2 AMM Regulation

8/3/2019 2 AMM Regulation

1/30

AIRCRAFT

MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT

Course ByNUR RACHMAT, DIPL. ING(PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK AERONAUTIKA POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG)


2/30

AIRCRAFT

MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT

Session 2.MAINTENANCE REGULATION


3/30

BACKGROUND (1) Aviation is one of the most heavily regulated industries

today. This stems from the very nature of this type oftransportation system, which tends to be veryunforgiving of any shortcoming.

As a result, the traveling public has looked togovernment to ensure that a safe and reliable service is

provided. While the industry was developing in the earlyyears of the last century, regulations wereprogressively put into place relating to designstandards, maintenance requirements, and operations.

Much of this regulation was driven by lesson learnedfrom experience. Unfortunately, much of this

experience manifested itself as catastrophic accident. It has been the mandate of the government and itsregulatory authority to investigate all accidents andensure any necessary corrective action is put intoplace. This includes not only current design andoperating airplanes but also regulatory requirements fornew design.


4/30

BACKGROUND (2) This process has developed at a national level

in all countries that manufacture airplanes oroperate significantly sized commercialairplane fleets.

These national requirements tend to be verysimilar in nature since the sources for the

requirements are mainly the same and therehas been considerable cooperation betweenthe regulatory authorities.

In addition, the U.S. Federal AviationRegulation (FARs) has been used as a basis for

regulation for many countries. Some countries have actually adopted the

FARs.

Other countries with fewer resources havenegotiated with larger countries to provide

regulatory oversight.


5/30

BACKGROUND (3) International airplane travel has forced

countries to recognize each othersrequirements and to provide the stimulus forharmonization.

This is very evident in Europe, where themajority of regulatory authorities have formed a

Joint Airworthiness Authority (JAA). At present 20 countries are full members of the

JAA and a further 12 are candidate members.The objective is to develop and adopt JointAviation Requirements (JARs) in the fields of

aircraft design and manufacture, aircraftoperations and maintenance, and the licensingof aviation personnel.

The JAA establishes procedures for jointcertification of products and services and,where it is considered appropriate, performsjoint certification.


6/30

BACKGROUND (4) Since 1947, the International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) has existed as aspecialized agency of the United Nations.

The ICAO is not a regulatory body, butcontracting states collaborate to secure the

highest practicable degree of uniformity inregulations, standards, procedures, andlicensing.

These international standards are adopted asannexes to the ICAO Convention. From a

maintenance perspective, the following arerelevant: Annex 1, Personnel Licensing

Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft

Annex 8, Airworthiness of Aircraft

Annex 13, Aircraft Accident Inquiry


7/30

BACKGROUND (5) Harmonization of requirements and

the ICAO Convention enable

regulatory authorities to accept the

airworthiness of airplanes flying in

from other states, including both

standards and workmanship.

This has facilitated not only the

international operations but also

airplane marketing, sales, and

leases throughout the world.


8/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) Since the processes that have been established

worldwide are similar to or based on the U.S. model, the

remainder of this part will describe how the FARs impacton maintenance.

The U.S. Congress established that the promotion ofaviation safety and the development if civil aeronauticswere in the public interest. As a result, the Federal

Aviation Administration (FAA) was created as theregulatory authority to set up procedures and standardsfor the design, manufacture, and operation of airplanes.

The standards for design and operation are issued asregulations. These can apply to both manufacturers and

operators. Approvals by the regulatory authority showingcompliance with these standards are shown by means ofcertificates.

The FAA issues its standards through the FederalAviation Regulations. The Code of Federal Regulations

Title 14, Chapter I, Parts 1 through 199.


9/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) The major Parts from chapter I of the Code that have an

impact on Maintenance are as follows:

FAR Part 21, Certification Procedures for Product andParts

FAR Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: TransportCategory Airplanes

FAR Part 33, Aircraft Engines FAR Part 34, Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission

FAR Part 36, Noise Standards

FAR Part 39, Airworthiness Directives

FAR Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance,Rebuilding and alteration

FAR Part 121, Certification and Operations

FAR Part 129, Foreign Air Carriers and Foreign Operatorsof US - Registered Aircraft

FAR Part 135, Air Taxi Operators and CommercialOperators


10/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) Parts 25, 33, 34, and 36 contain the design

standards that are aided as the basis ofcertification. Parts 39, 43, 121, 129, and 135 areapplicable to operating airplanes.

FAR Part 21 specifies the Certification Proceduresfor Products and Parts. This FAR contains thegeneral certification under which the FAA approves

a design and a manufacturer may subsequentlyproduce a product.

