1xEV 2DDO RF Coverage and Capacity

8/12/2019 1xEV 2DDO RF Coverage and Capacity

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1xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 1

1xEV-DO RF Coverage and Capacity

Muhieddin Najib

Core RF Engineering

September 21, 2004


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Contents

Introduction 1xEV-DO physical-layer attributes Reverse link structure

Forward link structure

H-ARQ

Coverage Performance Factors Impacting RF Performance

Forward and Reverse SNR

Predicting Forward 1xEV-DO coverage and throughput using IS-95 Ec/Io stats

Coverage Performance of 1xEV-DO Overlaying IS-95

TTLNA/H-MFRM in 1xEV-DO

Reverse-link data rate requirement for maximizing forward data rate

Ec/Io in 1xEV-DO vs Ec/Io in 1xRTT

Capacity performance H-ARQ performance MUD gain

Receive diversity

Rate Distribution

Sector physical-layer throughput

Max number of connections


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Introduction


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1xEV-DO Attributes

Dedicated data only carrier of 1.25 MHz spectrum

12 data rate modes with different coding and modulation to meet

the changing conditions of the communication channel. Allows for

2.45 Mbps in the forward link.

TDM based using P-F data scheduler. This and the systemscapability of dynamically estimating the channel eliminate the

need for forward SHO and power control.

H-ARQ (early termination)

Higher order modulation

They collectively improve the forward throughput and spectral

efficiency


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Forward Data Rate Combinations

AT can select one of 12 datarate options

Data is encoded, scrambled,interleaved, modulated,

repeated, de-multiplexed into16 parallel channels andthen spread using 16-bitorthogonal Walsh codesbefore transmission

AP always transmits at the

rate requested by DRCchannel

Data Rate

[kbps]

Packet Length

[bytes]

Number of

slots FEC rate Modulation

38.4 128 16 1/5 QPSK

76.8 128 8 1/5 QPSK

153.6 128 4 1/5 QPSK

307.2 128 2 1/5 QPSK 614.4 128 1 1/3 QPSK

307.2 256 4 1/3 QPSK

614.4 256 2 1/3 QPSK

1228.8 256 1 1/3 QPSK

921.6 384 2 1/3 8-PSK

1843.2 384 1 1/3 8-PSK

1228.8 512 2 1/3 16-QAM

2457.6 512 1 1/3 16-QAM


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Forward Physical-Layer Implementation

Forward resources are TDMed byactive users. All PA power isallocated to one user at a time.

Forward Pilot and reverse PC bitsare also TDMed with data and user

signature. AT is served by the best server. BS

is reported by the AT everyscheduling period using DRCCover

One or more time slots are assignedto a user to transmit each packet.

The Data rates and slot lengths varywith user channel conditions

Channel allocation is not fixed; ATlistens for a preamble to determine ifit is being sent a packet

Access Point (AP) transmission diagram

Medium

Access

Control

Pilot Traffic

Reverse

Activity

Reverse

Power

Control

Forward

Control

DRCLock

User 1 User 2 User 3

Power

Time

Idle

1 slot2 slots 2 slots

1.67 ms

usersignature

pilotbursts

pilotPowercontrol

Powercontrol


7/491xEV-DO RF Coverage and CapacityNORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 7

Reverse Physical Channel Structure

Access Traffic

Reverse

Pilot Data ACKPilot Data

Data

Rate

Control

Reverse Link

Time-multiplexed(7 : 1 ratio) &

spread using W0. W8

W4

000 0

001 9.6

.

.

.101 153.6

ReverseRateIndicator

MediumAccessChannel



Forward Data Rate AdaptationReverse DRC

AT continuously measures received SNR from pilot bursts

AT maps SNR measurement to highest data rate it can decode and uses DRC channel toinform Access Point of desired data rate

DRC is sent every slot, but AT selects new DRC and DRCCover values every DRCLength slots

12 possible data rate options, so DRC channel is a 4-bit word

DRC bits are encoded and spread using W8

DRC power is set at 3 dB below pilot with DRCLength of 4

Mapping of Ec/Nt to DRC index is not constant throughout the life of the data call connection,but changes over time in response to the channel conditions. Therefore, the same receivedEc/Nt doesnt always produce the same data rate request. The mapping is controlled by thefeedback loop between AN and AT to adapt to packet errors. If a packet is received in error thethresholds for the various DRC indexes are increased (e.g., by 0.25 dB). After receiving anumber of good frames, the threshold is decreased.

