd; vz;zg;ghl;bid rhpahd Kiwapy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ. nghUj;jkhd NjHr;rp kw;Wk; mjd;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAld;

$ba kj;jpa tq;fpnahd;wpw;fhd ,k;Kd;nkhopT

mwpf;iff;fhd Kaw;rpahf ,J ,Ug;gJld; ,jw;F

Kd;ndhUNghJkpy;yhj jd;ikfisr; rhj;jpakhf;Fk;

,yq;ifapy; ehza epiyikfis epWtp ehl;bd;

kdpj kw;Wk; %y tsq;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jp

midtUf;Fkhd trjpfspd; juj;jpid caHj;Jk;."

Kd;dH tuyhW vk;ik kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ!

vjpHfhyj;jpYk; vk;ik kjpg;gPL nra;tjid cq;fsplNk

tpLfpd;Nwd;!

E}w;gl;bay;

Bernanke Ben S. and Michael Woodford (eds), The Inflation Targeting Debate. Cambridge Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research Studies in Business Cycles, 2005.

Bernanke, Ben S., Thomas Laubach, Frederic S. Mishkin, and Adam S. Posen (eds), Inflation Targeting. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Blinder, Alan, Central Banking in Theory and Practice, Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996.

Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 40th Anniversary Commemorative Volume of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1950-1990. Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1990.

Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 60th Anniversary Commemorative Volume of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 1950-2010. Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2011.

Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Annual Report. Various Years.

Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Road Map: Monetary and Financial Sector Policies, Various years.

Colombage, Sirimevan, The Political Economy of Central Banking in Sri Lanka. Prof. H. A. de S. Gunasekera Memorial Oration, University of Peradeniya, October 2017.

Government of Ceylon, Sessional Paper XIV: Report on the Establishment of a Central Bank for Ceylon (Exter Report). 1949.

Government of Sri Lanka, Vision 2025: A Country Enriched. 2017.

Gunasekera, H.A. de S., From Dependent Currency to Central Banking in Ceylon: An Analysis of Monetary Experience, 1825-1957. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1962.

Irwin, Neil, The Alchemists: Three Central Bankers and a World on Fire. New York: Penguin Group, 2014.

Ito, Takatoshi, and Andrew K. Rose, Monetary Policy under Very Low Inflation in the Pacific Rim, NBER-EASE, Volume 15, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Karunatilake, H.N.S., Fifty Years of Central Banking in Sri Lanka: 1950-2000. Colombo: Centre for Demographic and Socio Economic Studies, 2000

King, Mervyn A. Changes in UK Monetary Policy: Rules and Discretion in Practice. Journal of Monetary Economics, 39(1), 81–97, 1997.

Mishkin, Frederic S. Monetary Policy Strategy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2009.

Schaechter, Andrea, Mark R. Stone, and Mark Zelmer, Adopting Inflation Targeting: Practical Issues for Emerging Market Countries”, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 2000.

Svensson, Lars E. O., Flexible Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the Financial Crisis, Speech made at the Netherlands Bank workshop “Towards a new framework for monetary policy? Lessons from the crisis”, September 2009.

Svensson, Lars E. O., Open-Economy Inflation Targeting. Journal of International Economics, 50, 155-183, 2000.

Weerasinghe, P. Nandalal, The Role of Central Banks in in Macroeconomic and Financial Stability: Global and Local Perspectives. Speech made at the Centre of Banking Studies in Sri Lanka, January 2013.

Wijewardena, W.A., Central Banking: Challenges and Prospects. Colombo: BMS Publication, 2017.


-4

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

19

50

19

52

19

54

19

56

19

58

19

60

19

62

19

64

19

66

19

68

19

70

19

72

19

74

19

76

19

78

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

19

88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

20

12

20

14

20

16

rjtPjk;

tiuglk; A2: Mz;Lr; ruhrhpg; gztPf;fk;

Mz;Lr; ruhrhpg; gztPf;fk; ruhrhp (1950-1977)

ruhrhp (1978-2009) ruhrhp (2010-2016)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10 1950

1952

1954

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

rjtPjk;

tiuglk; A1: cz;ik nkh.c.cw;gj;jp tsHr;rp

cz;ik nkh.c. cw;gj;jp tsHr;rp

ruhrhp (1950-1977)

ruhrhp (1978-2009)

ruhrhp (2010-2016)

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

4

19

50

19

52

19

54

19

56

19

58

19

60

19

62

19

64

19

66

19

68

19

70

19

72

19

74

19

76

19

78

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

19

88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

20

12

20

14

20

16

nkh.c.c

w;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhf

tiuglk; A3: tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw

tuT nryTj;jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw

ruhrhp (1950-1977)

ruhrhp (1978-2009)

ruhrhp (2010-2016)

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

4

8

19

50

19

52

19

54

19

56

19

58

19

60

19

62

19

64

19

66

19

68

19

70

19

72

19

74

19

76

19

78

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

19

88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

20

10

20

12

20

14

20

16

nkh.c.c

w;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhf

tiuglk; A4: eilKiwf; fzf;F kPjp

eilKiwf; fzf;F kPjp ruhrhp (1950-1977)

ruhrhp (1978-2009) ruhrhp (2010-2016)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

ngg;-78

A+iy-79

jpnr-80

Nk-82

xj;-83

khr;-85

Xfj;-86

rd-88

A+d;-89

ent-90

Vg;-92

nrj;-93

ngg;-95

A+iy-96

jpnr-97

Nk-99

xj;-00

khr;-02

Xf-03

rd-05

A+d;-06

ent-07

Vg;-09

nrj;-10

ngg;-12

A+iy-13

jpnr-14

Nk-16

xj;-17

rjtPjk;

ruhrhp (1978-2009) ruhrhp (2010 - 2017 xj;.)

(08 Mz;Lfs;

kw;Wk; 9 khjk;)

tiuglk; A5: Mz;bw;F Mz;Lg; gztPf;fk;

(nfh.E.tp.Rl;nlz;zpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ> gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

Mz;bw;F Mz;L ikag; gztPf;fk;


jw;nghOJ> ehzaj; jhs;fs; kw;Wk; Fj;jpfs; tbtpy;

fhzg;gLk; gzk; nghUl;fisAk; gzpfisAk; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;Fk; mNjNghd;W gy;NtW nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fisj;

jPHg;gdT nra;tjw;Fk; kf;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; jkf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd nghUl;fis my;yJ mtHfsJ ehshe;jj;

Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhf mtHfspdhy;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis kw;wtHfSld;

ghpkhw;wpf; nfhz;ldH. ,k;KiwikahdJ 'gz;lkhw;W

Kiwik" vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> gz;lkhw;W

Kiwikapy; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW ,lHg;ghLfspd;

fhuzkhf> nfhLf;fy;thq;fy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; cg;G> fly; XLfs;> nts;sp> jq;fk;

Nghd;w gy nghUl;fSk; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l kw;iwa

cNyhfq;fSk; gzkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdpDk;>

nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; tphptile;J fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gy;NtW

tifapdthf khwpaikapdhYk; gzkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

nghUl;fspd; mUe;jy;jd;ik fhuzkhfTk; kf;fs;

nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;fhf ehzaj; jhs;fisAk;

Fj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdH. ,J 'Nghyp

ehzak; my;yJ jhs; gzk;" vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. jhs;

ehzaj;jpid ve;jnthU nfhLf;fy;thq;fiyAk; jPHg;gdT

nra;tjw;F my;yJ fhzp> tPLfs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;fspd;

ngWkjpf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

,yFthfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. vdpDk;> ehnlhd;wpy;

jhs; ehzaj;jpid ntw;wpfukhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ

gzj;jpd; kPJ kf;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifapNyNa

KOikahfj; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. gzj;jpd; kPjhd ek;gpf;if

,of;fg;gLkhapd; nghUshjhunkhd;wpYs;s nghUshjhu

kw;Wk; tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; Kwptile;J

NghFk;.

mNefkhd ehLfspy;> gzj;jpid mr;rpLk; Nkyhz;ikr;

rigahf kj;jpa tq;fpNa ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,Nj

Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifapYk; gzj;jpid mr;rpLk; mjpfhuk;

1949Mk; Mz;bd; 58Mk; ,yf;f ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpd;

%yk; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp 1950,y; epWtg;gl;lJld;

md;wpypUe;J gzj;jpid mr;rpLfpd;w tfpghfk; ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. kj;jpa

tq;fp epWtg;gLtjw;F Kd;dH gz mr;rplyhdJ gzr;

rig Kiwikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Vw;fdNt>

Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ Nghd;W> kf;fs; gzj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;

jahuhf ,Ug;gH. ,jw;fhf> gzk; rl;l hPjpahd

gzkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ,J rl;lj;jpdhy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nfhLg;gdT Clfnkhd;whfTk;

mur my;yJ jdpahs; gLflidj; jPHg;gjw;F

my;yJ epjpapay; flg;ghLfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; my;yJ

Nkyhz;ikr; rigapdhy; ntspaplg;gLtJ Nghd;w

Nghyp ehzaj; jhs;fis mr;rpLtJ KOikahf jil

nra;ag;gl;bUg;gJld; jz;lidf;FhpanjhU Fw;wKkhFk;.

ehnlhd;wpy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; tpiyfs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpw;F njhlHe;Jk; mjpfhpf;Fkhapd;

mJ caH gztPf;fr; #oy; vdf; fUjg;gLtJld;

mj;jifanjhU epiyikapy; kf;fs; gzj;jpd; kPjhd

ek;gpf;ifapid ,of;Fk; #o;epiynahd;W Vw;gLk;.

mj;jifa #o;epiynahd;wpd; fPo;> nghUl;fisAk;

gzpfisAk; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fk; kw;iwa

nfhLg;gdTf; flg;ghLfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; ngUk;

njhifahd gzk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> gzj;jpid

mr;rpLk; Nkyhz;ikr; rig ngUe;njhifahd Gjpa

gzj;jpid mr;rpl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

caH gztPf;fr; #onyhd;W 1920 - 1923 fhyg;gFjpapy;

N[Hkdpapdhy; mDgtpf;fg;gl;lJld; ,J N[Hkd;

khHf;fpd; kPJ nghJkf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;if

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpw;F Nja;tiltjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W.

1920,y; ghz; Jz;bd; tpiy xU khHf;fpypUe;J

1923 mstpy; 4 gpy;ypaDf;F caHtile;jJ.

vdNt> nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F kf;fs; gzj;jpid

gzk; mr;rplypy;

nghUj;jkhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?

