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BA
TO
CH
EP
RO
JEC
T
PA
RT
ON
E
CH
AP
TE
RS
ON
ET
OT
HR
EE
1E
L
Chris
tel
Barb
er
Gabri
el
Du
mo
nt
Insti
tute
19
2
TA
BL
EO
FC
ON
TE
NT
S
Chapte
rO
ne:
The
Init
iati
on
of
Vio
lence
Page
1
Ch
ap
ter
Tw
o:
The
Recru
itm
en
to
fS
upport
By
Op
po
sing
Fo
rces
and
the
Batt
le
at
Duck
Lak
eP
age
9
Chapte
rT
hre
e:
Th
eP
oli
ce
Tra
nsfe
rto
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
and
Th
eT
roop
Mo
vem
ent
from
East
toW
est
.P
age
35
Ch
ap
ter
Four:
The
Meti
sA
ttem
pt
toO
rganiz
e
Arm
edR
esis
tance,
And
The
India
nIn
volv
em
ent
InT
he
Nort
hW
est
Dis
turb
an
ces.
Page
48
Chapte
rF
ive:
Th
eB
att
leat
Fis
hC
reek
Page
74
Ch
ap
ter
Six
:T
he
Batt
leof
Cut-
Knif
e—
Hil
lP
ag
e90
Chapte
rS
even:
The
Batt
leof
Bato
ch
eP
age
100
AB
RA
MS,
Gar
yW
.D.
AMN
SIS
Andre
toG
randin
Arc
her,
John
The
Fir
st
Centu
ry
Justi
ce
Must
Be
Don
e
Corr
esp
ondence
Sask
atc
hew
an,
AH
isto
ry
Moder
nP
ress.
1966
Man
itoba
Meti
sF
edera
tion
Pre
ss,
1979
Mis
sions
of
The
Obla
teI=
acula
te
Wes
tern
Pro
ducer
Pra
irie
Boo
ks
Ast
ley
Beg
g,
Ale
xander
Bouch
erto
Dum
ont
Bra
dy,
Jim
toE
.R.
Sw
anke
y
Can
adia
nP
icto
rial
Illu
str
ate
dW
arN
ews
Char
lebois
Cla
rke,
Mrs
.W
.W
.
Cro
zie
rto
Irvin
e
Dew
dney
toM
acdonal
d
Dail
yIn
tell
igencer
Dum
ont,
Gabri
el
Dum
ont,
Gabri
el
Dum
ont,
Gabri
el
Edm
onto
nB
ull
eti
n
Carn
ot
Phil
ippe
Gar
not
Co
Mon
kman
Cars
on,
Mrs
.P
.F.
How
ard,
Kin
sey
Irvin
eto
Mac
donal
d
Jackso
n,
T.E
.to
Mac
donal
d
Jeff
ers
on
Lauri
eP
apers
Lepin
e,
Max
ime
MaC
isC
ouncil
Min
ute
s
Sw
orn
Sta
tem
ent
His
tory
of
the
Nort
hW
est
Corr
esp
ondence
Corr
esp
ondence
Art
icle
The
Lif
eof
Louis
Rie
l
Recoll
ecti
ons
of
Old
—ti
mers
Corr
esp
ondence
Corr
esp
ondence
New
spap
erA
rtic
le
Acc
ount
of
Batt
leat
Duc
kL
ake
Acc
ount
of
Batt
leat
Fis
hC
reek
Inte
rvie
w
New
spap
erA
rtic
le
Mem
oran
dum
Corr
esp
ondence
Recoll
ecti
ons
of
0ld
tim
ers
Str
ange
Em
pir
e
Mil
itia
and
Def
ence
Report
Corr
esp
ondence
Fif
tyY
ears
On
The
Sas
kat
chew
an
Corr
esp
ondence
Wit
hB
att
lefo
rdH
era
ld
Report
onB
att
leA
tF
ish
Cre
ek
Chan
gin
gN
ames
,D
ayof
Wee
k
Rie
l,A
Pro
phet
Hunte
r&
Rose
1895
N.W
.M.P
.F
iles
(58)
Gabri
el
Dum
ont
Insti
tute
,
Regin
a.
Gri
pP
ubli
shin
g
New
Can
ada
Publ.
,19
78
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
Socie
ty
N.W
.M.P
.P
apers
Apri
l12,
1885
N.W
.M.P
.F
iles
Bell
evil
le,
Apri
l18,
1885
CSP
CsP
Riv
er
Pre
ss,
Ft.