The subparts covering each certificate are asfollows:

Parts 21B, Type Certificate Parts 21E, Supplemental Type Certificate

Parts 21G, Production Certificate

Parts 21H, Airworthiness Certificate

Parts 21K, Part Manufacture approval

Parts 21O, Technical Standard Order


11/30

Standards for safety in Design are contained inPart 25, which prescribes the airworthinessstandards for the issue of type certificates, andchanges to the certified design are covered byPart 39, Airworthiness Directives, whichprescribes inspections and conditions andlimitations associated with certifiedaeronautical products that affect safety.

Part 25.1529 (Appendix H) contains the

requirement for Instructing for ContinuedAirworthiness. This means that a manufacturermust support a new design by MaintenanceManuals including an approved MaintenanceProgram.

FEDERAL AVIATIONREGULATIONS (FAR)


12/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) The standards in the FARs that relate to how an

operator must perform maintenance are found in part 43and Part 121.

Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance,Rebuilding and Alteration, requires that methods.Techniques and practices acceptable to the

administrator are used for inspection and repair of civilaircraft.

Part 121, Certification and Operations-Domestic, Flagand Supplemental Air Carriers and CommercialOperators of Large Aircraft, governs the operations of

most U.S. carriers engaged in air transportation. OtherParts address commuter, air taxi, agricultural, andforeign operators.

Part 121, Subparts L, Maintenance, PreventiveMaintenance and Alterations, includes Parts 121.361

through 121.380a.


13/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) The significant Parts of Subpart L are detailed as follows:

Part 121.365, Maintenance, preventive maintenance and alteration

organization, requires a certificate holder to have an adequatemaintenance and inspection organization.

Part 121.367, Maintenance, preventive maintenance and alterationsprograms, requires a certificate holder to have a program to ensuremaintenance is performed in accordance with the manual by competentpersonnel using adequate facilities and equipment and that eachaircraft released to service is airworthy.

Part 121.380, Maintenance recording requirements, requires acertificate holder to keep records of airworthiness releases and currentstatus of all maintenance items and life limits, including airworthinessdirectives.

Part 121.379, Authority to perform and approve maintenance,preventative maintenance and alterations, requires certificate holdersto use approved data for major repairs and alterations.

Part 121.703, Mechanical Reliability Report, requires a certificate holder

to report to the FAA the occurrence or detection of failures,malfunctions, or defects.

Part 121.705, Mechanical Interruption Report, requires a certificateholder to provide to the FAA a summary report of certain occurrences,such as flight interruptions and premature engine removals.

Part 121.373, Continuing Analysis and Surveillance Program, requires acertificate holder to establish and maintain a system for the continuinganalysis and surveillance of the performance and effectiveness of its

maintenance program.


14/30

Advisory Circulars (ACs) The FAA issues Advisory Circulars (ACs) to inform the aviation

public in a systematic way of non regulatory material providingguidance, policy, and information.

These ACs provide a generally accepted means, but not onlymeans, of compliance with the FARs. Operators can deviatefrom an AC with the consent of FAA. A master Index lists alleffective ACs.

There are several Advisory Circulars that have an impact onMaintenance Programs, as follows:

AC 120-16C, Continuous Airworthiness MaintenancePrograms, provides information and guidance on continuousairworthiness maintenance programs which gives the airlinethe privilege and responsibility for aircraft maintenance.

There are five elements of an airworthiness maintenanceprogram:

Responsibility for airworthiness

Maintenance and inspection organization

Performance and approval of maintenance and alterations

Arrangements for maintenance and alterations

Continuous analysis and surveillance


15/30

Advisory Circulars (ACs) AC 25-19, Certification Maintenance

Requirements, provide guidance on theselection and documentation and control ofcertification maintenance requirements.

AC 43-9C, Maintenance Records, describesmethods, procedures and practices determinedto be acceptable for showing compliance withthe general aviation maintenance record makingand record-keeping requirements of Parts 43 and91. This material is issues for guidance andoutlines several methods of compliance with theregulations.

AC43-12A, Preventive Maintenance, providesinformation concerning preventive maintenance,which may perform it, the standards ofperformance applicable to it, authority forapproving aircraft for return to service, and the

applicable recording requirements.


16/30

Advisory Circulars (ACs) AC 43.13-1B, Acceptable methods, Techniques and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and repair, contains methods, techniques,

and practices acceptable to the Administrator for inspection andrepair of no pressurized areas of civil aircraft only when thereare no manufacturer repair or maintenance instructions. This isa good general source of information used by maintenance tosatisfy FAR part 43. This FAR part 43 identifies thedocumentation required (sign-off) to return an aircraft back toservice and also defines what is a major and minor repair or

alteration. AC 120-17A, Maintenance Control by Reliability Methods,

provides information and guidance materials which may be usedto design or develop maintenance reliability programsutilizing reliability control methods. This will satisfy the FAR Part121.373 requirement for each certificate holder to establish andmaintain a system for the continuing analysis and surveillance of

the performance and effectiveness of its maintenance program. AC 120-42A, Extended Range Operation with Two-EngineAirplanes (ETOPS), states an acceptable means, but not the only

means, for obtaining approval under FAR Section 121.161 fortwo-engine airplanes to operate over a route that contains apoint farther than one hour flying time at the normal one-engineinoperative cruise speed from an adequate airport.


