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What factors disrupted EUROPEAN
TRADE by the mid-1400’s?
What countries led the way in
GLOBAL EXPLORATION during the
15th century? Why was this?
Who was PRINCE HENRY
THE NAVIGATOR and how did he
contribute to the movement of global
exploration?
What TECHNOLOGIES heavily
benefitted European exploration?
What was the original goal of the
Age of Discovery? Was this goal ever
fully achieved?
Who was BARTOLOMEU DIAS and
what contribution did he make to the
Age of Discovery?
Who was VOSCO DA GAMA and what
contribution did he make to the
Age of Discovery?
Who was CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
and what contribution did he make to
the Age of Discovery?
Who was FERDINAND MAGELLAN
and what contribution did he make to
the Age of Discovery?
What was a CARAVEL?
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Most Portugal and Spain, largely because of their
location on the Iberian Peninsula (Western Eu-
rope) which both prevented European expansion
and allowed for greater access to the Atlantic
Ocean. Later, the English, Dutch, and French
would also join their efforts.
Trade for spices and other luxury goods from the Far
East (India and China) drained Europe’s economies
with a major imbalance of trade, forcing Europe to
seek out new economic opportunities. The fall of the
Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire caused Eu-
rope seek out new trade routes (wanting to avoid the
Ottomans).
ASTROLABE: Tool used to navigate and tell time using
the night sky (from Arabia); STERNPOST RUDDER:
Used to steer ships, allowing greater maneuverability
(from China); MAGNETIC COMPASS: allowing better
navigation (China); LATEEN SAIL: Allows sailing into
the wind (From the Classical Period).
A Portuguese prince who — inspired by stories of
exploration and pirates in his youth — set about
financing numerous expeditions into the Atlantic
Ocean. This allowed the Portuguese to take over
important island chains like the Madeiran Islands
and the Azores.
Portuguese explorer; First to reach and round the
Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
To get to India and China while avoiding the
Ottoman Empire. Europe wanted to obtain sup-
plies of spices (pepper, nutmeg, ginger, etc.) that
were only available in these regions. Exploration
hoped to find a newer — and faster or cheaper —
route to these places.
Italian explorer sailing on behalf of Spain; Served
as the first European to reach the New World in
modern times (by attempting to prove the world
was far smaller than previously known)
Portuguese explorer; First to finally sail past the
tip of Africa to reach the Indian subcontinent.
Began European trade efforts in India and helped
to establish Portuguese trading posts there.
A Portuguese ship employing the many new tech-
nologies of the Age of Discovery; significantly
sturdier and larger than previous medieval ships.
Used to begin the earliest period of the Age of
Exploration.
Spanish explorer; Credited as the first to
circumnavigate (sail completely around) the
globe, but died in the Philippines.
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What was the
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)? Who was PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL?
What major colony did he found?
What was a CONQUISTADOR?
What were they trying to achieve? Who was HERNAN CORTES?
What did he accomplish?
Who was FRANCISCO PIZARRO?
What did he accomplish?
What factors allowed the Spanish to
topple the major cultures of the
AMERICAS?
What was the greatest contributor to a
DECLINE IN NATIVE POPULATIONS
after the Spanish conquests?
What was NEW SPAIN?
What was PERU?
What was a VICEROY?
Who was BARTOLOME DE LAS
CASAS? What impact did he have on
labor systems in the New World?
What was the
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM? What was
the REPARTIMENTO SYSTEM?
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Portuguese explorer; Established the colony of
Brazil for Portugal in 1500.
Major agreement orchestrated by the Pope;
Divided the New World and its holdings between Por-
tugal (Eastern Portion) and Spain (Western Portion).
Seemed fair at the time, but heavily benefitted Spain as
new lands were discovered. Major region why most of
Latin America as colonized by the Spanish, but Brazil
was colonized by the Portuguese.
Major Spanish Conquistador; Led a small band of
men — roughly 500 soldiers — into Mexico. With
the help of locals, worked to topple the Aztec
Empire by 1521.
A Spanish “Conqueror” (a militaristic explorer),
typically drawn from the poorer regions of Spain
and set out to find wealth and glory (many
persued legends of vast wealth and treasures).
1.) Major technological differences (Steel armor,
gunpowder, etc.); 2.) Domestication and use of
the horse; 3.) Native information and alliances
with local groups (usually those that hated the A
ztecs/Incas); 4.) Religious problems (Spanish =
Gods?); 5.) Old World Diseases (Smallpox!)
Major Spanish Conquistador: Led a small band of
men (roughly 160) into Peru and the Andes re-
gion. After intimidating and capturing the Emper-
or, worked to topple the Inca Empire, ending it by
1537.