Ben
ton
Febru
ary
2,
1884
Dept.
of
Justi
ce
fil
es,
CSP
Apri
l2,
1885
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
Socie
ty
Jam
esL
ewis
&S
amuel
1974
PAC
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
Socie
ty
Can
adia
nN
ort
hW
est
His
tori
cal
Socie
ty
N.W
.M.P
.F
iles
CSP ç sp
CSP
Mec
isC
ouncil
Min
ute
sC
SP
Meti
sC
ouncil
Min
ute
s
Meti
sC
ou
ncil
Min
ute
s
Met
isC
ouncil
Min
ute
s
Met
isC
oun
cil
Meti
sS
couti
ng
Rep
ort
?fi
ddle
ton,
Sir
Fre
deri
c
Mid
dle
ton,
Sir
Fre
deri
c
Mik
a,N
ick
Mo
ntr
eal
Hera
ld
Mulv
aney
,C
harl
es
Pel
ham
Mil
ler,
Mrs
.W
.
McD
ou
gal
l
Neau
lt,
An
dre
w
Ott
er
to?li
ddle
ton
Poundm
aker
toR
iel
Qu
imet
,A
doip
he
Rie
lto
Engli
shH
alf
bre
eds
Rie
lto
Mo
nsi
eur
F.
X.
Bat
och
e
Rie
lto
En
gli
shH
alf—
bre
eds
at
Lak
eQ
u‘A
ppell
e
Rie
lto
“Dea
rR
ela
tiv
es”
Rie
lto
Cro
zie
r
Rie
lto
Hal
f—b
reed
sat
Batt
lefo
rd
Rie
lto
Mid
dle
ton
Sta
nle
y,
G.F
.
Sta
nle
y,
G.F
.
Sas
kat
chew
anH
era
ld
Tre
mau
dan
,A
ugust
e—H
enri
Reso
luti
on
toB
ury
Dea
d
Mar
ch2
9,
1885
Mar
ch31
—A
pri
l6,
1885
and
Ap
ril
11,
1885
Pra
yer
Isadore
McK
ay
Rebell
ion
inth
eN
ort
hW
est
Terr
ito
ries
Su
ppre
ssio
nof
The
Rebell
ion
inT
heN
ort
hW
est
Terr
ito
ries
The
Rie
lR
ebell
ion
New
spap
erA
rtic
le
His
tory
of
The
Nort
hW
est
Rebell
ion
Recoll
ecti
ons
Poe
m
Corr
esp
ondence
Corr
esp
ondence
Co
rresp
ondence
La
Qu
est
ion
Meti
ssé
Co
rresp
ondence
CSP
CS
?
CSF
CSF
PAC
Univ
ers
ity
of
To
ron
toP
ress
Un
ivers
ity
of
Toro
nto
Pre
ss
Mik
aS
ilksc
reenin
g
Dec
emb
er15,
1885
Car
on
Pap
ers
A.H
.H
ovey
&C
o.,
Toro
nto
,18
85
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
So
cie
ty,
Fil
e97
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
So
cie
ty
CSF
Dep
artm
ent
of
Mil
itia
and
Defe
nce,
PAC
CSF
Dec
lez
/Edit
eur
Mar
ch2
1,
1885
CSP
49V
icto
ria
No.
43
CS?
49V
icto
ria
No.
43
CSP
49V
icto
ria
No.
43
Qu
een
vs.
Rie
l,PA
C
Exhib
it18,
CSP
Quee
nvs.
Rie
l,E
xhib
it19,
232
Un
ivers
ity
of
Toro
nto
Pre
ss
Un
ivers
ity
of
Toro
nto
Pre
ss
Mar
ch13,
1885
Mar
ch2
0,
1885
Gab
riel
Dum
ont
Insti
tute
,R
egin
a
Apri
l2
0,
1885
Lett
er,
Mar
ch2
1,
1885
Lett
er,
Mar
ch,
1885
Lett
er,
Mar
ch,
1885
Lett
er,
Mar
ch2
1,
1885
Lett
er,
Apri
l,
1885
Lett
er,
May
12,
1885
Bir
thof
Wes
tern
Can
ada
Lo
uis
Rie
l
New
spap
erA
rtic
les
Unpubli
shed
Manusc
ript
To
ron
toN
ews
New
spap
erA
rtic
les
Toro
nto
Dail
yM
ail
New
spap
erA
rtic
leD
ecem
ber
18,
1885
Toro
nto
Dail
yM
ail
New
spap
erA
rtic
leM
ay25,
1885
Tro
ttie
r,C
has
.R
eport
onT
heB
att
leC
S?