RtHzh Fzuj;d

cjtp MSeH

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp


js;Stz;bnahd;wpy; vLj;Jr;nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

caH gztPf;fr; #oypd; fhuzkhf gzj;jpd; kPjhd

kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if KOikahf ,of;fg;gLtJld; ,J

tq;fpfspd; Kwptpw;Fk; mNjNghd;W N[HkdpapYs;s

kw;iwa tpahghu epWtdq;fspd; tpahghu Kwptpw;Fk;

toptFj;jJ. kf;fs; gz;lkhw;W Kiwikapid kPz;Lk;

gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdH. N[Hkd; Nkyhz;ikr; rigfs;

mtw;wpd; ehzaj;jpw;F ve;jnthU ngWkjpAkpy;yhikahy;

mjid mopf;f Ntz;batHfshf ,Ue;jdH. MfNt>

ehl;bd; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gf;fspnyhd;whf

Kd;kjpAila ehzaf; nfhs;ifapid elj;JtjD}lhf

cWjpahd kl;lnkhd;wpy; nghUl;fspdJk; gzpfspdJk;

nghJthd kl;lnkhd;iwg; NgZtjhFk;.

gzj;jpid mr;rpLfpd;w Nkyhz;ikr; rigfs;>

nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s xl;Lnkhj;j nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd;

ngWkjpf;F nghUe;jj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; khj;jpuk;

gzj;jpid mr;rply; Ntz;Lk;. nghUshjhuKk; tpahghu

eltbf;iffSk; ehl;by; tsHr;rpailAk; nghOJ

nkhj;j gzepuk;gypYk; mNjNghd;W mj;jifa

nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;F trjpaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk;

mjpfhpg;nghd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt>

xt;nthU Mz;bYk; (ngausT epajpfspy;) ehl;by;

vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpia kjpg;gpl;ljd;

gpd;dH> ehza Nkyhz;ikr; rigahdJ tsHe;JtUk;

nfhLf;fy;thq;fypd; njhifapidg; G+Hj;jp nra;fpd;w

mstpw;F khj;jpuk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa gzj;jpidr;

NrHj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk; njhiff;F

Nkyjpfkhfg; gzk; mr;rplg;gl;L tpLtpf;fg;gLkhapd;>

mjd; tpisthfg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfSf;fhd

Nfs;tp mjpfhpj;J nghUshjhuj;jpy; gztPf;f

mOj;jq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> kj;jpa

tq;fpnahd;wpd; Kf;fpakhd nghWg;G ahnjdpy; ehl;bd;

jhq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba kl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghy; gztPf;f

mOj;jj;jpid cUthf;fhj tpjj;jpy; ehl;bd; nkhj;j gz

,Ug;gpid (gzepuk;gy;) NgZtNjahFk;. ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fpAk; xt;Nthuhz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; tsHe;JtUk;

nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisg; G+Hj;jpnra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;

Njitahd gzj;njhifapid kjpg;gpl Ntz;bapUg;gJld;

mj;Njitg;ghLfSld; nghUe;jj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; Gjpa

gz cs;sPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jw;nghOJ> ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; gz mr;rply;

njhlHgpy; Clfq;fspy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;

njhptpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpy nra;jp

mwpf;iffs; nghJkf;fisg; gpioahf topelj;jf;

$baitahFk;. gzj;jpid mr;rpLjy; vd;gjd; fUj;J

nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Gjpa gzj;jpid tpLtpj;jy; vdg;

nghUs;gLtJld;> nghUshjhu epajpfspy;> kj;jpa

tq;fpapdhy; Gjpa gzj;jpid ntspapLjy; vd;gJ

'xJf;Fg; gzj;jpid" my;yJ 'jsg; gzj;jpid"

ntspapLjy; vd mwpag;gLk;. ,f;fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpa

Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy;> nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Gjpa gzj;jpid

ntspapLfpd;w kj;jpa tq;fpapd; nrad;Kiw gw;wp

nghJkf;fSf;F tpopg;GzHtpid Vw;gLj;JtNjahFk;.

Njwpa ntspehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fis topg;gLj;jy;

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpahdJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;

gzpfspd; Vw;Wkjpfs;> ntspehl;L KjyPLfs;

kw;Wk; jdpahH Jiwapd; gy;NtWgl;l ngWiffs;

vd;gdtw;wpÇlhf ehl;bw;Fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. toikahf>

,f;nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd; kPjhd ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp

tHj;jf tq;fpfspdhy; ngwg;gLfpd;wd. nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; gzpfspd; ,wf;Fkjpfs; kw;Wk; ntspehLfspd;

gy;NtWgl;l nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpj; Njitg;ghLfisg; G+Hj;jp

nra;j gpd;dH tHj;jf tq;fpfsplk; VjhtJ kpif

,Uf;Fkhapd; mtw;iw toikahf kj;jpa tq;fpf;F

tpw;gid nra;fpd;wd. mNjNtis> murhq;fKk;

murhq;fj;jpw;fhd ntspehl;Lf; fld;f@lhf ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wd. cs;ehl;Lg;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;tjw;fhd

&ghj; Njitg;ghLfisg; g+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhf>

murhq;fk; mjd; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpapid kj;jpa

tq;fpf;F tpw;gid nra;fpwJ. ,t;tifahf tHj;jf

tq;fpfspypUe;Jk; murhq;fj;jplkpUe;Jk; ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpf; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ kj;jpa

tq;fp &ghtpid toq;FfpwJ. ,jD}lhf kj;jpa tq;fp

ehl;by; Vw;fdNtAs;s gz ,Ug;gpw;Fg; Gjpa gzj;jpid

my;yJ xJf;Fg; gzj;jpid mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. kj;jpa

tq;fp ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpidf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;

nghOJ> mJ kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w ehl;bd;

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp xJf;Ffs; mjpfhpg;gjw;F

toptFf;fpwJ.

mNjNtis> ntspehl;Lg; gLfld; kPs;nfhLg;gdTfs;

murhq;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; gLfld; kPs;nfhLg;gdTfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; murhq;fk; mjw;Fr; rkdhd

ngWkjpapy; &ghtpid kj;jpa tq;fpf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa nfhLg;gdTfs; toikahf

tHj;jf tq;fpfs; trKs;s mur fzf;FfspD}lhfr;

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kj;jpa tq;fpf;F ,e;j &ghf;

nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ ehl;by;

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; Vw;fdNtAs;s ehzaj;jpd; ,Ug;gpid

,J Fiwf;fpwJ my;yJ kWnrhw;fspy; $Wtjhapd;

,J xJf;Fg; gzj;jpd; kl;lj;jpidf; Fiwtilar;

nra;fpwJ. mj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; kj;jpa tq;fp

ntspehl;Lg; gLflidj; jPHg;gdT nra;tjdhy;> kj;jpa

tq;fpapdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp

xJf;fpd; kl;lj;jpid ,J Fiwj;J tpLfpd;wJ.

,NjNghd;W> murhq;fj;Jld; my;yJ tHj;jf

tq;fpfSld; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf;


nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspy; <LgLtjd; %yk; kj;jpa tq;fp

ehl;bYs;s Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s &gh gz ,Ug;gpid

khw;wKbAk;. ,J> kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Njwpa ntspehl;Lr;

nrhj;Jf;fspy; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;JtjÇlhf

ehl;by; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jg;gLtjhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

Njwpa cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fis topg;gLj;jy;

,uz;lhtjhf> kj;jpa tq;fp> murhq;fj;Jld; my;yJ

tHj;jf tq;fpfSld; Neub &gh nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fis

Nkw;nfhs;tjD}lhf ehl;by; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpd;

nkhj;j ,Ug;gpy; nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;>

kj;jpa tq;fp mYtyHfSf;fhd rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk;

Xa;T+jpaf; nfhLg;gdTfSk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Vida

nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSk;

$l Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpy; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;j

KbAk;. kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,e;Neub

&ghf; nfhLg;gdTfs; my;yJ ngWiffspd; fhuzkhf

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; Njwpa cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspD}lhf

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

murhq;fj;Jldhd &ghf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fisg;

nghWj;jtiuapy;> Kjyhe;jur; re;ijapy; mur jpiwNrhp

cz;bay;fspd; nfhs;tdT kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd

jw;fhypf Kw;gzq;fspd; xJf;F vd;gd kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Kf;fpa nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fshff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murhq;fk; mjd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;F

epjpapLtjw;fhf jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fis toq;Ffpd;w

nghOJ> ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f> ehzaj;

njhopw;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fspd;

toq;fypy; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU gFjpia kj;jpa tq;fp mjd;

jw;Wzpgpd;gbNah my;yJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLk;

Nfhhpf;iff;fpzq;fNth nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd

Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

murhq;fk; mjd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;F

epjpapLtjw;fhf jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fis toq;Ffpd;w

nghOJ> ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f> ehza

njhopw;ghl;L Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fspd;

toq;fypy; Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU gFjpia kj;jpa tq;fp mjd;

jw;Wzptpw;gbNah my;yJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLk;

Nfhhpf;iff;fpzq;fNth nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd

Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fspd;

nfhs;tdtpw;fhd nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;tjw;fhf> kj;jpa

tq;fp nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fspd;

ngWkjpf;Fr; rkdhd Gjpa gzj;jpid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa nfhLg;gdTfs; tHj;jf tq;fpfspYs;s murpd;

fzf;Ffspy; tuT itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf>

nghUshjhuj;jpYs;s nkhj;jg; gz ,Ug;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

toikahf> ,j;jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs; 91 ehl;fs;> 182

ehl;fs; kw;Wk; 364 ehl;fs; KjpHr;rpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

,t;Tz;bay;fs; KjpHr;rpailAk; nghOJ> murhq;fk;

tHj;jf tq;fpfspYs;s mjd; fzf;FfspD}lhf kj;jpa

tq;fpf;F kPs;nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,J

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s nkhj;jg; gz ,Ug;gpidf; Fiwf;fpwJ.

