1. Find two ways to group these animals.

2. What characteristics did you use for each of your classifications?

Question 1How did Aristotle group organisms such as birds, bats, and insects?

D. by their homologous structures

C. by their common species

B. by their analogous structures

A. by their common genus

The answer is B. The organisms were grouped together because of their wings, which, in this case, are analogous structures.

Question 2Which taxon contains the fewest species?

D. phylumC. order B. familyA. genus

The answer is A, genus.

Question 4What is the difference between “classification” and “taxonomy?”

AnswerClassification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies and names organisms based on their different characteristics.

Question 5What are the two parts that make up binomial nomenclature?

AnswerBinomial nomenclature comprises a genus name followed by a specific epithet.

Today, you will create your own mythological beast, and classify it using taxonomic nomenclature. Some things to remember:

•You must give the characteristics of your mythological beast, such as: what it eats, how it reproduces, family structure, lifespan, dimorphisms

• Your beast must be a composite of between four and six other animals

• You must classify your beast according to all its characteristics (Use the computer) using complete taxonomic nomenclature

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

For Example:Medusa was part woman, and part snake. In some stories, she has rattles at the end of her tail. Instead of hair, she has a head full of snakes.Her taxonomic nomenclature might be: Domain:Eukarya

Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:ChordataClass: Reptilia/MammaliaOrder: Squamata/PrimataFamily:Viperidae/HominidaeGenus:Crotalus/HomoSpecies:willardi/sapiens

Medusa is a female species, who is so ugly she can turn anyone who looks at her directly to stone. She eats humans. She reproduces once in her life with a male rattlesnake, and has a litter of up to 100 (females only). She is a solitary organism, as no other can stand to be with her. She is immortal, and can only be killed by looking at herself in a mirror. As she is one of a kind, there is no dimorphism.

Section Objectives

• Explain how classification reveals evolutionary relationships.

• Describe how evolutionary relationships are determined.

• Compare the six kingdoms of organisms.

All living things are classified into one of 6 kingdoms.The six kingdoms are:

1. Eubacteria (Monera)

3. Protista4. Fungi

5. Plantae

6. Animalia

2. Archaebacteria (Monera)

• The six kingdoms of organisms are: archaebacteriaeubacteriaprotists fungiplantsanimals

• In general, differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy are the two main characteristics that distinguish among the members of the six kingdoms.

The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Until recently bacteria and archaebacteria were together in the

kingdom Monera. Because of discoveries over the last 20 years

scientists have decided that they are so different that they should have their

own kingdom.

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Each Kingdom has a set of characteristics that bind the organisms in that group together. These characteristics are not ‘rules’ but more like guidelines.

Eubacteria

Cell Structure:Prokaryotic (small and simple) cellsNo nucleus (brain of the cell)No organelles (tiny organs of the cell)Single-celled – only 1 cell big / unicellular

Size:Microscopic

Environments:Found in most common environments – water, soil, mouth …

FYI: one of the oldest and most successful

groups of organisms on earth

Nutrients:Most bacteria cannotmake their own food and therefore must live in or on other organisms

Eubacteria

Useful bacterium.Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus, which turns milk into yogurt, can be useful to humans.

Eubacteria• Although some eubacteria cause diseases,

such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.

Lactobacillus casei Streptococcus

Cell Structure:Prokaryotic cellsNo nucleusNo organellesSingle celled

Size:Microscopic

Archaebacteria

Environments:Usually found ‘extreme’ environmentsSuch as highly acidic lakes, the bottom of the ocean, in ice flows, or in boiling hot mud or water

Archaebacteria

FYI:one of the oldest and most successful groups of organisms on earth

Nutrients:Most archaebacteria have to digest chemicals not useable (toxic) by other organisms

Archaebacteria

Cell Structure:Eukaryotic cellsHas a nucleusHas organellesOften multi-cellular but sometimes single celledThey lack complex organ systems

Size:Microscopic/Macroscopic

Protists

Environments:Found in most common ponds, lakes environments.

FYI:This is the ‘catch all’ kingdom. If an organism does not fit into another kingdom it often winds up here.

Nutrients:Many protists make their own food, but some cannot.

Protists

Protists• Some are plant-like autotrophs, some are

animal-like heterotrophs, and others are fungus-like heterotrophs that produce reproductive structures like those of fungi.

Fungi

Cell Structure:Eukaryotic cellsHas a nucleusHas organellesMost are Multi-cellular

Size:Macroscopic

Environments:Found in most moist and warm areas, often near dead material

FYI:

Used to be classified with plants but now we know they are different enough to have their own kingdom.

Nutrients:Cannot make their own food so fungi must live on or in organic materials – athlete’s foot, ring worm, diaper rash

Fungi

Plantae

Cell Structure:Eukaryotic cellsHas a nucleusHas organellesMulti-cellularHas a large vacuoleHas a cell wall

Size:Macroscopic

Plantae

Environments:Found in most areas where freshwater and sunlight can be found

Nutrients:Are able to make their own food by harnessing energy

from the sun

Plantae

FYI:Many organisms depend on plants because they have the ability to make food using the energy from the sun = photosynthesis

Animalia Cell Structure:Eukaryotic cellsHas a nucleusHas organelles – mitochondria, ER, lysosomes

Multi-cellularSize:Macroscopic

Environments:Found in most areas where they can find other organisms to eat.

Animalia

FYI: Most animals have some sort of nervous system and the majority of animal species live in oceans.

Nutrients:Cannot make their own food so animals must eat plants, hunt, filter feed, or scavenge for food.

Animalia

Why do taxonomists use Latin names for classification?

Question 1

AnswerLatin is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change.

Question 2Which taxon contains the others?

D. familyC. genus

B. class A. order

The answer is B.

Question 3Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT related?

D. Aristotle – evolutionary relationshipsC. biology – taxonomy

B. binomial nomenclature – LinnaeusA. specific epithet – genus

The answer is D.

Question 4Which of the following is NOT true of both the animal and plant kingdoms?

D. cells contain cell walls C. cells are organized into tissues

B. tissues are organized into organs A. both contain organisms made up of cells

The answer is D.

Question 5How do organisms in the fungi kingdom obtain energy?

They absorb nutrients.

Question 6What is the difference between the habitats of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?

Archaebacteria live in extreme environments.