49V
icto
ria
No.
63at
Fis
hC
reek
Tw
oF
eath
ers
,S
han
non
Tap
edIn
terv
iew
wit
hG
abri
el
Dum
otit
Insti
tute
,A
.N
ewm
anR
egin
a
Wait
e,
Pete
rC
anad
a,18
74—
1896
McL
ella
nd
&S
tew
art
,19
77W
innip
egF
ree
Pre
ssN
ewsp
aper
Art
icle
May
28,
1885
AB
BR
EV
IAT
ION
S
CS?
Can
ada
Sess
ional
Papers
PAC
Publi
cA
rchiv
es
of
Can
ada,
Ott
awa
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
ON
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
Sp
rin
g1884
Fre
nch_and
En
gli
sh
_sp
eak
ing
Half
-Bre
eds
meet
inB
ato
che
are
a.
They
decid
eto
send
adele
gati
on
toR
iel
inM
on
tan
aurg
ing
him
toco
me
toth
eir
assis
tance
indeali
ng
wit
hH
alf
-Bre
ed
gri
evan
ces
reg
ard
ing
land
cla
ims.
Jun
e1
88
4R
iel
an
dh
isfa
mil
yacco
mp
an
yM
eti
sd
ele
gati
on
back
toB
ato
che
Decem
ber
18
84
Peti
tion
sent
toO
ttaw
ab
yM
eti
sin
Bato
che
are
a.
Marc
h1885
Batt
lefo
rdre
ceiv
es
poli
ce
rein
forc
em
ent.
N.W
.M.P
.o
ffic
er
Hers
chin
er
iso
rdere
dto
pro
ceed
nort
hto
assis
tM
ajo
rC
rozie
rat
Fort
Carl
ton.
Marc
h17
1885
Law
rence
Cla
rk,
aH
ud
son
’sB
ayC
om
pan
yfacto
r,
meets
agro
up
of
Meti
sin
St.
Lo
uis
,o
nth
eS
ou
thS
askatc
hew
an
Riv
er
and
info
rms
them
that
the
N.W
.M.P
.are
sen
din
g300
men
toth
eM
eti
ssett
lem
ents
.
Marc
h17
1885
Th
eM
eti
sseiz
esev
era
lsto
res
inth
eD
uck
Lake
are
ato
eq
1ip
them
selv
es
wit
harm
sand
am
mu
nit
ion
.T
hey
arrest
the
sto
rekeeper
and
severa
lgovern
ment
offic
ials
.
Mar
ch19
1885
Meti
sC
ou
ncil
esta
bli
sh
ed
,referred
tob
ym
any
as
the
“L
ittl
eP
rovis
ional”
(govern
ment)
.
Spri
ng
1884
Fre
nch
—and
Engli
sh—
speakin
gH
alf
-Bre
ed
sm
eet
inB
ato
ch
eare
a.
They
decid
eto
send
ad
ele
gati
on
toR
iel
inM
on
tan
au
rin
ghim
toco
me
toth
eir
assis
tance
ind
eali
ng
wit
hth
eH
alf
Bre
ed
gri
evances
inre
gard
toth
eir
land
cla
ims.
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HP
LA
YA
PR
OM
INE
NT
RO
LE
INC
HA
PT
ER
ON
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
RIE
L
DU
MO
NT
MA
CD
ON
AL
D
CR
0Z
IER
IRV
INE
DEW
DN
EY
MO
UL
IN(R
ev
.)
FOU
RM
ON
D(R
ev
.)
AN
DR
E(R
ev
.)
MC
KA
Y
PA
RE
NT
EA
U
GA
RN
OT
MIT
CH
EL
L
KE
RR
WA
LT
ER
S
HE
RS
HM
ER
Meti
sle
ad
er
sta
tioned
at
Bato
che,
-2
_
Gen
era
lo
fM
eti
sarm
ysta
tio
ned
at
Bato
che.