NkYk;> ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;gb> kj;jpa

tq;fp xt;nthU Mz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; Mz;bw;fhd

kjpg;gplg;gl;l mur murpiwapy; 10 rjtPjj;jpw;F rkkhd

njhifnahd;wpid murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; jw;fhypf Kw;gzkhf

toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JTk; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Gjpa

gzj;jpid mjpfhpj;J Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpid

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kw;gzq;fs; toikahf Vwj;jho

6 khj fhyg;gFjpf;fhditahf ,Ug;gJld; murhq;fk;

,k;Kw;gzq;fisj; jPHg;gdT nra;Ak; nghOJ ,J

Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s gzj;jpd; njhifapid ,Nj

mstpw;Fr; rkdhd njhifapdhy; Fiwj;JtpLfpd;wJ.

mj;Jld;> nghUj;jkhd kl;lnkhd;wpy; re;ijj;

jputj;jd;ikapidg; NgZtjw;fhf kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w topKiwfSk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpYs;s

gzj;jpd; njhifapid ghjpf;fpd;wJ. tHj;jf tq;fpfspy;

kpifahd jputj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;w Ntisapy;

,k;kpifapid <Hj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F topKiwfis

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w Ntisapy; jputj;jd;ikg; gw;whf;Fiw

Vw;gLfpwJ. mg;nghOJ kj;jpa tq;fp mjd; jpwe;j

re;ijj; njhopw;ghLfspD}lhfj; jputj;jd;ikapid

cs;sPL nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

Gjpa gzj;jpd; toq;fy; 2013 - 2017

fPNo fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; ml;ltizapd;gb> 2013 -

2017 tiuahd Ie;jhz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; nkhj;j Gjpa gz mr;rply; &.455.4

gpy;ypadhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Gjpa gzk; mr;rplg;gLfpd;wikahdJ

Njwpa ntspehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspy; my;yJ kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; Njwpa cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspdJ khw;wq;fspd;

Njwpa tpisthf ,Uf;Fk;. gzk; mr;rpliyg;

ghjpf;fpd;w fhuzpfspd; cs;sikg;gpdJ gpd;dzpapy;>

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT njhifahd gzk; Njwpa ntspehl;Lr;

nrhj;Jf;fisf; ifNaw;gjD}lhfg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fs;

cs;sPL nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ> kj;jpa tq;fp xl;Lnkhj;jg;

gz cs;sPl;bid gztPf;fky;yh kl;lnkhd;wpy;

xl;Lnkhj;j gz cs;sPl;bidg; NgZtjw;fhf Njwpa

cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspD}lhf gz cs;sPl;bidf;

Fiwf;fpwJ.

,jw;F khwhf> Njwpa ntspehl;L nrhj;Jf;fspÇlhf

gz cs;sPL tPo;r;rpaile;jpUf;Fk; nghOJ> kj;jpa tq;fp

gz cs;sPl;bidj; Njitahd kl;lj;jpy; NgZtjw;fhf

Njwpa cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fisf; ifNaw;gjd; %yk;


gzj;jpid cs;sPL nra;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 2017,y;

kj;jpa tq;fp ntspehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fisf; ifNaw;gjd;

%yk; &.287.5 gpy;ypaid cs;sPL nra;j Ntisapy;

cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; %ykhd gz cs;sPLfs;

&.203.9 gpy;ypadhy; Fiwtile;jikapd; %yk;

nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd Gjpa Njwpa gz cs;sPl;bd;

mjpfhpg;G &.83.7 gpy;ypadhf kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lJ.

cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fs; Fiwtile;jikapd; %ykhf

gz ,Ug;gpy; Vw;gl;l Fiwg;G> kj;jpa tq;fp trkpUe;j

jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs; &.304.5 gpy;ypaDf;F ,isg;ghw

tplg;gl;ljd; %yk; Kf;fpakhf ,lk;ngw;wJld;

,jw;Fr; rkkhd gzj;njhif kj;jpa tq;fpf;F

kPz;Lk; <Hj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb> kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; gzk; mr;rply; nghUshjhuj;jpy; gztPf;f

mOj;jq;fs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjidj; jtpHg;gjw;fhf

kpf vr;rhpf;ifAld; $ba fl;Lg;ghLfs; rpytw;Wld;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpidg;

ghprPyidapy; nfhs;Sk; nghOJ> 1980 fspypUe;J

kj;jpa tq;fp ehza ,yf;fply; nfhs;iff;

fl;likg;gpidg; gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,f;nfhs;ifahdJ

nghUshjhuj;jpd; mjpfhpj;j nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;F

kl;Lk; trjpaspf;fpd;wnjhU kl;lj;jpy; nkhj;j gz

,Ug;gpidg; NgZtjD}lhfg; gztPf;fj;jpidf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wnjhU nghwpKiwahFk;.

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mjd; ehzaf; nfhs;iff;

fl;likg;gpid 'gztPf;f ,yf;fpliy" Nehf;fp

khw;wpaikf;fpd;w nrad;Kiwapy; <Lgl;bUf;fpwJ. ,J kj;jpa

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Gjpa gzk; &. gpy;ypad;

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

nkhj;jg; Gjpa ehza toq;fy;fs; (xJf;Fg; gzk;) 4.2 89.3 95.5 182.7 83.7

Njwpa ntspehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspD}lhf 132.6 158.9 -111.8 -17.6 287.5

Njwpa cs;ehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fspy; khw;wk; -128.4 -69.5 207.2 200.3 -203.9

,jpy; mur jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs; -163.0 09 73.1 250.8 -304.5

murpw;fhd jw;fhypf Kw;gzq;fs; -2.2 34.7 7.2 -68.7 116.5

Vida nrhj;Jf;fs;Æ nghWg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; 36.8 -105.1 126.9 17.3 -15.9

%yk;: ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

tq;fpapd; nfhs;if tl;b tPjq;fis khw;Wfpd;wikapD}lhf

gztPf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwahFk;.

gztPf;f ,yf;fply; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;gpD}lhf

gztPf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy ehLfs; ntw;wp

fz;Ls;sd. epA+rpyhe;J> fdlh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;>

mT];jpNuypah> gpypg;igd;];> ,e;NjhNdrpah vd;gd

,e;ehLfspilNa fhzg;gl;l Ntisapy; ,e;jpahTk;

2015,y; gztPf;f ,yf;fpliy Nehf;fp efHe;jpUf;fpwJ.

gztPf;f ,yf;fply; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;nghd;wpid

Nehf;fp ,yq;if efHtjw;F jw;NghJs;s ehzar; rl;l

tpjpapidj; jpUj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,g;gpd;dzpapy;

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; mur jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fisf;

nfhs;tdT nra;tJ kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd jw;fhypf

Kw;gzq;fis toq;FtJ Mfpa Njitg;ghLfs;

kPjhd jw;Nghija Vw;ghLfs; vd;gd ,uz;L Kf;fpa

jpUj;jq;fshFk;. ,j;jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; kj;jpa tq;fp

murhq;fj;jpd; ehza epjpaplYf;fhf Gjpjhfg; gzj;jpid

mr;rpLtjid jLf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J kj;jpa

tq;fp mjd; ehzaf; nfhs;ifapidf; $bastpw;Fr;

RahjPdkhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjtpaspj;jikapd;

%yk; gztPf;fj;jpid kpff; fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjid ,aYikg;gLj;Jk;. mikr;ruit

ehza tpjpr; rl;lj;jpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd xg;Gjiy

Vw;fdNt toq;fpapUg;gJld; kj;jpa tq;fp ,j;jpUj;jq;fis

2019 ,Wjpapy; epiwT nra;ayhk; vd vjpHghHf;fpwJ.

kj;jpa tq;fp 2020 ,ypUe;J Gjpa ehzaf; nfhs;iff;

fl;likg;gpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd

topKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiwfspy;

<Lgl;bUf;fpwJ.



jpUkjp. md;udp fpwp];jpahd; Nkhp nly;rpah

KfhikahsH

gpuNjr mYtyfk; - fpspnehr;rp

1.1 mwpKfk;

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ nghUshjhuj;jpd; mNef

ghpkhzq;fis gpujpgypf;Fnkhd;whf miktjdhy;

nghUshjhuj;jpidg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; nfhs;if

tFg;gjw;Fkhf mbf;fb fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpd;w kpf

Kf;fpakhdnjhU Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu khwpahff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Efh;Nthh;

epjp kw;Wk; r%f Ma;tpd;gb Ntiyaw;w egnuhUtiu

gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;. Ntiyaw;w

egh; xUth; vd;gJ> 'njhlh;Gila fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpy;

$yp> rk;gsk;> ,yhgk; kw;Wk; FLk;g nghUshjhu

epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L ahNjDnkhU

njhopiy vjph;ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; me;j

njhopy;tha;g;G fpilf;fhjpUg;gjidf; fUJk;". mjhtJ>

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; egnuhUth; njhopnyhd;iwg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf fhj;jpUe;Jk; mtUf;F

njhopYf;fhd tha;g;G fpilf;fhjpUf;Fkhapd; mth;

Ntiyaw;wtuhf fUjg;gLthh;. nkhj;j Copag;gilapy;

,t;thW Ntiyaw;w epiyapYs;s egh;fspd; rjtPjj;jpid

Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidg;

gpd;tUkhW fzpg;gplyhk;.

1.2 Ntiyapd;ikapd; NtWgl;l tiffs;

mbg;gilg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy;

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ gy;NtWgl;l ghpkhzq;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;s tifapy; gy;NtW topfspy; ,J

,lk;ngwyhk;. ,e;jtifapy;> ,t;NtWgl;l tiffspd;

jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfis Muha;Nthk;.

• jd;dpr;irahd Ntiyapd;ik

,J Copag;gilapy; cs;slq;Ftjw;fhd midj;J

NjitfisAk; nfhz;l kf;fspd; Ntiyapd;ik

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> mth;fs; Ntiy

nra;fpd;wth;fshfNth my;yJ Ntiyaw;wth;fshfNth

,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,th;fspy; nghJthf ,uz;L tifapdh;

fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

* ,ay;ghfNt nry;tKilath;fs; my;yJ mth;fspd;

eyThpj;Jfisf; ftdpg;gjw;F NtW ahNuDk;

,Ug;gjdhy; Ntiy nra;ahJ ,Ug;gth;fs;.

cjhuzj;jpw;F> nry;te;j FLk;gq;fspYs;s ,sk;

gps;isfs;

* njhopy;tha;g;gpidf; fz;lwpaj; jtwp jhq;fKbahj

tpjj;jpy; ePz;l fhykhf Ntiyaw;wpUg;Nghh;.

cjhuzj;jpw;F> ePz;l fhy ke;jq;fSld; $ba

nghUshjhuq;fspy; epyTfpd;w Ntiyapd;ik.

