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Fundamentos de Diseo y Rehabilitacin de

Generadores para Centrales Hidroelctricas

Principios de Conversin de Energa Hidrulica

Santiago, agosto de 2011J. Johnny Rocha E.

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Agenda

Tpico 1 Principios de Conversin de Energa

Tpico 2 Aspectos constructivos de represas

Tpico 3 Arreglos tpicos de casas de fuerza

Tpico 4 Equipos auxiliares

Tpico 5 Lnea del eje arreglo de cojinetes

Tpico 6

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Introduccin

Energa, Fuerza, Potencia ??

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Energa [ U ]

Es la capacidad que tiene un sistema de realizar trabajo!

energa solar;

energa elica;

energa geotrmica;

energa mareomotriz; energa hidrulica;

energa potencial;

energa cintica;

Puede haber conversin concatenada de energa

[ ]

=== 2

2

].[][ s

mkgsWJU

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Transformacin concatenada de energa

Transformacin de energa potencial en energa elctrica:

Potencial

Mecnica

Elctrica

Potencial

Mecnica

Elctrica

Cintica

Sistemas de Reaccin Sistemas de Impulso

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Transformacin concatenada de energa

Energa potencial

Energa elctrica

Energa mecnica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Energa Potencial

g

m

h

][

8,9

][

2

mh

s

mg

kgm

=

=

=

hgmhFU == )(

[ ] [ ]JsW

s

mkgm

s

mkgU ==

=

=

2

2

2

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Energa Potencial

g

h

m

m

=vm

=

=

=

3

3][

][

m

kg

mv

kgm

densidad del fluido

volumen

masa

hvg

hgvU

=

=

)(

)(

Constantes

Variables

Pero... cmo vara la energa con el tiempo?

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Potencia [P]

x una parte muy pequea de x Operador

es la energa que puede ser consumida por segundo

t

v

hgt

U

=

)(

Para haber una pequea variacin de energa en

un pequeo espacio de tiempo, tiene que haberuna pequea variacin en el volumen

Pt

U

qt

v

=

=

Caudal

Potencia

s

m3

[ ]

=

=

3

2

s

mkg

s

JW

qhgP =

= 1000 [kg/m3] a 0 oC e 1 bar

g= 9,81 [m/s2] al nivel del mar y latitud de 45o

[ ]kWqhP = 81,9 Potencia de un aprovechamientohidroelctrico

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Transformacin de energa potencialen energa mecnica

Potencial

Mecnica

Elctrica

Potencial

Mecnica

Elctrica

Cintica

Turbinas de Reaccin Turbinas de Impulso

Turbinas de flujo Radial:tipo Francis

Turbinas de flujo axial:tipos Kaplan o hlice

Turbinas tipo Pelton

Turbinas tipo Turgo

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Una turbina para cadaaprovechamiento hdrico

P (MW)

10

100010010

1000

100

H (m)

BULB

PELTON

FRANCIS

PT

KAPLAN

ITAIPU, Brazil Three Gorges, China

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Un generador para cada tipo de turbina

Un diseo para cada turbina y cada generador

Turbina Bomba

Francis

Pelton

Bulbo

Kaplan

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Conversin de energa en diferentes usinas

USINAHIDRULICA

USINANUCLEAR

USINAGAS/VAPOR

1 Energapotencial

2 Energatrmica

3 Energamecnica

4 Energaelctrica

Conversin(generador)

Energapotencial

Energanuclear

Energaqumica

Conversin(turbina)

Conversin

(reactor)

Conversin

(caldera)

Conversin(turbina de gas o vapor)

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Ranking por mxima potencia

Name Country YearMax

GenerationAnnual

Production

Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW

Itaip Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs

Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs

Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs

Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW

Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW

Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs

Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs

Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org

Las mayores usinas del mundo

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Agenda

Tpico 1 Principios de Conversin de Energa

Tpico 2 Aspectos constructivos de represas

Tpico 3 Arreglos tpicos de casas de fuerza

Tpico 4 Equipos auxiliares

Tpico 5 Lnea del eje arreglo de cojinetes

Tpico 6

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Componentes de una represa tpica

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Componentes de una represa tpica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Componentes de una represa tpica - Itaip

aliviadero

bocatomapenstock Escalera

peces

casa demquinas

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Usina Hidroelctrica de Guri

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Construcciones tpicas de represa

Represas tipo aboveda o arco Represas por gravedad

Represas mixtas arco-gravedad

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Represa tipo arco

Fuerza del agua

Peso/engaste delconcreto

Engastes en la roca

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Componentes de una represa tipo arco

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Represa por gravedad

Totalmente enconcreto

Con alma

impermeable

Fuerza del peso

Fuerza del agua

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Represa por gravedad - Guri

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Represa mixta arco-gravedad

Concreto

Carretera

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Represa mixta arco-gravedad Hoover Dam