DRC also provides AN with best server information (using DRCCover with 3 bits/lot)1.67 ms

(a)

Pilot-DRC Pilot-DRC Pilot-DRC(b)

(estimate data rate) (request data rate) (TX at requested rate)

Channel estimation and Data Request Channel timing diagram: (a) access

terminal receive; (b) access terminal transmit.



HybridARQReverse ACK

Original HDR uses fixed number of slots per packet In 1xEV-DO, acknowledgement is also provided at the physical layer

Adjacent slots in multi-slot packets are sent every four slot intervals

Allows AT to process and send acknowledgments in addition to time diversity.

AT sends a 1-bit ACK or NAK for each slot received on reverse ACK

ACK bits are coded and set at 3 dB above pilot

Transmit

Slot 2

Transmit

Slot 3

NAK NAK ACK

New Packet

Transmit

Slot 1

softcombining

Differentuser

Transmit

Slot 1

Example: data rate 38.4 kbps

If all transmission attempts (16 for38.4 kbps) are exhausted withoutproducing an ACK, then the

packet is considered erroneousand will be scheduled for re-transmission



Throughput gain for N-time-slots packets if the packet is successfully

terminated by the nth

time slot is N/n

Conservative initial rate request in multi-slot packets can be utilized by

H-ARQ through early termination.

H-ARQ Gain

Example: DCR = 76.8 kb/s

Modulation: QPSK (2 bits/symbol)

Coding rate = 1/5

Packet length = 128 bytes

Packet size = 128 x 8 = 1024 bits

Max. number of slots (N) = 8

Packet terminated in 8thslot

Packet duration = 8 x 1.67 = 13.33 ms

Data rate = 1024/13.33 = 76.8 kbps

Packet terminated in 2ndslot

Packet duration = 2 x 1.67 = 3.34 ms

Effective data rate = 1024/3.34 = 307.2 kbps

H-ARQ gain = 4 = 6 dB.



Proportional Fairness AlgorithmMulti-User Diversity

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Time

SignalLevelRelativetoAverage(dB) AT 1

AT 2

AT 3

T0

T1

T2

Test Run 1

23%

23%

25%

29%

AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4

Test Run 2

25%

21%28%

26%

AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4

Test Run 3

25%

21%28%

26%

AT#1 AT#2 AT#3 AT#4

User share of

sector throughput,

showing

proportional fair

scheduling.



Higher-Order Modulation

3A

A

-A

A-A

-3A

-3A 3A

Q Channel

I Channel1110 1111

1010 1011

1101 1100

1001 1000

0110 0111

0010 0011

0101 0100

00000001

10/1A

Q Channel

I Channel

-c -s s c

s

c

-s

-c

010

011 001

000

100

101111

110

)8/cos(c

)8/sin(s

01

ii bs

BPSK Signal Constellation: 1 bit per symbol

8-PSK Signal Constellation: 3 bits per symbol

16QAM Signal Constellation: 4 bits per symbol

Q Channel

I Channel

01 00

11 10

][iQiIi

bbs

2/1 2/1

2/1

2/1

QPSK Signal Constellation: 2 bits per symbol

Higher-order modulationsrequire more power (higher

SNR) to achieve the same

PER, but they have better

spectral efficiency (doubles

per quadrupling the

modulation order).

SNR is determined by power,

thermal noise, interference

and fading.

Since forward power is fixed

in 1xEV-DO and noise is

stationary, higher spectral

efficiency can be realized by

assigning higher-order

modulation to the user whosseeing less interference and

less fading (which is

evidenced by high SNR).