NEW SPAIN: Major Spanish colony centered in
Mexico (former lands of the Aztecs, as well as the
Southwestern US); PERU: Major Spanish colony
centered in South America and the Andes region;
VICEROY: Spanish governor of a New World
colony, installed directly by the king.
Old World Diseases, especially SMALLPOX.
Responsible for killing as high as 90-95% of the
New World’s native populations.
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM: System by which Span-
ish nationals gained the right to utilize native la-
bor, allowing them to enslave and exploit natives
already living on their lands. REPARTIMENTO
slightly improved the situation, limiting working
hours and giving wages (but didn’t work)
Jesuit missionary/priest remembered as the
“Protector of the Indians” for his efforts to stop the
terrible treatment of native populations. His ef-
forts led to a de-emphasis of the use of native
peoples (and, accidentally, the rise of African
slavery in the New World).
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Describe the RACIAL HIERARCHY that
developed in the Spanish (and Portu-
guese) colonies of the New World.
What is meant by
“THE ENCOUNTER”?
What prompted ENGLAND
to explore the New World? Describe the ENGLISH attempts at
colonization in the New World.
Describe the FRENCH attempts at
colonization in the New World. Describe the DUTCH attempts at
colonization in the New World.
What was the
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?
Describe some of the many products
that went TO THE NEW WORLD and
TO THE OLD WORLD as a result of the
Columbian Exchange.
What were some of the BENEFITS of
the Columbian Exchange? What were some of the PROBLEMS
created by the Columbian Exchange?
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Term used to describe the meeting of the Old and
New Worlds for the first time. Happened overall
in 1492 with Columbus, but happened at different
places at different times.
Spanish/Portuguese-born PENINSULARES domi-
nated government and culture, while CREOLES
(children of Peninsulares) dominated the second
class. MESTIZOS (European/Native) and then
MULATTOES (European/African) were beneath
them, with Native and then African slaves below.
Very successful: England established major colo-
nies on the East Coast of the modern US (13 Colo-
nies) as well as major holdings in Canada, usually
attempting to plant and harvest CASH CROPS.
Some major conflicts with native groups. First ma-
jor colony at JAMESTOWN (1607).
Mostly rivalry with Spain; Spain and England had
been competitors for some time (leading to the
eventual defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588).
Only somewhat successful (at least in the New World).
Dutch attempts at colonization were mostly to try and
build up their economy after breaking away from
Spain. Established small colonies around NYC (“New
Amsterdam”) but later lost this to the English. Did much
better in Africa and the “Dutch East Indies” (AKA the
“Spice Islands” or Indonesia).
Very successful: France established major colo-
nies in Canada and the central US. First major col-
ony was QUEBEC (1608). Generally maintained a
strong relationship with Native Americans, espe-
cially the Algonquin and Huron peoples (though
were hated by the Iroquois).
FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW: Cattle, sheep,
pigs, horses, bananas, sugar, coffee, rice, grains,
many diseases...
FROM THE NEW TO THE OLD: Potatoes, Beans,
Pumpkins, Squash, Chocolate, Tobacco, etc.
The mixing of various Old and New World
organisms (animals, crops, diseases, etc.) as a
result of the contact between Europe and the
Americas.
Old World diseases devastates New World popu-
lations; Old World plants and animals often
caused native species to die out (usually to be
replaced); Cash crops in the New World demand-
ed greater slave labor
Seriously improved nutrition in Europe; Led to the
development of Cash Crops in new regions, al-
lowing for the growth of economies (some Old
World crops grew very well in the New World’s
tropical regions); Gave horses to Native American
tribes, especially on the Great Plains
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What is a TRADING POST? What is
meant by a TRADING POST EMPIRE?
How did the European attempts to gain
influence in INDIA AND CHINA differ
from their attempts at controlling the
New World?
What countries enjoyed successful
TRADING POST EMPIRES in the
Indian Ocean?
What are CASH CROPS?
What are some examples?
What was the
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION?
What is MERCANTILISM?
What is INFLATION, and why was it a
major factor in developing the COM-
MERCIAL REVOLUTION?
How did the COMMERCIAL
REVOLUTION impact Europe’s Middle
and Noble classes?
What is a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY?
What is a CHARTERED COMPANY? How were GOVERNMENTS impacted
by the COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION?
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While Europeans completely conquered regions
of the New World, Asia (India, China, etc.)
already had powerful empires living there. In-
stead, the Europeans established trading posts
(and eventually trading post empires) to try and
control and exploit local trade routes.
TRADING POST: Sites established by Europeans
for the sake of exchanging goods with local peo-
ples. TP EMPIRE: Areas of European influence
(but not outright conquest) established to try and
control and exploit local economies in Asia by
using well-established and well-defended posts.