Pri
me
Min
iste
ro
fC
an
ad
ian
Dom
inio
n,
sta
tio
ned
inO
ttaw
a,
Superi
nte
ndent
of
Nort
hW
est
Mo
un
ted
Poli
ce
sta
tion
ed
at
Fo
rtC
an
ton
,
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
Com
mis
sioner
sta
tio
ned
inR
egin
a,
Lie
ute
nan
t-G
ov
ern
or
of
N.W
.T.
and
India
nC
om
mis
sio
ner,
sta
tioned
inR
eg
ina.
Pari
sh
prie
st
sta
tio
ned
inB
ato
ch
e.
Pari
sh
prie
st
sta
tio
ned
inS
t.L
au
ren
t,.,
Pari
sh
prie
st
sta
tioned
inP
rince
Alb
ert
.
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Half
-Bre
ed
em
plo
yed
as
sco
ut
an
din
terprete
r(C
ree—
Engli
sh)
wit
hN
.W.M
.P.
at
Carl
ton
,
Pre
sid
ent
of
Meti
sC
ouncil
,
Secre
tary
of
Meti
sC
ouncil
,
Tra
der
at
Du
ckL
ake.
Sto
rekeep
er
at
Duck
Lak
e.
Sto
rek
eeper
at
Du
ckL
ak
e.
Lie
ute
nant-
Colo
nel
wit
hth
eN
.W.M
.P.
ord
ere
dto
assis
tC
rozie
rat
Canto
nearl
yin
Marc
ho
f1885.
wpN
I
rso
Telegraphline........IndianNorth-westMountedPoliceposis..r050100150200250.
KJLOME1RES.-
TFECANZ\DIANOfl’2U1EST1885
CH
AP
TE
RO
NE
TH
EIN
ITIA
TIO
NO
FV
IOL
EN
CE
Intr
oducti
on
toC
hapte
rO
ne:
His
tori
ans
genera
lly
ag
ree
that
the
Nort
h—
Wes
t“in
su
rrec
tion,”
sp
urr
ed
on
by
all
facets
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
-In
dia
ns,
Half
-bre
eds
and
Whit
es
—had
been
develo
pin
go
ver
aconsid
era
ble
peri
od
of
tim
e.
Th
efir
st
warn
ing
of
seri
ou
str
ouble
was
giv
en
by
Superi
nte
nd
en
tC
rozie
rin
July
of
18
84
,w
hen
ate
nse
co
nfr
on
tati
on
wit
harm
ed
Ind
ians
led
toa
sit
uati
on
where
Cro
zie
r’s
sou
nd
jid
gem
en
tnarr
ow
lyavert
ed
op
en
warf
are
.T
hre
em
onth
sla
ter
apoli
ce
forc
ew
assta
tion
ed
at
Fort
Canto
n,
aH
ud
son
’sB
ay
Post
near
anum
ber
of
Half
-bre
ed
sett
lem
ents
,o
nth
eS
ou
th
Sask
atc
hew
an
Riv
er.
Fàll
ow
ing
the
dif
fic
ult
ies
of
18
84
the
poli
ce
forc
ein
the
Nort
hern
div
isio
ns
was
incre
ased
totw
o-
hundre
dm
en.
Th
eactu
al
Half
-bre
ed
call
toarm
sw
asth
eresult
of
an
indis
cre
et
rem
ark
by
the
Hudso
n’s
Bay
facto
rL
aw
rence
Cla
rke,
sta
tioned
at
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
.C
lark
e,
on
his
way
hom
efr
om
a
trip
toO
ttaw
a,
wh
ere
he
was
dis
cussin
gth
eM
eti
sgri
evances
wit
h
Sir
Joh
nA
.M
acdonald
,h
ad
sto
pped
at
Regin
ato
see
India
n
Com
mis
sioner
Dew
dn
eyand
then
travell
ed
on
toP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
.A
few
mil
es
fro
mh
om
ehe
was
met
by
anum
ber
of
Meti
sw
how
ere
an
xio
usly
aw
ait
ing
the
govern
ment’
sre
ply
toa
peti
tio
no
n
beh
alf
of
the
Whit
es,
Half
-bre
ed
sand
Ind
ian
sin
the
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
dis
tric
t.T
oth
eM
eti
sq
uesti
on
concern
ing
go
vern
men
tre
acti
on
Cla
rke
report
edly
an
swere
dth
at
Ott
aw
a’s
reply
was
on
the
way
in
the
form
of
arm
edm
enand
bu
llets
.T
his
new
ssp
read
panic
among
the
Half
—bre
ed
sett
lem
en
ts.