This is the key principle

underlying the interaction

between channel estimator

and forward data scheduler.

2A



Turbo Encoder

Turbo codes provide higher coding gain than same-rate Convolutionalcodes

Performance improvement is due in part to built-in pseudo-randominterleaver

Largest coding gain is realized in

Low mobility

High data rate applications

Multipath environment

More complexity and increased delay

Convolutional

Encoder

Pseudo-random

Interleaver

Convolutional

Encoder

Symbol

Repetition

&

Puncturing

b0c1

c2

b0

c1

c2

Data

Input

Constraint Length = 4

Constraint Length = 4

.

.

.

ForwardCoding

Rates: 1/5,

1/3

Reverse

Coding

Rates: 1/4

or 1/2



1xEV-DO RF Coverage


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16/491xEV-DO RF Coverage and Capacity

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL PG 16

Reverse Eb/No Requirements with ACK on

All channels are referenced to pilot (only pilot is power controlled)

Start with Pilot Ec/Nt = - 21.35 dB (for mobility with 1% PER on DataChannel)

ACK channel is 3 dB above pilot (ACKGain = 3 dB)

DRC channel is 3 dB below pilot (DRCGain = - 3 dB)

Data channel is 3.75 dB above pilot (for 9.6 kp/s)

Power margin required for ACK, DRC and Data channels above pilot =

total AT tx power / pilot power, In dB, Margin = 10*LOG(1+10DataGain/10+10ACKGain/10+10DRCGain/10)

Total Ec/Nt = Pilot Ec/Nt + ACK/DRC/Data margin

Total Eb/Nt = Total Ec/Nt + Processing Gain

9.6 kb/s 19.2 kb/s 38.4 kb/s 76.8 kb/s 153.6 kb/s

DataGain, dB 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5

Power margin for

Data, ACK, DRC7.68 9.15 11.12 13.7 17.76

Total Ec/Nt, dB - 13.7 - 12.2 - 10.2 - 7.7 - 3.6

Total Eb/Nt dB 7.41 5.86 4.82 4.39 5.44




Reverse Eb/No Requirements with ACK off

If the AT is not receiving packets, then the reverse ACK channel becomes

inactive (ACKGain = -inf dB). In general, the ACK channel is a low frequency event

Power margin required for DRC and Data channels above pilot = total AT

TX power / pilot power, In dB, Margin = 10*LOG(1+10DataGain/10+10DRCGain/10)

Total Ec/Nt = Pilot Ec/Nt + DRC/Data margin

Total Eb/Nt = Total Ec/Nt + Processing Gain

9.6 kb/s 19.2 kb/s 38.4 kb/s 76.8 kb/s 153.6 kb/s

DataGain, dB 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5

Power margin for

Data, DRC5.88 7.95 10.39 13.32 17.61

Total Ec/Nt, dB - 15.47 - 13.40 - 10.96 - 8.03 - 3.74

Total Eb/Nt dB 5.60 4.66 4.09 4.01 5.30

LB Gain relative

to ACK on, dB1.81 1.20 0.73 0.38 0.14




Data Rate(kb/s)

Ec/Nt Eb/Nt Ec/Nt Eb/Nt

38.4 -5.99 9.06 -8.49 6.56

76.8 -2.87 9.17 -5.37 6.67

153.6 -1.10 7.93 -3.60 5.43

307.2 0.63 6.65 -1.87 4.15

614.4 3.37 6.38 0.87 3.88

921.6 6.15 7.40 3.65 4.90

1228.8 7.66 7.66 5.16 5.16

1843.2 10.67 8.91 8.17 6.41

2457.6 12.61 9.60 10.11 7.10

without Diversity with Diversity

Forward Eb/Nt Requirements

Higher Eb/Ntrequirement

for 8-PSK and16-QAM Ec/Nt to DRC rate option mapping algorithm is AT proprietary. Above

results represent average Ec/Nt (plus sigma) as seen on QC terminals inmobility environment.