Agricultural products meant for trade (and profit),
not food. The most common cash crops were
sugar, cotton, and tobacco. (NOTE: All were
heavily labor-intensive, and required massive
numbers of workers... Or more often: Slaves)
Portugal was most successful, establishing a ma-
jor network of trade in India (ports like Gao, Ma-
lacca, Sri Lanka, etc.), but these were later lost to
England and France. The Dutch were very suc-
cessful in Indonesia (The “Spice Islands” or “East
Indies”) as well as Southern Africa.
Economic theory whereby colonies were founded
and maintained for the benefit of the mother
country. In a mercantile economy, governments
have the ability to regulate their own economy
with the intent of dominating rivals.
GOAL: Economic self-sufficiency.
A period of great economic expansion in Europe
(15th-17th century), marked by dramatic increas-
es in trade, commercial activity, overall wealth
and economic strength. Also sees the increasing
value of money over land, beginnings of
capitalism.
Europe’s Middle Classes (or BOURGEOISIE) in-
creased in status as they began to acquire more
money. The Nobility, often depending on family
wealth, saw a decline in their own value, largely
because of the decreasing value of their money
(due to inflation).
Inflation is an economic condition characterized
by too much money within an economic system
(thereby decreasing its value as well as the value
of goods). This occurred as Spain returned with
massive amounts of silver, inflating the system
and destabilizing Europe’s economy.
Governments became increasingly centralized and
powerful as the Commercial Revolution drove down the
power of the noble classes and greatly expanded the
tax base available. As a result, feudal systems declined,
professional armies grew, and rivalries between Euro-
pean powers also expanded.
J-SC: A business organized to sell shares of stock — or
portions of their company — to private investors, there-
by gaining increased revenue for the company and
potentially gaining money for investors. CC: A compa-
ny established through a “charter” from a king, created
to possess a monopoly of trading rights in a given area.
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Compare the KINGDOM OF
SONGHAI to previous kingdoms like
GHANA AND MALI.
What goods tended to be traded
between SONGHAI and the MIDDLE
EAST via TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE?
What was the EMPIRE OF BENIN?
What was the KINGDOM OF KONGO?
Describe the SLAVE SYSTEM as it
existed in West Africa before European
interference.
Why did Europeans resort so heavily to
the use of AFRICAN SLAVES?
What was TRIANGULAR TRADE?
What was the MIDDLE PASSAGE?
How did the TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE
TRADE affect Africa?
Describe the culture experienced by
most AFRICAN SLAVES in the New
World.
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Songhai traded gold and slaves while the Middle
Eastern powers traded salt, textiles, and metal
weapons. Once Trans-Atlantic trade began to take
off, trade with European powers proved to be a
better deal for the Africans.
Songhai shared much of the same territory as
Ghana and Mali, but existed as the largest empire
of the three (in West Africa). Like the previous
two, it also benefitted heavily from gold mining
and trans-Saharan trade, which continued to es-
tablish Islam as the major religion in the region.
Major state in Central Africa built around the
lower portion of the Congo River. Strongly agri-
cultural, traded in ivory, cloth, iron, and copper
goods. Christianized in the late 15-century by the
Portuguese, who later destabilize the region for
their own economic benefit.
Small but powerful state in Central/Western Afri-
ca. Known for its well-developed cities and pro-
fessional army (equipped with gunpowder weap-
ons). Later crippled by the onset of the Trans-
Atlantic slave trade.
Native slave labor was dying off fast, primarily
because of the impact of European diseases. Eu-
ropean cash crops (especially sugar, tobacco,
and cotton) demanded many hours of difficult la-
bor, and thus large numbers of slaves.
Generally seen as being more “humane” than
more modern (western) forms of slavery; Most
slaves were either criminals, debtors, or prisoners
of war. Slaves were given numerous abilities to
advance and/or free themselves, and were gener-
ally treated with some degree of humanity.
The portion of the Trans-Atlantic “Triangular Trade”
that brought slaves from Africa to the New World. Was
generally a cruel and treacherous voyage; Of the 15
million Africans taken from their home, only 10 million
actually made it to the New World. Conditions were
often crowded and unsanitary.
System of trade between Europe, the NW colo-
nies, and Africa; Finished goods would be made
in Europe and traded to Africa for Slaves, slaves
would be shipped from Africa to the New World
where they would be used to harvest more re-
sources; Resources would be sent to Europe...
Slaves were often physically, mentally, and sexually
abused by their masters; Families were frequently di-
vided so as to prevent a sense of community or the pos-
sibility of revolt. African language, customs, and reli-
gion suffered as a result of isolation, often forming syn-
cretic (culturally-diffused) cultures like Voudon
(voodoo) which mixed local and African customs.
It devastated Africa’s populations, stripping
young men (and to a lesser extent, women) from
major regions. European weapons destabilized
the region, prompting war and further conflict.
Europe’s influence in the region increased rapid-
ly, eventually allowing them to conquer.
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