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Grand Coulee

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Hoover

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Glen Canyon

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

John Day

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Una bella obra de arte

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Agenda

Tpico 1 Principios de Conversin de Energa

Tpico 2 Aspectos constructivos de represas

Tpico 3 Arreglos tpicos de casas de fuerza

Tpico 4 Equipos auxiliares

Tpico 5 Lnea del eje arreglo de cojinetes

Tpico 6

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

FRANCIS

C d f t bi F i

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Casa de fuerza con turbina Francisdupla horizontal

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Casa de fuerza tpica con turbina Francis

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Francis

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Caracol y turbo de aspiracin

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Corte de analoga

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Tubo de aspiracin

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

KAPLAN

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Casa de fuerza tpica con turbina Kaplan

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Kaplan

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

PRELIMINAR

Caracol y turbo de aspiracin

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Corte de analoga

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

BULBO

T bi B lb

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Bulbo

E t di hid li

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Bulbo con o tubo de aspiracin

Clculo del rotor

Comparacin de varias geometras

Estudios hidrulicos

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Casa de mquinas Bulbo

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PELTON

P i i i d f i i t

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Servomotores individuales

Simple efecto

Cierre garantizado por resorte

Principio de funcionamiento

P ibl di i i d j

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Posibles disposiciones de eje

Eje horizontal Eje vertical

T rbina Pelton con eje hori ontal

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Pelton con eje horizontal

Turbina Pelton horizontal Implantacin

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Pelton horizontal - Implantacin

Turbina Pelton horizontal PCH

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Turbina Pelton horizontal - PCH

Solucin con mltiplos inyectores vertical

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Solucin con mltiplos inyectores - vertical

Implantacin tpica eje vertical

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Implantacin tpica eje vertical

Deflexin del chorro

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Accionamiento de los deflectores

Deflexin del chorro

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Soluciones para

pequeas centrales

Solucin con turbina pozo

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Solucin con turbina pozo

Solucin con turbina Kaplan S

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Solucin con turbina Kaplan S

Solucin con turbina Francis

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Solucin con turbina Francis

Agenda

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

g

Tpico 1 Principios de Conversin de Energa

Tpico 2 Aspectos constructivos de represas

Tpico 3 Arreglos tpicos de casas de fuerza

Tpico 4 Equipos auxiliares

Tpico 5 Lnea del eje arreglo de cojinetes

Tpico 6

Implantacin tpica eje vertical

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

p p j

COMPUERTAS

Aliviadero

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Compuerta segmento VOLTAR

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Compuerta segmento

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Bocatoma

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Atagua

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Rejillas VOLTAR

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Implantacin tpica eje vertical

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

EQUIPOS DE LEVANTAMIENTO

Ponte gra

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Puente gra

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Prtico VOLTAR

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Prtico

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

LIMPIEZA

Limpia rejas

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Limpia rejas - funcionamientoVOLTAR

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

ELEMENTOS DE SEGURIDAD

Vlvula esfrica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Vlvula esfrica

Utilizadas para mquinas

de alta cada: Francis,Pelton e Turbinas

Bomba.

Vlvula esfrica

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Vlvula esfrica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Palmucho Endesa 1900 mm dimetro

Vlvula mariposa

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Utilizadas en

mquinas

pequeas y medias.

Vlvula mariposa

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Disco plano

Vlvula mariposa

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Vlvula mariposa

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Tarbella 7530 mm dimetro

Compuerta cilndrica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Compuerta

Cilndrica

Utilizada en mquinas verticalescon distribuidor cilndrico.

Aplicacin en turbinas Francis y

en turbinas bomba

Baja por peso propio

o con servomotores.

Compuerta cilndrica

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Agenda

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Tpico 1 Principios de Conversin de Energa

Tpico 2 Aspectos constructivos de represas

Tpico 3 Arreglos tpicos de casas de fuerza

Tpico 4 Equipos auxiliares

Tpico 5 Lnea del eje arreglo de cojinetes

Tpico 6

IEC 60034.7 eje horizontal

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Clasificacin de los tipos constructivos y

arreglos de montaje (cdigo IM)

IEC 60034.7 eje vertical

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Clasificacin de los tipos constructivos y

arreglos de montaje (cdigo IM)

Correspondencia con nomenclatura anterior

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

IM 8015 (W1) IM 8025 (W3) IM 8045 (W7)IM 8005 IM 8140 (W6)

IM 8421 (W51)IM 8425 (W41)IM 8415 (W21)

IM 8221 (W52)IM 8225 (W42)IM 8215 (W22) IM 8205 (W8)

Ilustracin IM8015 (W1)

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Conjunto IM8015 (W1)

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Ilustracin IM8425 (W41)

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Conjunto IM8425 (W41)

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Ilustracin IM8225 (42)

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Conjunto IM8225 (W42)

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Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Ilustracin IM8205 (W8)

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ALSTOM 2011. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to anyparticular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, withoutexpress written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

Conjunto IM8205 (W8)

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ALSTOM 2011. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to anyparticular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, withoutexpress written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

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ALSTOM 2011. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to anyparticular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, withoutexpress written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Principios de conversin de energa hidrulica - JJRE

... A SEGUIR

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