In general, the AT dynamically adjusts the Ec/Nt thresholds to map to aparticular DRC option to maintain desired PER. Please see next slide for ameasured distribution.




DRC distribution vs. pilot Ec/NtDRC Requested vs C/I

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

C/I

DRCRequ

est

DRC Requested

LAV

Chester terminal without receive diversity

400 MByte FTP

DRC

option

Data Rate

(kbps)

# of

slots

1 38.4 16

2 76.8 8

3 153.6 4

4 307.2 2

5 614.4 16 307.2 4

7 614.4 2

8 1228.8 1

9 921.6 2

10 1843.2 1

11 1228.8 2

12 2457.6 1




DRC distribution vs. pilot Ec/Nt

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Ec/Nt (dB)

DRC(

kb

ps)

DRC

Data collected from a 30-cell unloaded network

With receive diversity


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1xEV-DO Reverse Link BudgetMobility

Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0

CDMA RF Carrier Bandwidth MHz 1.2288

No = KT dBm -174.0

Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89

BTS Noise Figu re (F) dB 4.00Noise at Cell Input dBm -109.11 = No + B + F (all in dB)

BTS An tenna Gain dB i 17.5

BTS RX Cable/Jumpers/Connectors Loss dB 3.84

BS Antenna Height m 35.0

Path Loss Slope dB/Dec. 34.8

Mobile Station Antenna Height m 1.5

MS Antenna Height Correction Factor dB 0.05

Clutter Propagation Correction Factor dB 0.0

Path Loss a t 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)

IS-95

Units9.6 kb/s

voice

9.6

Kbps

19.2

Kbps

38.4

Kbps

76.8

Kbps

153.6

KbpsComments

Data Rate kbps 9.6 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6

Processing Gain dB 21.07 21.07 18.06 15.05 12.04 9.03

Mobile/AT Max. Power dBm 23.0

Mobile/AT Antenna Gain dBi 0.00

Mobil e/AT E iRP dBm 23.0

Pilot Ec/No per ant. for 1% PER on Data Ch. dB -----

DataGain (Reverse Data to Pilot ratio) dB ----- 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5 Coding Rate = for 153.6, otherwise

ACKGain (Reverse ACK to Pilot ratio) dB -----

DRCGain (Reverse DRC to Pilot ratio) dB ----- DRCLength = 4.

Data + ACK + DRC power margin dB ------ 7.68 9.15 11.12 13.70 17.76 = 10*LOG(1+10Data/10

+10ACK/10

+10DRC/10

)

Total Ec/No per antenna dB -14.07 -13.67 -12.20 -10.23 -7.65 -3.59 = pilot Ec/No + Data/ACK/DRC power margin

Total Eb/No per antenna dB 7.00 7.41 5.86 4.82 4.39 5.44 = Total Ec/No + Pg

Rx. Sensitivity dBm -123.18 -122.77 -121.30 -119.34 -116.75 -112.69 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)

Sector Loading % 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% L

Interference Margin dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IM = -10*LOG10(1 - L)

Average Body Loss dB 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL

Building/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL

Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s1

Fast fading power control headroom margin dB 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 s2

Fading Composite Standard Deviation dB 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 sc = sqrt(s12+ s2

2)

Cell Edge Reliability % 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% Pedge

Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%

Fade Margin without SHO dB 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 FM w/o SHO = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, sc)

Fade Margin with SHO dB 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 FM w/ SHO

SHO Gain at Cell edge dB 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 = FM w/o SHO - FM w/ SHO

Total Margin dB 27.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 = IM + BL + PL + FM w/ SHO (all in dB)

Max. A ll owable Loss with no Margins dB 159.84 159 .43 157 .96 156 .00 153 .41 149 .35 = mobi le EiRP + BTS an t. ga in - RX cab le l oss - Rx Sx

Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 132.61 134.20 132.73 130.77 128.18 124.12 = MPL w/o margin - TM