The
Meti
sto
ok
imm
edia
te
acti
on
toar
mth
em
selv
es,
seiz
ing
severa
lsto
res
inth
eD
uck
Lak
e
are
ato
equip
their
men
wit
hsu
pp
lies
and
am
munit
ion.
Th
ey
als
oarr
este
dsev
era
lgovern
ment
offic
ials
,am
ong
them
India
n
Agent
Lash
,an
dconfi
ned
them
on
the
upper
floor
of
one
of
the
raid
ed
esta
bli
shm
ents
.
Only
aw
eek
earli
er
Su
peri
nte
nd
en
tG
agnon
had
tele
gra
ph
ed
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
Com
mis
sio
ner
Irv
ine
inR
egin
a,
tom
obil
ize
a
Po
lice
att
achm
ent
insupport
of
Su
peri
nte
nd
en
tC
rozie
r’s
forc
e,
at
Canto
n.
Afe
wd
ay
sla
ter
the
Co
mm
issi
on
er
was
on
his
way
from
Regin
ato
the
fort
on
the
South
Sask
atc
hew
an
wit
hnin
ety
po
licem
en.
Cro
zie
r,on
heari
ng
of
the
arrests
by
Rie
l’s
men
,
dis
patc
hed
ascout
by
the
nam
eo
fJo
seph
McK
ayJr.
toC
ap
tain
Mof
fat
at
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
wit
hth
ere
quest
for
avolu
nte
er
forc
e
of
eig
hty
men
.In
the
meanti
me
the
Meti
sle
ad
ers
call
ed
tog
eth
er
acouncil
inth
echurc
hat
Bato
ch
e.
Fath
er
Mouli
n,
the
pari
sh
prie
st,
unw
illi
ng
toall
ow
the
bu
ild
ing
tobe
use
dfo
rth
is
pu
rpo
seand
den
ou
ncin
gth
eM
eti
sre
so
rtto
arm
ed
resis
tance,
was
thrust
asid
eat
Rie
l’s
com
man
d.
Du
mo
nt
then
sent
out
part
ies
tocut
the
tele
gra
ph
lin
es.
Fath
er
Fourm
ond,
at
St.
Laure
nt,
als
opro
ved
tobe
ho
sti
leto
the
Meti
scause,
threat
en
ing
tow
ithdra
wre
ligio
us
serv
ices
toth
ose
who
acti
vely
join
ed
wit
hR
iel.
The
latt
er
reali
zed
the
import
ance
of
reli
gio
nto
the
Meti
speople
and
feare
dth
at
his
ali
enati
on
from
the
prie
sts
would
underm
ine
the
support
he
sou
rgen
tly
requir
ed;
there
fore
he
trie
dto
fill
the
void
by
decla
ring
him
self
apro
phet
of
the
new
wo
rld
for
the
gre
at
Meti
snati
on.
Th
eo
ffic
ial
decis
ion
tota
ke
up
arm
sw
assig
ned
by
fif
teen
council
lors
.P
ierr
eP
are
nte
au
was
chose
np
resid
en
tand
Ph
illi
pp
e
Garn
ot
secre
tary
.S
ome
com
panie
so
fso
ldie
rsw
ere
form
ed
wit
h
Gabri
el
Dum
ont
incharg
eo
fall
.R
iel
did
not
bec
om
ea
mem
ber
of
the
co
un
cil
but
co
ntr
ibute
db
ygiv
ing
the
new
org
an
izati
on
a
nam
e.H
ecall
ed
it
the
“E
xo
ved
ate
,”and
refe
rred
toeach
mem
ber
as
an
exovede,
mean
ing
,“th
ose
pic
ked
from
the
flo
ck
.”
Th
efo
reg
oin
gaccount
sum
mari
zes
the
init
iati
on
of
vio
len
ce
wh
ich
led
to(w
hat
isso
mew
hat
err
on
eo
usly
term
ed
)th
eN
ort
h
Wes
t“re
bell
ion
.”T
he
fàll
ow
ing
qu
ota
tio
ns
and
ex
cerp
tsfr
om
pri
mary
docum
ents
and
seco
nd
ary
so
urc
es
wil
latt
em
pt
toex
am
ine
the
div
erg
ent
vie
wpoin
tso
nis
sues
associa
ted
wit
hth
einitia
tion
and
the
vari
ou
sacco
un
tso
fen
su
ing
hosti
liti
es
as
seen
an
dex
peri
enced,
cu
rtail
ed
or
pro
mote
db
ym
enand
wom
enof
the
opposi
ng
forc
es.