17/30

Advisory Circulars (ACs) AC 121-1A, Standards Operations Specifications Aircraft

Maintenance Handbook, provides procedures acceptable to theFAA that may be used by operators when establishing inspectionintervals and overhaul times.

AC 121-22A, Maintenance Review Board, provides guidelinesthat may be used by industry during the development andrevision of the initial minimum scheduledmaintenance/inspection requirements for derivative or newly

type certificated transport category aircraft and power plants forsubmittal to the FAA for approval. These initial minimumscheduled maintenance/inspection requirements are referred toin this AC as the maintenance Review Board Report (MRBR). Therequirements, after approval by the FAA become the frameworkaround which each air carrier develops its own individualmaintenance program and which the manufacturer uses in themanuals to satisfy the requirement for instructions forcontinuing airworthiness.

AC 129-4, Maintenance Program for Foreign Operators of US-Registered Aircraft under FAR Part 129, provides information andguidance about acceptable maintenance programs for U.S.-registered aircraft subject to FAR Part 129.


18/30

Advisory Circulars (ACs) Operation specifications are based on FAR Part

121.25. FAA regulations require that specificoperational authorization and limitationsapplicable to an air operator certificate beissued in conjunction with the issues of the airoperations specifications. These are to

supplement the general requirements of thebasic certificate and to list authorizations andlimitations not specifically covered by otherFAA regulations.

Part 121.25 lists the contents of the operatingcertificate and operations specification. Theoperations specification documents thecomplete maintenance program for theoperator. This combined issuance of the airoperator certificate and the operationsspecification constitute the FAA approval of the

unique airline operation.


19/30

Variable affecting

carrier operations are: Aircraft types

Operating environment

Operator capability

Level of experience

Facilities

Organizational structure


20/30

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (FAR) Manufacturers and operators are required to report

certain types of service problems in accordance

with FAR Parts 21.3, Reporting of failures,malfunctions, and defects, 121.703, and 135.415,Service Difficulty Reports.

The FAA, if it determines that a reported servicesproblem constitutes an unsafe condition, canmandate corrective action. This mandatory

corrective action is accomplished by issuing anairworthiness directive.

Airworthiness directives are rules and must becomplied with 21 to develop any service instructions(inspections, repairs, or modifications) that arenecessary and that will be approved by the FAA.

In the United State, an airworthiness directive is theonly means by which owners and operators (airlines)can be forced to accomplish a manufacturer servicebulletin.

Airworthiness directives are the end result of the

Continued Airworthiness Program performed by theFAA.


21/30

FAA CERTIFICATION The FAA Aircraft Certification Office

(ACO) evaluates design for compliancewith regulations and special conditionsand issues design approvals by typecertificate (TC), supplemental type

certificate (STC), technical standardsorders (TSO), and engineering approvalsfor parts manufacturing and repairs (seeFigure 18.7. the ACO monitors servicedifficulties reporting and ensures

continued airworthiness by issuingairworthiness directives.

This office has the prime responsibilityfor proposing the need for regulation

change.


22/30

FIGURE 18.7 Federal aviation airworthiness and carrier


23/30

FAA CERTIFICATION The FAA Manufacturing Inspection District

Office (MIDO) approves and surveys productionapprovals by issuing production certificates andpart manufacturing approvals and confirmingfirst article products and witnessing tests. MIDOissues airworthiness and export certificates.

The FAA Aircraft Evaluation Group (AEG)provides coordination between certification andflight standards. In particular, the AEG managesthe Maintenance Review Board (MRB) for theFAA and provides the communications linkbetween the Flight Standards District Office(FSDO), the Principal Maintenance Inspectors(PMI), the Principal Operations Inspectors (POI),and the Aircraft Certification Office (ACO).


24/30

FAA CERTIFICATION An aeronautical product must conform to its type design,

supplemental type design, and any applicable airworthiness

directives and be in a condition for safe operation. The wordairworthiness is used throughout the regulations without beingdefine. A clear understanding of its meaning is essential. Twoconditions must be met for an airplane to be consideredairworthy:

An aeronautical product is airworthiness when it conforms tothe regulations under which it has been certified. This means

that the product has to comply with the documentation thatdemonstrates that the design meets the regulations. Thisdocumentation has been submitted to the FAA as the basisfor certification approval. The airplane configuration and thecomponents installed must be consistent with the drawings,specifications, and other data that are part of the typecertificate.