RF Cell Radius km 0.79 0.88 0.80 0.70 0.59 0.45 Using Okumura-Hata models

1xEV-DO Release 0

IS-95 & 1XEV-DO rel 0 Reverse Link Budgets

Urban

23.0

0.00

23.0

3.0

-3.0

-21.35

ACK on


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Mobility



No = KT dBm -174.0Noise Bandwidth (B) dBHz 60.89

BTS No is e F ig ure (F) dB 4.00

Noise at Cell Input dBm -109.11 = No + B + F (all in dB)

BTS Anten na Gain dB i 17 .5

BTS RX Cable/Jumpers/Connectors Loss dB 3.84

BS Ant enna Height m 35.0


Mobile Station Antenna Height m 1.5



Path L os s a t 1 Km dB 13 6.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)

IS-95

Units9.6 kb/s

voice

9.6

Kbps

19.2

Kbps

38.4

Kbps

76.8

Kbps

153.6

Kbps

Comments

Data Rate kbps 9.6 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6

Processing Gain dB 21.07 21.07 18.06 15.05 12.04 9.03

Mobile/AT Max. Power dBm 23.0

Mobile/AT Antenna Gain dBi 0 .00

Mob ile/AT E iRP d Bm 23 .0

Pilot Ec/No per ant. for 1% PER on Data Ch. dB -----

DataGain (Reverse Data to Pilot ratio) dB ----- 3.75 6.75 9.75 13.0 17.5 Coding Rate = for 153.6, otherwise

DRCGain (Reverse DRC to Pilot ratio) dB ----- DRCLength = 4.

Data + DRC power margin dB ------ 5.88 7.95 10.39 13.32 17.61 = 10*LOG(1+10Data/10

+10DRC/10

)

Total Ec/No per antenna dB -14.07 -15.47 -13.40 -10.96 -8.03 -3.74 = pilot Ec/No + Data/DRC power margin

Total Eb/No per antenna dB 7.00 5.60 4.66 4.09 4.01 5.30 = Total Ec/No + Pg

Rx. Sensit ivit y dBm - 123. 18 -124. 57 -122. 51 -120. 06 -117.14 -112.84 = No + B + F + Ec/ No (all in dB)

Sector Loading % 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% L

Interference Margin dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IM = -10*LOG10(1 - L)

Average Body Loss dB 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL

Building/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL

Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s1Fast fading power control headroom margin dB 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 s2

Fading Composite Standard Deviation dB 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 sc = sqrt(s12+ s2

2)

Cell Edge Reliability % 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% 84.1% Pedge

Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%

Fade Margin without SHO dB 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.17 FM w/o SHO = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, sc)

Fade Margin with SHO dB 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 FM w/ SHO

SHO Gain at Cell edge dB 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 4.92 = FM w/o SHO - FM w/ SHO

Total Margin dB 27.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 = IM + BL + PL + FM w/ SHO (all in dB)

Max. A llowab le L os s wi th n o Ma rgins dB 1 59 .8 4 16 1.23 15 9.17 15 6.72 15 3.80 1 49 .5 0 = mob ile E iRP + BTS an t. g ain - RX c able los s - Rx Sx

Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 132.61 136.00 133.94 131.49 128.57 124.27 = MPL w/o margin - TM

RF Cell Radius km 0.79 0.99 0.87 0.74 0.61 0.46 Using Okumura-Hata models

1xEV-DO Release 0

IS-95 & 1XEV-DO rel 0 Reverse Link Budgets

Urban

23.0

0.00

23.0

-3.0

-21.35

1xEV-DO Reverse Link Budget

ACK off


24/49


1xEV-DO Forward Link Budget

Mobility


# of RX Antennas at AT 1


No = KT dBm -174.0


Terminal No ise Figure (F) dB 8.0

Noise at Terminal Input (NoBF) dBm -105.11

Forward power at the DPM output port dBm 40.22

BTS Antenna Gain dBi 17.5

BTS Tx Cable Loss dB 3.84

Maximum BTS traffic EiRP dBm 53.88

BTS Antenna Height m 35.0


Terminal Antenna Height m 1.5

Terminal Antenna Gain dBi 0.0



Path Loss at 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)