,j;jifa jd;dpr;irahd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ jdpg;gl;l

hPjpapYk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

Rikahf khWtJld; r%f murpay; mikjpapd;ikiaAk;

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,jid nghUshjhuj;jpidj;

Àz;Ltjw;fhd nfhs;iffs; my;yJ mikg;gpay;

rPh;jpUj;jq;fspD}lhf Fiwf;f KbAk;.

• jd;dpr;iraw;w Ntiyapd;ik

Ntiyaw;wth;fshapUe;J jPtpukhf NtiyNjLk;

kf;fs; ,t;tiff;Fs; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;. fPNo

fye;JiuahlTs;s ngUk;ghyhd Ntiyapd;ikfs;

,t;tiff;Fs; cs;slq;Ftjdhy; ,it nfhs;if

tFg;NghUf;F Kf;fpakhd fhpridf;Fhpa

tplaq;fshfTs;sd.

Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; =

Ntiyaw;w Copah;fs;

nkhj;j Copag;gil X 100


• kiwKf my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;l Ntiyapd;ik

njhopy;epiy tpjpfSf;fpzq;f kf;fs; Ntiytha;g;gpidg;

ngw;wpUg;gpDk; $l nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSf;fhd

mth;fsJ gq;fspg;G epajpfspy; Ntiyaw;wth;fSld;

,ize;J fhzg;;gLk; R+o;epiynahd;wpidr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

cjhuzj;jpw;F> epWtdnkhd;wpy; Copah;fshf

gjpTnra;ag;gl;L fpukkhf rk;gsk; ngWfpd;w NghjpYk;

epWtdj;jpd; ntspaPl;by; my;yJ cw;gj;jp tpisjpwdpy;

jhf;fnkjidAk; nrYj;jhj epiyik.

• Rw;Nwhl;l hPjpapyhd Ntiyapd;ik:

,J tpahghu Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; jd;ikAld; ,ize;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUshjhukhdJ RUf;fj;jpid

mDgtpf;Fk; NghJ tpahghur; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpd;

nkhj;jf; Nfs;tp tPo;r;rpailAk; NghJ> Vw;fdNtAs;s

Nfs;tpiag; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd nghUl;fs; Nritfis

cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Fiwe;jsthd Copah;fs;

Njitg;gLtjdhy; rpy Copah;fis NtiyapypUe;J

ePf;FtJ fl;lhakhfpd;wJ. nghUshjhuk; KOtJk; ,J

epfOk; NghJ Ntiyapd;ik cah;tilAk;. Rw;Nwhl;l

hPjpapyhd Ntiyapd;ik nfapd;rpad; Ntiyapd;ik

vdTk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. nfapd;rpad; nghUspayhsh;fs;

Rw;Nwhl;l hPjpapyhd Ntiyapd;ikf;F ngausTf;

$ypfspYs;s FiwghLfSk;> fPo; Nehf;fpa nefpo;r;rpaw;w

jd;ikfSNk fhuznkd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

• mikg;gpay; hPjpahd Ntiyapd;ik:

,J Copah;rhh; Nfs;tp epuk;gy;fSf;F

,ilapyhd mikg;gpay; nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikAld;

Nrh;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhs;if tFg;gpy;

njhiyNehf;fpd;ikahy; fy;tp Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk;

tpidjpwdw;w jd;ik> murpay; fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

khw;wq;fis vjph;j;J epw;fpd;w jd;ik Nghd;wd ePz;l

fhykhf ,j;jifa Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd gpujhd

fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

• ,aw;ifahd Ntiyapd;ik:

,J Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; xd;whd

epiwnjhopy; kl;lj;Jld; ,ize;j xU R+o;epiyahFk;.

nghJthf> Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; 5 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gbd; nghUshjhunkhd;W KOikahd

Ntiytha;g;G kl;lj;jpid mile;Jtpl;ljhf

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,J nfhs;if tFg;Nghhpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLtjdhy; rpy

Ntiyapd;ikfs; ,d;dKk; fhzg;gLtijr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

• gUtfhy Ntiyapd;ik:

,J nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspd; gUtfhyj;

jd;ikfSld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

gUtfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy;

RWRWg;ghf <LgLtJld; gUtfhyk; Kbtile;jJk;

Nrhk;gpf; fhzg;gLth;. ,j;jifa Ntiyapd;ikahdJ

kPd;gpb kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy;fSld; ,ize;Js;s

nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fspilNa

fhzg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

• gFjpastpyhd Ntiyapd;ik:

,J njhopy;Ghpe;j ,uz;L fhyg;gFjpfSf;fpilapy;

jw;fhypfkhf Ntiyapd;wp kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;

epiyikapidf; fUJfpd;wJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F> Vw;fdNt

NtiyapYs;s egh; mjid tpl rpwg;ghd Ntiyiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;fdNt nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j

njhopiy tpl;Ltpl;L NtWNtiy Njbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;

NghJ Ntiyaw;wpUf;Fk; epiyik.

• cz;ikf;$yp Ntiyapd;ik

khw;wkile;JtUk; R+oYld; ,ize;J nry;Yk;

tpjj;jpy; njhopy;re;ij nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikapd; msTld;

,ize;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tpiyfspy; Vw;gLk;

mjpfhpg;G fhuzkhf nka;f;$ypfs; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ

ngausTf;$ypfs; khw;wkpd;wpapUg;gpd; njhopy; toq;Feh;fs;

njhopyhsh;fis thlifahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; nryT

nka;g; ngWkjpfspd; ed;ikfisg; ngWtjpYk; ghh;f;f

mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; njhopy; toq;Feh;fs; mjidf;

iftpLtjw;fhf vy;iy Copah;fis NtiyapypUe;J

ePf;Fth; my;yJ Vw;fdNtAs;s njhopy;epiy

xg;ge;jq;fis GJg;gpg;gjid epWj;Jth;.

njhopy;re;ij Nghl;bj;jd;ikAk; nefpo;r;rpj;

jd;ikAiljhfTk; ngausTf; $ypfs; ,U jpirfspYk;

rPHnra;af; $badthfTkpUg;gpd;> mjd;tpisthf

nka;f;$ypfspy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;gpd; fhuzkhf

mjpfhpf;fpd;w Ntiyapd;ikahdJ Vw;fdNtAs;s

nka;f;$ypapd; ngWkjpapidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ngausTf;

$ypapid> tPo;r;rpailAk; $ypfSf;fpzq;f tPo;r;rpailar;

nra;Ak;. ,e;epiyapy; njhopy;toq;Feh;fs; Vw;fdNtAs;s

Copah;fis NtiyapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;F mtrpakw;Wg;

Nghfpd;wJ. ,q;F> nefpo;r;rpAila njhopyhsh;

re;ijfspy; nka;f;$yp njhopypd;ik xg;gPl;L hPjpapy;

Fiwthdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gok;nghUspayhsh;fs;>

,t;thjj;jpw;F Mjuthf> KOikahd nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik

nfhz;l ngausTf; $ypfSld; epiwNghl;b

njhopy;re;ijfs;> epiyahd nka;f;$ypfs; kw;Wk;

NtWgl;l tpiykl;lq;fSld; epiyahff; fhzg;gLk;

nka;f;$ypfSld; tpsq;Ftjhf vLNfhs; nfhz;ldh;.

gok;nghUspayhsh;fspd;gb> nghUshjhukhdJ vg;NghJk;

ntspaPl;bd; KOikahd njhopy;epiy kl;lj;jpNyNa

njhopw;gLfpd;w Ntisapy; nghUl; re;ijapy; Nfs;tp

kw;Wk; epuk;gy; epiyikfs; khw;wkiltjdhy; tpiyfSk;


Nky; Nehf;fpAk; fPo; Nehf;fpAk; khw;wkilfpd;wd.

nka;f;$ypapd; ngWkjpapidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

tpiyfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F gjpypWj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;

ngausTf; $ypfs; cldbahfNt rPuhf;fg;gLtjdhy;

FWq;fhyj;jpy; $l $l;Lepuk;gy; tisNfhL

epiyf;Fj;jhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. njhopyhsh; re;ijfs;

nefpo;r;rpaw;wdthfTk; ngausTf; $ypfs; Nky; Nehf;fpa

Nghf;fpy; kl;Lk; nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ik nfhz;ldthfTk; fPo;

Nehf;fpa Nghf;fpy; nefpo;r;rpaw;wdthfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy;

epiyf;Fj;jhd $l;Lepuk;gy; tisNfhL ePz;l

fhyj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLnkd nfapd;]; ek;Gfpd;whh;.

1.3 njw;fhrpahtpy; ,yq;ifapd; Ntiyapd;ik epiy

njw;fhrpa ehLfSld; xg;gpLkplj;J ,yq;ifapd;

Ntiyapy;yh gpur;rpid FiwthfTs;sik XH rpwg;ghd

mwpFwpahFk;. Fwpg;ghf> ,yq;ifapy; Ntiyapy;yhg;

gpur;ridapd; msT 4.2 rjtPjkhfTs;s epiyapy;>

Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; 8.8 rjtPjkhfTk; ghfp];jhdpy; 5.9

rjtPjkhfTk; khiyjPtpy; 5.0 rjtPjkhfTKs;sJld;>

gq;fshNj~py; 4.2 rjtPjkhfTk; ,e;jpahtpy; 3.5

rjtPjkhfTKs;sJ. MapDk;> ,yq;ifia tpl

mgptpUj;jpapy; gpd;jq;fpa G+l;lhdpy; ,J 2.5

rjtPjkhfTs;sik ftdpf;fj;jf;f tplakhFk;. ,jidg;

gpd;tUk; tiuglk; %yk; njspthf Nehf;f KbAk;.

%yk;: njhifkjpg;Gg; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;

-

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

tPjk;

fhyk;

Mg;fhdp];jhd; gq;fshNj~; G+l;lhd; ,e;jpah

khiyjPT Neghsk; ghfp];jhd; ,yq;if

njw;fhrpahtpy; Ntiyapd;ik

1.4 Ntiyapd;ikapd; NtWgl;l ghpkhzq;fs;

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ ghy;> taJ kw;Wk; fy;tp gw;wpa

gy;ypdj;jd;ik cilajhFk;. NkYk; Ntiyapd;ik

fhzg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpAk; xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ik

tPjj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fg;glhj ,d;ndhU ghpkhzkhfTs;sJ.

mtw;iw ehk; neUf;fkhfg; ghPl;rpg;gpd;> ,yq;ifapd;

Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J

nrd;Ws;sik njspthfpd;wJ. Ntiyapd;ik tPjk;

2014Mk; Mz;by; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l 4.3 rjtPjj;Jld;

xg;gpLifapy; 2015Mk; Mz;by; 4.6 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfhpj;J>

njhopy; nra;Nthhpd; vz;zpf;if ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;

Nritj;Jiw rhh;ghf tphptile;jjd; %yk; 2016Mk;

Mz;by; 4.4 rjtPjj;jpw;F tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. njhlh;e;J

2017Mk; Mz;by; 4.2 rjtPjj;jpw;F njhlh;r;rpahd

tPo;r;rpiag; gjpTnra;jJ. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; tiuglk;

%yk; njspthf Nehf;f KbAk;.