Meti
sP
eti
tion
pri
or
toIn
surr
ecti
on,
fall
of
1884
—Ig
no
red.
“..
.Fo
llo
win
gR
iel’
sre
turn
and
at
his
urg
ing,
peti
tion
afte
r
peti
tion
was
dis
patc
hed
toO
ttaw
ap
ressin
gth
eg
ov
ern
men
tfo
r
som
eacti
on
on
Meti
sd
em
ands.
Man
ym
eeti
ng
sw
ere
held
duri
ng
the
sum
mer
at
whic
hth
ep
eo
ple
resolv
ed
top
ers
ev
ere
inth
eir
effo
rts
tow
inth
eir
rig
hts
.N
oth
ing
happened.
Th
egovern
ment
did
not
resp
on
d.
Inth
eearl
yfall
of
1884,
they
dre
wu
pa
list
of
rights
as
had
been
done
at
the
Red
Riv
er.
This
was
sent
toO
ttaw
a
wit
ha
peti
tion
askin
gfo
rg
uara
nte
es.
Th
echart
er
co
nta
ined
seven
cla
uses.
1.
Su
bd
ivis
ion
of
Nort
h-W
est
Territ
orie
sin
toP
rovin
ces,
2.
Co
ncess
ion
of
land
and
oth
er
ad
van
taq
es
toth
eM
eti
s..
.
3.
Imm
edia
tedis
trib
uti
on
of
land
titl
es
tosett
lers
in
po
ssessio
n,
4.
Sale
of
ahalf
-mil
lion
acre
so
fC
row
nla
nds
for
the
foundati
on
of
sch
oo
ls,
hso
pit
als
and
oth
er
insti
tuti
ons.
5.
The
reserv
ati
on
of
100
dis
tric
tso
fm
ars
hy
lan
dto
be
dis
trib
ute
dam
ong
the
Meti
schil
dre
no
ver
the
cours
e
2.of
the
next
100
years
.
AM
NSI
S6
.A
llocati
on
of
1,0
00
Doll
ars
tom
ain
tain
are
ligio
us
Louis
Rie
l,in
sti
tuti
on
ineach
Meti
ssett
lem
en
t.Ju
stic
eM
ust
Be
7.
Arr
an
gem
en
tfo
rIn
dia
nw
ell
-bein
g.
Don
e.M
anit
oba
Met
isO
ttaw
aig
nore
dth
ispeti
tion
as
well...
2F
edera
tion
Pre
ss,
1979
By
the
end
of
Feb
ruar
y,
18
85
,R
iel
had
toth
ink
of
iro
redra
stic
nasure
s.
(The
peti
tion)
was
sen
tto
Ch
aple
au,
the
Secre
tary
of
Sta
te,
an
d
receip
tduly
acknow
led
ged
...J
an
uary
,1
88
5ca
me
and
went.
Earl
y
inF
eb
ruary
the
Cab
inet
agre
ed
toin
vesti
gate
the
cla
ims
of
the
half
-bre
eds.
But
the
govern
ment
had
pro
mis
ed
investi
gati
on
sin
ce
3.1879.
Th
ere
was
no
answ
er
toth
eM
eti
sle
aders
.B
yth
en
do
fF
ebru
ary
Rie
lhad
been
forc
ed
toth
ink
of
mo
red
rasti
cm
easu
res...
Can
ada,
(Bu
t)“I
assure
you,”
Rie
ldto
ldR
ev.
Wil
liam
sth
eday
of
his
1874
—18
96executi
on,
that
thre
ew
eeks
befo
reth
eD
uck
Lak
efi
ght
Ih
ad
no
McL
ella
nd&
Ste
war
t.,
idea
of
rebell
ion.”
319
71
Sir
John
Macdonald
denie
dever
hav
ing
receiv
ed
ap
eti
tio
nfr
om
the
Meti
s,
Th
dia
ns
or
sett
lers.
...it
isin
teresti
ng
ton
ote
that
Sir
John
AM
acd
on
ald
4.
bo
ldly
decla
red
inth
eD
om
inio
nP
arl
iam
en
tin
Mar
ch1
88
5th
at
no
Sta
nle
y.
Nort
hW
est
“B
ill
of
Rig
hts
”had
ever
been
“o
ffic
iall
y,
or
ind
eed
ofin
any
way
,pro
mulg
ate
dso
far
as
we
kn
ow
,and
tran
sm
itte
dto
Wes
tern
Govern
ment.