CommentsEffective Data Rate kbps 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6

Processing Gain dB 15.05 12.04 9.03 6.02 3.01 1.25 0.00 -1.76 -3.01

Target Ec/No dB -5.99 -2.87 -1.10 0.63 3.37 6.15 7.66 10.67 12.61

Target Eb/No dB 9.06 9.17 7.93 6.65 6.38 7.40 7.66 8.91 9.60

Rx. Sensitivity dBm -111.10 -107.98 -106.21 -104.48 -101.74 -98.96 -97.45 -94.44 -92.50 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)

Average Body Loss dB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL

Forward Loading at Cell Edge dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IMBuilding/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL

Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s

Cell Edge Reliability % 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% Pedge

Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%

Fade Margin dB 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 FM = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, s)

Total Margin dB 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 = BL + IM + PL + FM (all in dB)

Max. Allowable Loss with no Margins dB 164.97 161.85 160.08 158.35 155.61 152.83 151.32 148.31 146.37 = BTS EiRP + mobile ant gain - Rx Sx

Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 137.29 134.17 132.40 130.67 127.93 125.15 123.64 120.63 118.69 = MPL w/o margin - TM

RF Cell Radius km 1.08 0.88 0.78 0.70 0.58 0.48 0.44 0.36 0.32 Using Okumura-Hata models

1XEV-DO rel 0 Forward Link Budget

Urban 1 Antenna


25/49


1xEV-DO Forward Link Budget

Mobility

Frequency of Operation MHz 1900.0# of RX Antennas at AT 2


No = KT dBm -174.0


Terminal Noise Figure (F) dB 8.0

Noise at Terminal Input (NoBF) dBm -105.11

Forward power at the DPM output port dBm 40.22

BTS Antenna Gain dBi 17.5

BTS Tx Cable Loss dB 3.84

Maximum BTS traffic EiRP dBm 53.88

BTS Antenna Height m 35.0


Terminal Antenna Height m 1.5

Terminal Antenna Gain dBi 0.0



Path Loss at 1 Km dB 136.1 Represents "A" in PL = A + B * LOG(dKM)

CommentsEffective Data Rate kbps 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6

Processing Gain dB 15.05 12.04 9.03 6.02 3.01 1.25 0.00 -1.76 -3.01

Target Ec/No dB -8.49 -5.37 -3.60 -1.87 0.87 3.65 5.16 8.17 10.11

Target Eb/No dB 6.56 6.67 5.43 4.15 3.88 4.90 5.16 6.41 7.10

Rx. Sensitivity dBm -113.60 -110.48 -108.71 -106.98 -104.24 -101.46 -99.95 -96.94 -95.00 = No + B + F + Ec/No (all in dB)

Average Body Loss dB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BL

Forward Loading at Cell Edge dB 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 IMBuilding/Vehicle Penetration Loss dB 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 PL

Shadowing Standard Deviation dB 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 s

Cell Edge Reliability % 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% 77.9% Pedge

Area Coverage Reliability % 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%

Fade Margin dB 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.70 FM = NORMINV(Pedge, 0, s)

Total Margin dB 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 27.68 = BL + IM + PL + FM (all in dB)

Max. Allowable Loss with no Margins dB 167.47 164.35 162.58 160.85 158.11 155.33 153.82 150.81 148.87 = BTS EiRP + mobile ant gain - Rx Sx

Max. Allowable Loss with Margins dB 139.79 136.67 134.90 133.17 130.43 127.65 126.14 123.13 121.19 = MPL w/o margin - TM

RF Cell Radius km 1.28 1.04 0.92 0.82 0.69 0.57 0.52 0.42 0.37 Using Okumura-Hata models

1XEV-DO rel 0 Forward Link Budget

Urban 2 Antennas


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Coverage Performance Summary(Relative to IS-95 EVRC of same frequency)