- -

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

tPjk;

fhyk;

,jw;F> nghUshjhuj;jpd; %d;W JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l

rhjfkhd tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;F> murhq;f nfhs;iffs;

fhuzkhf gl;ljhhpfspy; xU njhFjpapdUf;F mur

Jiwapy; Ntiytha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lik> jdpahh; Jiwapy;

Copar; re;ij gw;wpa jfty;fs; gutyhf njhopy;

NjLNthUf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;wJld; chpa topfhl;ly;fs;

toq;fg;gl;lik> kpf mz;ikf;fhykhf mur kw;Wk;

jdpahh; Jiwfspy; njhopy; NjLNthUf;fhd njhopy;rhh;

kw;Wk; Maj;jg;gLj;jw; gapw;rpnewpfs; mwpKfkhdik

kw;Wk; Ranjhopy;tha;g;gpy; Vw;gl;l mjpfhpg;G Nghd;w

fhuzq;fspdhy; Ntiyapd;ik Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf> ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; tPo;r;rp fhzg;gl;l

NghjpYk; Kd;ida Mz;LfSld; xg;gpLifapy;

xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ik tPjk; tPo;r;rpaile;jikahdJ

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfhpj;jikapidg;

gpujpgypg;gjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> gy JiwfspilNa

fhzg;gl;l nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik fhuzkhf Njhw;wk;

ngw;WtUk; njhopyhsh; gw;whf;Fiw ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whf fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;>

,isQh;fs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; cah;e;j fy;tpj;

jifikAilNahhpilNa Ntiyapd;ik njhlh;e;Jk;

cah;e;j kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> cs;ehl;Lr;

re;ijapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w njhopyhsh; gw;whf;Fiwapidf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> njhopw;gapw;rp mjpfhurigfs;

jdpahh;Jiwapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; gad;gLj;jg;glhj

cs;shh;e;j tsq;fis> Fwpg;ghf ehl;bd; fpuhkpaj;

Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; mj;jifa tsq;fisf; fth;tjw;F

njhopyhsh; rl;l jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJk;

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk; mtrpakhAs;sJ.


Ø ghy; mbg;gilapyhd Ntiyapd;ik:

ngz;fspilNaahd njhopyhsh; efh;thdJ mth;fspd;

FLk;gg; nghWg;Gfspd; jd;ik> gazk; nra;tjw;fhd trjp

kw;Wk; r%f fyhrhu fhuzpfs; Nghd;w fhuzpfspdhy;

xg;gPl;L hPjpapy; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt>

ngz;fspilNahd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ Mz;fSld;

xg;gpLifapy; mjpfkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffs; gpuNjrk; KOtjpYk; gutpapUf;fhJ

efug; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa Kf;fpakhff; Ftpe;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; fpuhkpag; ngz;fspilNa xg;gPl;L

hPjpapy; Ntiyapd;ik cah;thff; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. 2017Mk; Mz;by; Mz;fspd;

Ntiyapd;ik 2.9 rjtPjkhfTs;s NghJ ngz;fspd;

Ntiyapd;ik 6.5 rjtPjkhf ,Uklq;fpw;F mjpfkhf

fhzg;gl;lJ. Njh;r;rpaw;w gzpg;ngz;fshf Ntiyf;F

nry;tJ kw;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy;

fhzg;gLk; Fiwe;j nghUshjhu nrayhw;wj;jpdhy;

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;jpidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf

murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;if

eltbf;iffSf;F gjpypWj;Jk; Kfkhf ntspehl;L

Ntiytha;g;Gfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jd. vdpDk; gpw;gl;l

fhyq;fspy; ,e;epiyapy; xU Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jid NkNyAs;s tiuglk; %yk; njspthfg; Ghpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

efuj;Jiwapy; Copag;gilapdhpd; gq;fspg;ghdJ 2011,y;

47.8 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 2017Mk; Mz;by; 50.5 rjtPjkhf

mjpfhpj;jJld;> fpuhkpaj;Jiw ngz;fspd;; mjpfhpj;j

gq;Nfw;gpd; fhuzkhf Copag;gilapy; gq;Nfw;GtPjk;

53.3 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 54.8 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfhpj;jJld;>

Mz; Ntiyaw;Nwhh; tPjk; 2017Mk; Mz;by; 2.9

rjtPjkhf khw;wkilahjpUe;j mNjNtisapy; ngz;

Ntiyaw;Nwhhpd; tPjk; nkhj;j Ntiyaw;Nwhhpy; 6.5

rjtPjj;jpw;F tPo;r;rpaile;J xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ik

tPjk; tPo;r;rpaila toptFj;jJ.

Ø taJ mbg;gilapyhd Ntiyapd;ik:

Ntiyapd;ikapd; Nghf;fpid taJ mbg;gilapy;

ghPl;rpf;Fk; NghJ xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ikahy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;glhj Njhw;wg;ghl;bid ,q;F mtjhdpf;f

KbAk;. cah; rf;jpAk; Mh;tKk; nfhz;l Gjpjhf EioAk;

,sk; tajpdUf;F Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf

,Ug;gpd;> nghUshjhukhdJ epiyahd mbg;gilapy;

fpilf;Fk; cah;e;j cw;gj;jpahf;fj;jpypUe;J ed;ikfisg;

ngwKbAk;. tUkhd cUthf;f eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLtjpy; mth;fs; rthy;fis vjph;Nehf;fpd;> njhopiyg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gLk; jhkjk; mj;jifa rf;jpAk;

Mh;tKk; kiwe;JNghtjw;F toptFf;Fk;. ,J kPz;Lk;

xUNghJk; ngwKbahj %ytsq;fis tPzbg;gjhFk;.

Ntiyaw;w ,isNahh; nghUshjhu> murpay;

kw;Wk; r%f mikjpapd;ikia Njhw;Wtpf;f$Lk;.

,e;jtifapy;> ,yq;ifapy; epyTk; Ntiyapd;ik

,isQh;fSf;fpilapyhd Ntiyapd;ikahFk;. ,jid

fPo;tUk; tiuglk; %yk; njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;.


-

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

tPjk;

15 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 39 40 ,w;F Nky;

fhyk;

taJ mbg;gilapyhd Ntiyapd;ik

,isQh; (15 - 24 Mz;Lfs;) Ntiyapd;ikahdJ

2016,d; 21.6 rjtPjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; 2017,y;

18.6 rjtPjj;jpw;F tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. 30 tajpw;F

Nkw;gl;NlhhpilNaahd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ njhle;Jk;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;likf;F causthd Ntiy

mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; Njh;r;rpapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;

fhuzkhf mth;fsJ njhopiyj; Njbf;nfhs;tjw;fhd

re;jh;g;gq;fs; mjpfhpj;jik gpujhd fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

Ø fy;tp kl;lk; mbg;gilapyhd Ntiyapd;ik:

njhopw;re;ijj; Njitg;ghLfspd; jw;Nghija

khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g chpa Neuj;jpy; nfhs;iffis

mwpKfg;gLj;jj; jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; fy;tpfw;NwhhpilNa

Ntiyapd;ik kl;lk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. egh;fspd;

fy;tp kl;lk; mjpfhpf;fpd;w NghJ mth;fs; kj;jpapy;

Ntiyapd;ikAk; cah;thf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpg;

nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juk;> cah; juk; kw;Wk; %yk;: njhifkjpg;Gg; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

tPjk;

fhyk;

Mz; ngz;

ghy; mbg;gilapyhd Ntiyapd;ik


mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jifikAilNahh; kj;jpapyhd

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ 1980 fspy; 40 rjtPjkhf

fhzg;gl;bUe;jJld; gpd;dh; 2016Mk; Mz;by;; 8.3

rjtPjkhf tPo;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gbDk; Vida fy;tp

jifikfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,d;Wk; causthfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 2018Mk; Mz;bd;

Kjyhk; fhyhz;by; f.ngh.j (rh.ju) ,w;F Fiwthd fy;tpj;

jifik cilath;fspilNaahd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ

2.4 rjtPjkhf fhzg;gl;l NghJ> f.ngh.j (rh.ju) fy;tpj;

jifik cilath;fspilNaahd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ

5.3 rjtPjkhfTk;> f.ngh.j (c.ju) kw;Wk; mjw;F

Nkyhf fy;tpj; jifik cilath;fspilNaahd

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ 9.5 rjtPjkhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,t;thW ,isQh; kw;Wk; fy;tpj; jifik

ngw;wth;fspilNaahd causthd Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd

mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshf Njh;r;rp ngw;w njhopy;fs;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lstpy; cUthf;fg;gLtJk;> mNjNghd;W

njhopw;re;ijj; Njitg;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy;

njhopyhsh;fs; epuk;gy; nra;ag;gLtJ NghJkhdstpy;

,y;yhikANk fhuzq;fshf mika KbAk;.

kWGwj;jpy;> Muk;gg; ghlrhiy Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk;

tiu nghJkf;fSf;F rkj;Jtkhd ,ytrf; fy;tpia

toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp>

njhopw;gapw;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g gapw;rp Kiwikfs;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; njhlh;ghd Jiwfspdhy; Nfhug;gLfpd;w

Njh;r;rpia cUthf;Fk; epajpfspy; tuyhw;wpNy kpff;

Fiwe;j nrayhw;wj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. NkYk;>

gy;fiyf;fofj; njhptpy; fhl;lg;gLk; ,Wf;fkhd epiy>

jdpahHfy;tpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s nrytpd mjpfhpg;Gf;fs;

vd;gd ,t;thW Ntiyaw;W ,Ug;gtHfspy; gyUk;

Nkw;gbg;gpid njhlHtjpy; gpur;ridahfTs;sJ.