An aeronautical product must conform to its type design,supplemental type design, and any applicable airworthinessdirectives, and be in a condition for safe operation. Thismeans that an airplane continues to be airworthy when itcontinues to meet the design (or approved design changes)and is being inspected in accordance with, and meeting therequirements of, the approved manuals. The condition forsafe operation refers to the condition of the airplane relative

to wear and deterioration.


25/30

The manufacturer requires three certificates: (1)

Regulatory approvals of airplane certification are shown by

means of certificates. These certificates cover the manufactureand delivery if each airplane. The airplane requires threecertificates:

The Type Certificate (FAR 21 Subpart B) is issued by the FAAAircraft Certification Office (ACO) to approve each specificairplane type design as conforming to the AirworthinessStandards.

Type certification requires that the configuration and features of thetype design comply with the requirement of the FARs that isapplicable.

This compliance must be substantiated by test or analysis andpresented as documentation to support the type approvalapplication.

It establishes the airworthiness of the design by showing conformityto the basis of certification. The basis of certification (FAR PART

25, 33, 34, and 36) includes: Configuration and features of the product

Structural strength of the product (dimensions, materials, andprocesses)

Life limits, airworthiness limitations, and certificationmaintenance requirements

Operating limitation in the Airplane Flight Manual (noise, fuel,

venting, and exhaust emissions)


26/30


The fatigue evaluation if structure required by Part 25.571 for certification canresult in mandatory maintenance requirements. These can take the form of life

limits for the safe life structure and supplemental fatigue-related inspections(airworthiness limitations, AWL) for the principal structural elements for which thebaseline inspection program does not satisfy the damage tolerance requirements.

System design and analysis required by Part 25.1309 for certification can result inmandatory maintenance requirements. Now days design certification is muchdependent on reliability substantiation by analysis and, where necessary, byappropriate ground, flight, or simulation tests. Failures are classified according totheir severity, that is, the failure effect on the airplane and its occupants, bothdirect and consequential. To demonstrate analytically that catastrophic andhazardous events will be extremely improbable or remote, a requirement formaintenance then becomes mandatory as part of certification and is known as acertification maintenance requirements (CMR).

The production certificate (FAR 21 Subpart G) is issued by FAA ManufacturingInspection District Office to the manufacturer as approval pf the manufacturingand quality system for building airplanes. It certifies that the manufacturer hasestablished and can maintain a quality control system so that each product willmeet the design provision of the pertinent type certificate.

To obtain a production certificate, it is necessary that a manufacturer satisfy aFAA inspection that there are adequate facilities, quality control procedures and adrawing system that will enable manufacture of repeat airplanes that conform tothe type certificate requirement. The production certificate shows that themanufacturer has approved facilities and approved quality control procedures tomeet the design provision of the type certificate. The production certificateauthorizes the manufacturer to produce the particular type airplane.


27/30


The airworthiness certificate (FAR 21 subpart H) issued

by FAA manufacturing inspection district office asapproval to deliver and operate an airplane that has beenbuilt and tested in compliance with production and typecertification. It certifies that, as of the date of issuance,the aircraft to which the certificate has been issued hasbeen inspected and found to conform to its typecertificate and to be in a condition for safe operation.Note that this certificate is also used by the operator.

With a type approval certificate and a productioncertificate, a manufacturer is authorized to produceairplanes and apply for an airworthiness certificate foreach copy to show that it conforms to the type design

and is in a condition for safe operation. The airworthinesscertificate confirms that the aircraft is airworthy, that is,conforms to its type certificate, and is in a condition forsafe operation. As long as the airworthiness certificateremains valid, it permits the operation of the airplanewithin the limitations and conditions provided.


28/30

The operator requires two certificates:

1. The airworthiness certificate (FAR 21 Subpart

H) is issued by the FAA ManufacturingInspection District Office. This Certificate was originally issued to the

manufacturer and remains valid as long as the airplaneis being maintained and inspected in accordance withthe requirements of the approved manuals andregulations.

2. The operating certificate (FAR 121) is issuedby the FAA Flight Standards District Office

(FSDO). This is the approval that a carrier meets therequirements for the operation for which he has appliedand may operate while those conditions apply. Itauthorizes an air carrier to engage in scheduled airtransportation.


29/30

Summary The airline must define the type of operation,

the airplane type operated, the operatingenvironment, and the operator capability. TheOperations Specification matches Part 121 tothe unique operation of the airline anddocuments the complete maintenance program

for the operator. It is necessary for maintenance organizations tobe cognizant of applicable national andinternational regulations. Failure to comply canresult in disruption to operations anddegradation in safety.

This description of regulation and certificationprocedures demonstrates the complexity andextent of the necessary regulation. These orsimilar requirements are in use throughoutworld and are in place to promote aviation

safety.


30/30

Terima Kasih Atas

Perhatiannya!

Selamat

Belajar!

Documents

2 AMM Regulation