38.4

kbps

153.6

kbps

307.2

kbps

1228.8

kbps

2457.6

kbps

1 RXAntenna

136% 99% 88% 55% 40%

2 RXAntennas

161% 116% 104% 65% 47%

9.6

kbps

19.2

kbps

38.4

kbps

76.8

kbps

153.6

kbps

ACK on 111% 101% 89% 75% 57%

ACK off 125% 109% 93% 77% 58%

Forward

Link

ReverseLink

1xEV-DO provides a 1-1 overlay with existing IS-95


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TTLNA in 1xEV-DO can be used to enhance reverse link coverage

Same principles as in IS-95 and 1xRTT apply Reduced Overall Noise Figure on reverse path improves reverse link coverage

Coupled with high power MFRM (MFRM-H) application, forward link coverage can be enhanced aswell

Analysis assumptions TTLNA amplifier gain = 12 dB; NF = 1.8 dB

Urban, Suburban and Rural Morphologies

Antenna tower: 35m urban; 45m suburban; 60m rural Cable/connector/Jumpers loss: 5.44 dB rural; 4.48 dB suburban; 3.84 urban (including 0.5 dB for

antenna jumper loss)

Analysis is based on 4 dB BTS noise figure

TTLNA duplexer causes approximately 0.4 dB insertion loss in the forwardpath

Implementation of TTLNA may cause slight decrease in forward link coverage if implemented

sporadically throughout the system (since coverage is likely to be interference limited across theboard implementation of TTLNA would likely cause no impact to forward link)

It is recommended that high power radio (MFRM-H) is implemented inorder to improve forward link coverage and maintain link balance inthermal limited coverage

In this case, the forward link improves by up to 4.37 dB

TTLNA/H-MFRM in 1xEV-DO


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Reverse Link Coverage

Approximate Cell Radius

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

9.6 Kbps 19.2 Kbps 38.4 Kbps 76.8 Kbps 153.6 Kbps

(km)

Urban Urban TTLNA


0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50


(km)

Sub Urban Sub Urban TTLNA


0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00


(km)

Rural Rural TTLNA

Coverage improvement up to*:Urban: 4.7 dB

Suburban: 5.2 dB

Open Rural: 5.9 dB

Cell count reduction*:Urban: 85%

Suburban: 100%

Open Rural: 125%

TTLNA helps improve performance

in 1:N deployment

*If coverage is not terrain limited and design is

not capacity limited.


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Reverse-Link Data rate requirement for

Maximizing Forward Rate

Services like TCP requires acknowledgementsfrom reverse link

Maximum achievable reverse link throughput can

be a bottleneck for maximum achievable forward

link throughput

TCP uses a close loop feedback mechanism

which requires the receiver to reply

acknowledgement to the sender. If the ACK is not

received within a time window, the segment is re-

transmitted.

Excessive delay of ACK due to slow speed in the

reverse link direction can reduce the forward

throughput, even if the RF condition allows a

higher forward throughput.

Below the minimum required reverse link rate,

the maximum achievable forward link rate

reduces linearly with the reduction of reverse

link rate.


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Achievable Forward Rate as a Function of Reverse Rate

Simulation

A minimum reverse data rate of

34.8 kb/s is required to supportforward rate of 1.2288 Mb/s.

Max Fwd Rate vs Rev Rate

8082

8486889092949698

100

19.2 38.4 76.8

Reverse Rate [kbps]

NormalizedFwdRate[%]

LAV Good RF condition (DRC = 2.4576 Mbps was

obtained for more than 97% of DRC requests)

About 76.8 kbps reverse rate isrequired to achieve max fwd rate

When reverse rate drops to 38.4,there is a minor degradation

Significant degradation in forwardTput if reverse rate drops to 19.2kbps


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Comparing Simulation and LAV Tput

Results

RL Rate [kbps] Simulation Fwd

AppL Rate, kbps

LAV Test 1 Fwd

AppL Rate, Mbps

LAV Test 2 Fwd

AppL Rate, Mbps

9.6 (fixed) 0.26 - 0.38

19.2 (fixed) 0.59 1.47 0.86

38.4 (fixed) 1.03 1.77 1.83

76.8 (fixed) ** - 2.09

153.6 (fixed) ** 1.79 1.95

Variable Rate (AT

determines rate)

- 1.62 1.9

** In the simulation the maximum achievable rate was set to 1.2288 Mbps,

so the forward link rate can never exceed this value.