,jdhy;> rhjhuz kw;Wk; caHju fy;tpepiyAld;

cs;stHfs; re;ijapy; nghUj;jkhd njhopiyNah

my;yJ njhopw;JiwapidNah NjHT nra;tjpy; rpf;fy;

epiyia vjpHnfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ. NkYk;> nghUshjhu

tsh;r;rp ke;jfjpailjy;> njhopw;fy;tpfspd; fpilg;gdT

Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;> mur njhopy;fis vjph;ghh;j;Jf;

fhj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik kw;Wk; Copar; re;ijapy; epyTk;

,Wf;fj;jd;ik Mfpa fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,q;F Kiw rhh;e;j fy;tpiaAk; njhopw;gapw;rpiaAk;

njhopw;re;ijj; Njitg;ghLfSld; nghUj;jk; nra;tJ

mtrpakhfTs;sJ. nghJthd Fwpf;NfhSld; fy;tp

kw;Wk; gapw;rp Kiwikfs; my;yJ mikg;Gf;fs;

njhlh;gpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fLikahd

nghWg;Gfis cs;ehl;Lj; njhopyhsh; re;ijf;F

Njh;r;rpfSld; NghJkhd njhopyhsh;fis epuk;gy;

nra;tjw;fhf jsh;j;Jjy; mtrpakhdjhFk;. mNjNeuk;>

jdpahh; kw;Wk; mur Jiwf; ifj;njhopy;fspy;

gq;Nfw;ghsh;fs; njhopyhsh; Njitg;gLk; JiwfisAk;

fpilf;fj;jf;f njhopyhsh; ngwf;$ba jd;ikapidAk;

milahsq;fhz;gjw;F xj;Jioj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifanjhU R+oypy; ghuk;ghpakhf fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk;

gapw;rp Kiwfs; khw;wg;gLtJ mtrpakhdjhf ,Ug;gJld;

khw;wkile;JtUk; ghpkhzq;fSf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd

eilKiwfis epWtdq;fSk; gapw;rpahsh;fSk; gpd;gw;w

Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ø jFjpf;fhd Ntiyapd;ik

,yq;ifia nghWj;jtiuapy; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;

jFjpf;fhd Ntiyapd;ik epiy xU ngUk;

gpur;ridahf cUntLf;f njhlq;fpAs;sJ. vspikahf

tpsf;Ftnjdpy;> gbj;jgbg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

Ntiyapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahky;> fpilj;j

Ntiyapid nra;fpd;w epiyahFk;. ,J> Kw;WKOjhf

Ntiyapd;ik epiyapYs;stHfs; njhopy;tha;g;ig

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYk; mjpfkhf jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jtjhf

mikAk;. cjhuzkhf> ,yq;ifapYs;s RkhH 7.8

kpy;ypad; Ntiyahl;fspy; 1.2 kpy;ypad; Ntiyahl;fs;

Kr;rf;futz;b Xl;LeHfshf cs;shHfs;. ,J xl;Lnkhj;j

Ntiyahl;fs; njhifapy; 15.4 rjtPjkhFk;. ,e;j

njhifapy; 28 taJf;Fl;gl;ltHfs; 28 rjtPjkhfTk;

38 taJf;Fl;gl;ltHfs; 67 rjtPjkhfTk; cs;shHfs;.

,tHfspy; rhpghjpf;F NkyhdtHfs; rhjhuz kw;Wk;

caHju fy;tpapid Kiwahf G+Hj;jp nra;jtHfshfNt

cs;shHfs;. ,jid tplTk;> tUlk;NjhWk; Fwpj;j

tanjy;iyf;Fl;gl;l 14 rjtPjkhdtHfs; Kr;rf;futz;b

Xl;LeHfshf ,ize;Jnfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs;>

Rje;jpuehjd; (2017). ,tHfs; midtUNk> mbg;gilf;

fy;tpf;F mg;ghy; njhlHr;rpahf fy;tpia njhlu

Kbahj epiyapYs;stHfshf> cldbahff;

FLk;gk;rhH nghUshjhu epiyapid rPHg;gLj;jNtz;ba

NjitapUg;gtHfshf> gbg;gpw;F ,izahd

njhopiy ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjpy; rpukepiyapy;

fhzg;gLgtHfshf Kr;rf;futz;bf;Fs; tho;f;ifia

njhiyj;jtHfshfTs;shHfs;.

Nkw;$wpa Kr;rf;futz;b cjhuzkhdJ> Fwpj;j xU

Jiwapy; ,yFthf vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;$ba jFjpf;fhd

Ntiyapd;ik epiyahsHfspd; epiyahFk;. ,jdhy;>

cz;ikapNyNa Kr;rf;futz;bia Mjhu tUkhdkhf

ek;gpapUf;Fk; nrhw;g njhifapdUk; jkJ tUkhdj;ij

gbj;j my;yJ jFjpf;fhd Ntiyapid ngw;Wnfhs;s

NghuhLk; ,sk; r%fj;Jld; Nghl;bNghl;Lf; nfhz;L

gfpuNtz;ba epiyAs;sJ. ,JNghd;W> ntt;NtW

JiwfspYk; rq;fpypj; njhluhf ,e;jf; FiwghL

epytpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.


Ø Ntiyapd;ikf; fhyk;

,af;fthw;wy; kpf;f nghUshjhunkhd;wpy;

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ tha;g;Gf;fspd; fpilg;gdT

gw;wpa jfty;fisf; fz;lwpAk; tiuapYk; mth;fsJ

mgpyhirfSld; nghUe;jf; $ba njhopnyhd;wpy;

<LgLk; fhyg;gFjp tiuapYkhd FWfpa fhyg;gFjpf;F

epytf;$Lk;. ke;jkhd nghUshjhur; R+oypy;

Ntiyapd;ik cah;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ kl;Lkd;wp

mt;Ntiyapd;ikahdJ ePz;l fhyg;gFjpf;Fk;

epytf;$Lk;. Ntiyaw;wpUf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpapd;

mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fpd; Ntiyaw;Nwhhpy; 57 rjtPjkhNdhh;

xU Mz;bw;Ff; Fiwthd fhyg;gFjpapYk;>

23 rjtPjkhNdhh; ,U Mz;LfSf;F Nkw;glhj

fhyg;gFjpapYk; Ntiyaw;Ws;sdh;> (Rje;jpuehjd; (2017).

Ø njhopy; vjph;ghh;f;iffspd; mbg;gilapyhd

Ntiyapd;ik

njhopy; vjph;ghh;f;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;>

Ntiyaw;wpUg;Nghhpy; ngUk;gq;fpdh; njhopy;ty;Yeuhf

cUthFtjidNa vjph;ghh;j;J Ntiyaw;Nwhuhf

ePz;lfhykhf ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,jpy; 22 rjtPjkhNdhh;

vjph;ghh;j;jpUg;gJ vOJtpidQh; juj;jpyhd

njhopy;tha;g;gpw;NfahFk;. 1 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; FiwthNdhh;

gilj;Jiw> Ntshz;ik> gzpj; Jiwapy; ,iztjid

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdh;> (Rje;jpuehjd; (2017).

1.5 Ntiyapd;ikapd; jhf;fq;fs; my;yJ tpisTfs;

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ xl;Lnkhj;j nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd

ed;ikahfNth jPikahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ftdpf;fj;jf;f

tifapy; ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuj;jpy; fpl;lj;jl;l

xt;nthUtUk; vjpHkiwahf ghjpf;fg;gLjy; kw;Wk; jPtpu

ePz;l fhy nghUshjhu kjpg;Gfs; ,Uj;jy; Mfpatw;iw

Vw;gLj;Jk; gztPf;fj;ij mZftplhJ jLf;f cjtyhk;.

Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;fhd khHf;rpad; Njw;wj;jpd;gb

rpwg;Gj; jFjpfs; $l ed;ikahf ,Uf;fyhk;. rpy

Kjyhspfs; gakpy;yhj njhopyhsHfs; Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpHghHf;fyhk;. Ntiy Ngha;tpLNkh vd;w gak; ,Ue;jhy;

me;j njhopyhsHfshy; fLikahf ciof;f KbahJ

my;yJ mtHfs; Cjpaj;ij kw;Wk; ed;ikfis

mjpfhpf;ff; NfhUthHfs;. ,e;jj; Njw;wj;jpd;gb

Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik mjpfhpj;JtUk; Kjyhspfspd;

Mw;wy; (kw;Wk; ,yhgq;fs;) Nghd;w NkhNdhg;Nrhdpahy;

nghJthf njhopyhsH cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kw;Wk; ,yhgj;ij

Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

murpd;ikthjpahd Nghg; gpshf; Nghd;w fyhr;rhug;

gzpahsHfspy; rpy tpkHrfHfs;> etPd ehLfspy;

Ntiytha;g;G> fyhr;rhu hPjpahf mjpfg;gbahf

tYAWj;jg;gLtjhfg; ghh;f;fpd;whHfs;. me;j tpkHrfHfs;

nghJthf rhj;jpakpUf;Fk; NghJ Ntiyia tpl;L

tpyfptply;> Fiwthf gzpahw;Wjy;> ,e;j Kbtpdhy;

tho;f;iff;fhd nrytpdq;fis kWkjpg;gply;>

Ntiy nra;tij vjpHf;Fk; kw;Wk; Ntbf;ifahd

Ntiyfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;tij

MNuhf;fpakw;wjhfg; ghHf;Fk; fyhr;rhu ,ay;Gepiyia

cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F typAWj;JfpwhHfs;. ,e;j

kf;fs; tho;f;iff;fhd 'Ntiy vjpHg;G" topKiwia

Mjhpj;J thjhLfpwhHfs;.