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Forward 1xEV-DO Coverage vs IS-95

(or 1xRTT) based on Ec/Io stats

95)IS(forPowerPAMax

PowerTrafficL

PowerPAMax

PowerPilotp

powerPilot

powerSynch2

powerPilot

powerPaging1

1

211

Lp95IS

DOxEV1

EcIo

EcIo

IS-95 (or 1xRTT)

Ec/Io stats can

be used in:

network

acceptance &

performance

warranty

Predicting

forward Tput

performance

90thpercentile:

0% traffic loading: measured difference = 2.0 dB; calculated difference = 1.8 dB

55% traffic loading: measured difference = 8.3 dB; calculated difference = 8.6 dB

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

Best Server Ec/Io, dB

Probability[Ec/Io

Abscissa

1 User 2 Users 4 Users 10 Users 20 Users

A single user traveling through out the cell

coverage area receive at least 180 kb/s for

90% of the time. This user will experience

a median throughput of 450 kb/s.

When therere 4 active users in the cell,

each user receive at least 50 kb/s for 90%

of the time. Each of user will experience a

median throughput of about 160 kb/s.

Full Queue


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1xEV-DO Physical-Layer Throughput

# of Active

Users

Sector Tput

(kbps)

User Tput

(kbps)

Sector Tput

(kbps)

User Tput

(kbps)

1 503 503 824 824

2 620 310 936 468

3 698 233 999 3334 746 187 1045 261

10 857 86 1131 113

20 913 46 1196 60

One Receive Antenna Two Receive Antennas

Mobile Speed ProfileStationary 10%

3 km/hr 30%

10 km/hr 30%

30 km/hr 20%

120 km/hr 10%

Sector throughput increases by about 18% in the FWAenvironment without diversity and by 12% with diversity.

Nortel official forward aggregate Throughput

is 910 kb/s.


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Measured User Throughput- Dependency o n Speed and Divers i ty -

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Median Ec/Nt (dB)

Throughput(kb/s)

0.826 km/h - 1 Ant. 0.826 km/h - 2 Ant.

3 km/h - 1 Ant. 3 km/h - 2 Ant.

120 km/h - 1 Ant. 120 km/h - 2 Ant.

Single-user


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1xEV-DO Reverse-Link throughput

1xEV-DO physical-reverse-link throughput is in the order of

200 kbps, which is similar to 1xRTT form RF point of view.

Variations:

Power margin for reverse ACK and DRC channels (may have

insignificant effect when Tput is averaged over the whole coveragearea)

Lower PER requirement in 1xEV-DO

Data rate asymmetry and requirement of transmitting more overhead

acknowledgement on reverse link to support high data rates on forward

link

Reverse rate control mechanisms and how they are optimized (e.g.,RAB threshold, transition probabilities, ReverseRateLimit) - this couldlead to larger differences esp with loaded network.


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Measured Throughput- Dependency on Locat ion -

Terminal

Locations

Forward

Throughput

(kbps)

Reverse

Throughput

(kbps)

Edge 98 65.4

Middle 245 64.3

Middle 208 64.6

Close 456 65.4

Sector total 1007 259.7

4 Active

Terminals


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User Capacity

Reverse Link 96 CEMs.

Two (2) channel elements per sector are reserved for reverse accesschannels, leaving 90 channel elements for traffic channels.

The channel element models (CEMs) at the Access Point are pooled acrossthe three sectors.

This results in 30 links per sector for equally loaded sectors and up to amaximum of 90 links per sector if all traffic is on one sector.

Divide by CE usage to obtain the primary number of connections.

For 1.6 CE/user, number of primary connections varies between 18 up to 56users per sector.

Forward Link 20 to 24 users per sector.

Note that the sector throughput saturates beyond 10 users


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Documents

1xEV 2DDO RF Coverage and Capacity