Md;kPf fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J lhf;lH. n[dp/gH

N`hthHl; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikapy; ed;ikfs; ,Uf;fyhk;

vd ek;GfpwhH. mth; 'ey;y tprak; vd;dntdpy;> Muk;g

gaj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Ntiy ,og;G vd;gJ ehk; ekf;F Vw;w

rpwe;j topapy; tsHtjw;fhd xU tha;g;G vd;gij ehk;

czuyhk;. NkYk; kw;nwhU tifapy; ,J ekf;F ehk;

ekJ tho;f;ifapy; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhf czHtjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ" vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. vdpDk; cah;e;jJk;

tplhg;gpbahdJkhd Ntiyapd;ikahdJ gy;NtW

ghjfkhd nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; jhf;fq;fSf;fhd

mbNtuhf khWfpd;wJ. nghJthf fhzg;gLk; ,d;Dk;

rpy tplaq;fis Muha;e;J ghh;g;Nghk;.

v cw;gj;jpahf;f %ytsq;fs; tPzhFjy;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Copah; vd;gJ nghUl;fs;

Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F jpul;lg;glf; $ba

cly; hPjpapYk; kd hPjpapYk; typik ngw;w kf;fs;

vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntiyapd;ik

vd;gJ mt;typikia gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;

,y;yhj epiyiknahd;wpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;jifa

typikapidg; gpd;dh; gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd Nrkpj;Jitf;f

KbahJ vd;gjdhy; ,J %ytsj;jpid tPzbg;gjhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. khwhf> Ntiyapd;ik kPjhd nghUshjhu

r%f kw;Wk; cstpay; jhf;fq;fspd; fhuzkhf

Ntiyaw;Nwhhpd; cw;gj;jpahf;fj;jpd; Nghf;F tpiue;J

Nkhrkiltjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 16

,ypUe;J 94 taJ tiuAs;s N[Hkd; gq;fspg;ghsHfspy;

,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l NeHfhzy;fs;; jutpidg; gad;gLj;jpa

'jdpegHfs; kd mOj;jj;ij tho;tpy; vjpHnfhs;Sjy;"

gw;wpa Ma;tpy; Ma;thsHfspy; NeHkiwahsHfs; $l

Ntiyapy;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ rpf;fYf;Fs;shfpwhh;fs;

vd epUgpj;Js;sdh;.

v jho;e;j nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpAk; jho;e;j ntspaPLk;

cah;e;j Ntiyapd;ik vd;gJ tUkhdj;jpd; cs;shh;e;j

kl;lj;jpYk; ghh;f;f jho;e;j nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpidf;


Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;W Mjh; x$d; $wpAs;shh;. tUkhdj;ijf;

Fiwg;gJk; nkhj;jr; nrytpidf; Fiwg;gJk; gy

jlitfspy; cah;e;j Ntiyapd;ikiaAk; jho;e;jkl;l

tUkhdj;jpidAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (nrytpdg;ngUf;fp

fhuzkhf). ,t;tp~ tl;lj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahdJ

xd;WNrh;f;Fk; eltbf;iffSld; jhf;fq;fSk; gbg;gbahf

nghpjhfp tUfpd;wJ.

v cah;e;jsT jq;fpapUf;Fk; tPjk;

Ntiyaw;wpUf;Fk; kf;fs; jkJ Njitfisg;

G+h;j;jpnra;tjw;F VNjDk; epjp %yq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;

xopa mth;fs; kw;wth;fspy; jq;fpapUg;gth;fshfNt

khwptpLfpd;whh;fs;. Ntiyaw;wth;fspd; Fiwe;jgl;r

Njitg;ghLfis toq;Ftjw;fhfNtDk; %ytsq;fis

xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; ,J jdpg;gl;l

kl;lj;jpYk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk; Fiwe;j Nrkpg;GfisAk;

Fiwe;j KjyPLfisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

v cah;e;j tuTnryTj; jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ murpd; tuTnryTj; jpl;lg;

gw;whf;Fiwapid tUkhdk;> nryT Mfpa ,uz;L

gf;fq;fspYk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> Ntiyapd;ikapd;

tpisthd Fiwe;j tUkhdk; %yk; murpd; thptUkhdk;

FiwtiltJld;> r%f mikjpapd;ik Vw;gLtjw;fhd

rhj;jpag;ghLfis jLg;gjw;fhf Ntiyaw;NwhUf;F xd;wpy;

Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd ,og;gPl;bw;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs;

my;yJ NtW VNjDk; tifapyhd r%f eyd;Ghp

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F MjuT toq;Ftjw;fhd nrytpdk;

cah;e;j eilKiwr; nrytpdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thwhf

tPo;r;rpailfpd;w murpiw tUkhdKk; mjpfhpj;JtUk;

eilKiwr; nrytpdKk; Nrh;e;J murpd; tuTnryTj;

jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwf; fzf;Fg; gw;whf;Fiwia

mjpfhpf;Fk;.

v r%fr; nryT

mjpfsthdJk; ePz;lfhyk; fhzg;gLtJkhd

Ntiyapd;ikahdJ gy;NtW topfspy;

r%fr;nryTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. FLk;g myfpd;

[PtNdhghaj;jpw;F ciog;gth; njhopiy ,of;Fkplj;J

ehshe;jj;; Njitg;ghLfis <Lnra;tjw;F tUkhd

%yq;fs; Fiwthf my;yJ ,y;yhj epakq;fspy; ,J

FLk;g mq;fj;jth; midtUf;Fk; Vw;gLk; ,og;ghf

,Uf;Fnkd;gJld;> ,J Efh;T> Rfhjhuf; ftdpg;G>

fy;tp kPjhd nrytpdk; kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G Nghd;wdtw;wpYk;

Fiwe;j kl;lq;fis tpistpf;fpd;wJ. tho;f;ifj;juk;

tPo;r;rpailAk; Ntisapy; tWik rhh;e;Njhhpd; kl;lk;

cah;tilfpd;wJ. ek;gpf;ifapoe;j kf;fs; nfhs;is>

Fw;wr;nray; kw;Wk; mNjNghd;w rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd

eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w r%fj;jpw;F jPq;Fgaf;Fk;

eltbf;iffspy; <Lglf;$Lk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; jw;Nghija

mikjpahd tho;f;ifr; R+oYf;F mr;RWj;jiy

Vw;gLj;Jk;.

1.6 Ntiyapd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs;

ngUk;ghYk; midj;J tifahd Ntiyapd;ikfSk;

gu];guk; gpuj;jpNafkhditahf ,y;iy vd;gJld;

NtWgl;l topg;gLj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; NtWgl;l topfspD}lhf

xd;Wld; xd;W cs;sf Kiwapy; njhlh;Ggl;Ls;sJld;

mit ntt;NtW msTfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jtifapy; r%fq;fspy; nghJthf ,g;gpur;rpidfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kf;fpa nfhs;if topKiwfis

Muha;Nthk;.

√ nghUshjhuj;jpidj; J}z;Ljy;

Ntiyapd;ikf;fhd Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfspnyhd;W

nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapYs;s FiwghlhFk;. ,it

tpahghu Rw;Wtl;lj;Jld; my;yJ vjph;ghuhj

mjph;Tfs; kw;Wk; epr;rakw;w jd;ikAld;

,ize;jitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJld; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk;

jw;fhypfkhditahfNth my;yJ epue;jukhditahfNth

fhzg;glyhk;. jw;fhypfkhditahf mikapd;

nghUshjhukhdJ nfhs;ifj; jiyaPLfs;

vJTkpd;wp jhdhfNt rPuila mDkjpf;fg;gLk;.

khwhf ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F epyTk; Nghyj; Njhd;wpd;

mit nkhj;jf;; Nfs;tpia cj;Ntfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

nghUshjhuj;jpidj; J}z;Ltjw;F tphpthf;ff;

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

,it> thpfisf; Fiwj;J mur nrytpdj;ij

mjpfhpg;gjd; %yk; ,iwf;nfhs;ifia tphpthf;Fk;

my;yJ gzj;jpdstpid mjpfhpj;J nfhs;if

tl;btPjq;fis Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ehzaf;

nfhs;ifia tphpthf;fyhk;. cyfshtpa nghUshjhu

ke;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghYk; midj;J

nghUshjhuq;fspYKs;s nfhs;if tFg;Nghh; ,iw

tphpthf;fk; kw;Wk; ehzaf;nfhs;if ,uz;ilAk;

cs;slf;fpa J}z;ly; nghjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.

'tpiue;j gha;;r;rYld; $ba nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;

900>000 - 2.3 kpy;ypaDf;Fl;gl;l njhopy;tha;g;gpid

cUthf;Fjy;" vDk; 'xghkh J}z;ly; jpl;lk;" kw;Wk;>

2013,y; ag;ghdpd; Gjpa gpujkh; rpd;Nrh mNg ,d; 'ag;ghd;

kPnsOr;rpg;gLj;jy;" vDk; Gjpa J}z;ly; nghjpnahd;W

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likapid vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

Nfs;tp Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffspD}lhf

nkhj;jf; Nfs;tpapd; tPo;r;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F

nghUshjhuj;jpidj; J}z;LtJ nfapd;rpad; nfhs;iffs;


vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. gphpj;jhdpag; nghUspayhsuhd

N[hd; Nkdhh;l; nfapd;rpad; ghhpa ke;jj;jpid

Kbtpw;F nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf mj;jifa nfhs;iffis

tpje;Jiuf;fpd;whh;. mtuJ fUj;Jf;fs; Mjpf;fk;

kpf;fdthf fhzg;gl;lJld; ghhpa ke;jj;jpw;F gpd;dh;

gy jrhg;jq;fshf Nguz;lg;nghUshjhur; rpe;jidfis

tbtikg;gjhf mike;jJ.

√ gpuNjr Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;Fjy;

njhopyhsh; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fSf;F

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis

efh;j;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ kf;fSf;F mth;fspd;

tjptplj;jpw;Fk; mth;fs; njhopy; GhpAk; ,lj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapyhd Nghf;Ftuj;jpid tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;fhf

nryTr; rpf;fdkhdJk; tpidjpwdhdJkhd trjpfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; njhopyhsh; efh;tpid mjpfhpf;f

KbAk;. J}u ,lq;fspYs;s kf;fs; njhopy;tha;g;Gfs;

cs;s ,lq;fshd efu ikaq;fSf;F gazk;

nra;tjw;fhf 'Gsl;" Giftz;bfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd;

%yk; njhopyhsh; efh;tpy; gpur;rpidf;F jPh;T fz;l

Kd;Ndhb ehlhf ag;ghd; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,it gpuNjr

hPjpahd Ntiyapd;ikia Fwpg;ghf ngz;fspilNaahd

Ntiyapd;ikia Fiwg;gjw;Fk; tWikiaf;

Fiwg;gjw;Fk; cjTk;. tYthd nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpapD}lhf tWikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd

tq;fpapd; Fwpf;Nfhspd; gpd;dzpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J

Jiwapid typAWj;Jjy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

√ njhopw;re;ijr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

goiktha;e;j Ntiyapd;ik my;yJ nefpo;r;rpaw;w $ypj;

njhopypd;ikahdJ nefpo;r;rpAila njhopw;re;ijfis

jilnra;fpd;w njhopyhsh; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjpfSld;

fhzg;gLfpd;w tplj;J> ngausTf; $ypfs; njhopyhsh;

re;ij epiyikfSld; ,ire;J nry;Yk; tpjj;jpy;

rPuhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpahghuj;njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; mtw;wpd;

tpahghuj;jpidj; njhlh;tjpy; ,lh;ghLfis vjph;Nehf;Fk;

NghJ mit Njitg;gLk; NghJ Copah;fisf;

Fiwg;gjidAk; ,J jilnra;fpd;wJ. nefpo;r;rpAila

njhopw;re;ijfs; mtw;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l

tpjj;jpy; Copah;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tpahghur;

R+oypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSld; ,ize;j nryTfisAk;

ed;ikfisAk; gfph;e;jspf;Fk;. mJ fbdkhd

fhyg;gFjpapy; $l ,uz;L njhFjpapduJ Rftho;tpid

Nkk;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. cyfshtpa epjpapay; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu neUf;fbapdhy; gphpl;b~; vahh;Nta;rpd;

njhopw;ghLfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;L epiyik fl;Lg;ghl;il kPwpr;

nrd;w NghJ> Ie;J ehl;fs; Ntiyf;F ehd;F ehl;fs;

rk;gsj;jpid toq;Fk; nghjpnahd;wpid Vw;Wnfhs;SkhW

Copah;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld;> mjd; Copah;fs;

mth;fsJ njhopiyg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

ngUk;ghyhd Copah;fs; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;.

nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>

njhopw;re;ij rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Ntiyapd;ikg;

gpur;rpidfis ngUkstpw;F Fiwg;gjpy; mNef ehLfs;

ntw;wpfz;Ls;sd.

√ fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

fy;tp kw;Wk; Njh;r;rp mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;

nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy;

njhopw;gilf;Fs; EioAk; midj;Jf; FOf;fspdJk;

,ayhw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; mth;fspd;

kNdhghtj;jpid tbtikf;fTk; $batpjj;jpy;

tbtikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy tpl;L

,iltpyfpNahh; ,uz;lhe;ju my;yJ %d;whe;ju

fy;tpapd; ve;jnthU kl;lj;jpYk; Copag;gilf;Fs;

Eioa KbAk; Ntiytha;g;gpidg; ngWtjw;F

Vw;w tpjj;jpy; Njitahd Njh;r;rpAld; mth;fSf;F

gapw;rpia toq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis

fpilf;fr; nra;tJ mth;fspd; Ntiyapd;ikiaAk;

Ntiyapd;wpapUf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpapidAk; Fiwf;fr;

nra;Ak;. ,uz;lhe;ju kw;Wk; %d;whe;ju fy;tp

Kiwikfs;> khw;wkile;JtUk; cyfshtpa

R+o;epiyfspw;Nfw;g khw;wkilahJ ,Ug;gjdhy;

,yq;ifapy; njhopw;re;ijg; nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikahdJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;

fy;tpfw;w ,isQh;fspilNaahd Ntiyapd;iktPjk;

cah;thf fhzg;gLtjhf njhopw;gil mstPl;Lj;

juTfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. fy;tpr;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

,j;jifa Ntiyaw;Nwhhpd; Ntiytha;g;gpid Nkk;gLj;j

cjtf;$Lk;.

√ jfty; jsj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

jfty;fs; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ug;gpd; fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf

,Ug;gth;fSf;Fk; Njitf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mstpid

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;j nrytpy; nghUe;jr;

nra;aKbAk;. njhopy; mikr;rpd; fPo; njhopw;gLfpd;w

njhopy; nrayfk; 'n[hg; nel;" vd miof;fg;gLk;

Kiwnahd;wpidg; NgzpaJ. ,J ,yq;if Ntiytq;fp

vdTk; milahsq;fhzg;gl;lJ. ,q;F njhopy;jUeh;fSk;

NtiyNjLNthh;fSk; jkJ Njitg;ghLfs; njhlh;ghd

jfty;fisAk; nghUj;jg;ghl;bw;fhd fpilg;gdTfisAk;

gjpTnra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

√ midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa tsh;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa tsh;r;rp vd;gJ

mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUfpd;w ehLfspYs;s gpd;jq;fpa


r%fq;fs; cw;gj;jpahf;fg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Ftjhf mikAk;.

,J Ntiyapd;ikia Fwpg;ghf ,isNahhpilNaahd

Ntiyapd;ikia Fiwf;f cjTtJld; tUkhd

cUthf;f eltbf;iffis cUthf;fp ,Wjpapy;

mth;fis twpa epiyapypUe;Jk; cah;j;jp tpLfpd;wJ.

2009Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd;dh; murhq;fj;jpdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tl khfhzj;jpw;fhd 'tlf;fpd;

tre;jKk;"> fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;fhd 'fpof;fpd; vOr;rpAk;"

,j;jifa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

√ Vidait

,jid tpl> jdpahh; kw;Wk; mur Jiwfspy; KjyPLfis

mjpfhpj;jy;> Njrpa hPjpapy; Copar; nrwpthd cw;gj;jpfs;

njhlh;gpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;> ntspehl;L

Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> ifj;njhopy;fspd;

mbj;jsj;jpid tphpthf;fy;> cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L

KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; rpw;wsTf;

ifj;njhopy;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nghd;wd %yk;

Ntiyapd;ikapd; jhf;fj;jpidf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

1.8 jpwd;kpF njhopyhsH ,wf;Fkjp

,yq;ifia nghWj;jtiuapy;> ehk; jw;NghJ Ntfkhd

mgptpUj;jp epiyapy; cs;s tifapy;> ehl;il NkYk;

tsg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s jpwd;kpF njhopyhsHfspd;

topfhl;lYk;> cjtpAk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.

vdpDk;> jpwd;kpF njhopyhHfis ,yq;iff;F

nfhz;LtUfpd;wNghJ mjd; %ykhf jFjpf;fhd

Ntiyapd;ik epiy NkYk; mjpfhpg;gJld;> mJ

Kw;WKOjhf Ntiyapd;ik epiyapy; cs;stHfisAk;

ghjpf;fNt nra;Ak;. vdNt> ,j;jifa epiyapid

<Lnra;aj; jahuhf cs;sjh? vd rpe;jpf;f Ntz;baJ

mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,q;F> rfyJiwfspYk; jpwd;kpF

ntspehl;L njhopyhHfis jdpNa epfo;fhy

Njitia G+Hj;jpnra;a kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;shky;> mtHfisf;nfhz;L ,yq;ifapd;

Copag;gilia vjpHfhyj;Jf;F Vw;why;Nghy jahh;

nra;Jnfhs;sNtz;baJk; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,jd;tpisthf>

Kjypy; jFjpf;fhd Ntiyapd;ik epiyapid

Fiwf;fNth my;yJ ,y;yhnjhopf;fNth KbAk;.

,jd;tpisthf> Kw;WKOjhf Ntiyapd;ik epiyapy;

cs;stHfSf;F Ntiyapid ngw;Wnfhs;sf;$ba

rhj;jpaepiy cUthf;fg;gLk;.

1.7 KbTiu

kdpj %ytsk; ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU gykhf

milahsq;fhzg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpd;

tpUk;gj;jf;f tsh;r;rp cj;Ntfj;jpid va;Jtjid

Nehf;fp cs;ehl;Lj; njhopw;gil kw;Wk; fpuhkpaj;Jiw

,isQh;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;glhj cs;shh;e;j tsq;fis

cj;jk mstpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtw;wpd; ,ayhw;wiy

NkYk; Nkk;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,e;jtifapy;>

ve;jnthU ehl;bYk;> ve;jnthU muRNk Kw;WKOjhf

Ntiyapd;ik epiyapid ,y;yhnjhopj;Jtpl KbahJ

vd;gJld;> mjw;fhd jPHtpid toq;FtJk; rpf;fyhd

nghwpKiwahFk;. Mdhy;> Ntiyapd;ik jpz;lhl;lepiy

Vw;glhjtifapy; nghwpKiwfis tFg;gJk;> mJ

njhlHgpyhd jpl;lq;fis eilKiwgLj;JtJk; jpwd;kpF

murpdhy; eilKiwf;F rhj;jpakhd xd;whFk;.

,e;jtifapy;> muR jdpNa jpwd;kpF njhopyhHfis

,yq;iff;F nfhz;LtUtjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;JtjpYk;

ghHf;f> ,yq;iff;F nghUj;jkhd Gjpa NtWgl;l

njhopw;Jiwia cUthf;f$ba jpwd;kpF

KjyPl;lhsHfisAk; mtHfs; rhHe;j njhopyhsHfisAk;

KjyPl;L rYiff@lhf ,yq;iff;Fs; nfhz;LtUtjd;

%yk; Gjpa njhopw;Jiwfs; ,yq;iff;Fs; cUthtJld;>

mjd; %ykhf Ntiyapd;ik epiyf;Fk; jPHT xd;wpid

toq;f$bajhf mikAk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.

NkYk;> vjph;fhy murpd; 'ePbj;Jepiyj;Jepw;Fk;

Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs;" vDk; nfhs;if tFg;gpy; ve;jtpj

NtWghLfSf;Fk; mg;ghy; gy;NtW fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd

kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw rhh;e;j Gj;jp[Ptpfs; kw;Wk;

fy;tpkhd;fspd; MNyhridfSk; gq;Fgw;Wjy;fSk;

,yq;ifapd; midj;J JiwfspYk; jd;dpiwtilaf;

$ba epiyapid Nehf;fp Kd;dfh;j;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

crhj;Jizfs;

1. AGW.Nanayakkara, 2001, Employment and Unemployment in Sri Lanka

2. William Dickens, 1991, An Analysis of the nature of unemployment in Sri Lanka

3. mDjpdd; Rje;jpuehjd;> 2017> jiynaLf;Fk;

Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpid

4. Mz;lwpf;iffs;> ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

5. juT %yq;fs; - njhifkjpg;Gg; Gs;sptpgu

jpizf;fsk;

,uh[fphpa> rpwp n[ath;j;jdGu khtj;ij> ,y. 58,y; mike;Js;s ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpmr;rfj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;L ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhlh;g+l;ly; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspapl;lJ.

Documents

20 · ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njhlh;G+l;ly; jpizf;fsk; 2018 rdthp - khr;R kyH 3 ,jo; 01 - 03 &. 20 /-02 16 20 kw;Wk; ghpzhk gazpj;jYk; nghUj;jkhd fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?