”T
he
Govern
men
tn
ot
only
receiv
ed
the
peti
tio
nand
Can
ada.
p.3
O7
forw
ard
ed
it
toth
eC
olo
nia
lO
ffic
e,
but
appare
ntl
yacknow
ledged
the
receip
tof
the
peti
tio
n.
/4
—4—
“Edm
onto
nB
ull
eti
n”
theori
zed
that
wit
hout
rebell
ion
the
people
inth
eN
ort
hW
est
need
expect
noth
ing
from
govern
ment.
“If
itw
asnot
by...r
ebell
ion
and
appeals
toth
eB
riti
sh
5.qovern
ment.
..th
at
the
people
of
Onta
rio
gain
ed
the
rights
“Edm
onto
nth
ey
enjo
yto
day
and
freed
them
selv
es
from
acondit
ion
pre
cis
ely
Bull
eti
nas
quote
dsim
ilar
toth
at
inw
hic
hth
eN
ort
hW
est
isbein
gra
pid
lyin
“Pri
nce
forc
ed..
.If
his
tory
isto
be
taken
as
aguid
e,
what
could
be
Alb
ert
Tim
es”,
pla
iner
than
that
wit
hout
rebell
ion
the
people
of
the
Nort
hF
eb.2
2,
Wes
tneed
expect
noth
ing
1
Inearl
yM
arch
of
1885,
Cro
zie
rorg
aniz
ed
mil
itary
forc
es,
incase
of
trouble
wit
hhalf
-bre
eds.
I,
.On
the
13th
(of
Marc
h,
1885)
Cro
zie
rre
port
ed
that
ahalf
-bre
ed
rebell
ion
was
“li
able
tobre
ak
out
at
any
mom
ent”
and
call
ed
for
rein
forc
em
ents
.H
ence
on
the
15th
,C
om
mis
sioner
Irvin
e,
of
Regin
a,
was
instr
ucte
dto
pro
ceed
nort
has
quie
tly
as
possib
lew
ith
all
avail
able
men
up
toone
hundre
d.
6. Sta
nle
y,
Cro
zie
rm
ade
every
pre
para
tion
for
the
trouble
whic
hhe
had
Geo
rge
F.
accura
tely
fore
told
.A
tB
att
lefo
rdhe
org
aniz
ed
abody
of
Bir
thof
Wes
tern
volu
nte
ers
,or
specia
lconsta
ble
s,
todefe
nd
the
tow
nand
took
Can
ada
wit
hhim
toC
alt
on
fif
tym
enof
the
regula
rfo
rce,
one
gun
and
Toro
nto
the
arm
sof
the
dis
pended
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
mil
itia
.O
nM
arch
15th
,P
reS
S,
he
pro
ceeded
toP
rince
Alb
ert
where
he
arr
anged
wit
hC
apta
inp.3
22
Moore
,a
form
er
mil
itia
offic
er,
toso
und
quie
tly
the
f.eeli
nq
of
that
sett
lem
ent
and
report
of
it,
ifin
the
event
of
an
em
erg
ency
volu
nte
er
forc
ecould
be
readil
yenroll
ed.
6’
Mil
itary
leaders
were
long
convin
ced
that
ala
rge
poli
ce
forc
ew
ould
inti
mid
ate
India
ns
and
Meti
s.
I,
(In
ale
tter
toIr
vin
e,
Cro
zie
rsuggeste
dth
at
-).
..N
oth
ing
7.but
seein
ga
larg
efo
rce
inth
ecountr
yw
ill
pre
vent
seri
ous
Lett
er,
trouble
befo
relo
ng.
If
matt
ers
are
all
ow
ed
todrif
tor
ifit
Cro
zie
rto
isfelt
that
no
gre
ate
r,or
only
asli
ght
incre
ase
of
forc
eat
Er’
pre
sent
here
ism
ade,
Iam
str
ongly
of
the
opin
ion
we
shall
have
1884
the
Manit
oba
dif
fic
ult
ies
of
1869
.reenacte
dw
ith
the
addit
ion
of
Noll
37d
the
India
npopula
tion
as
all
ies
toth
ehalf
—bre
eds.
Dew
dney
advis
ed
Macdonald
one
wee
kbefo
reoutb
reak
of
vio
lence
that
he
inte
nded
tom
eet
.iit
hL
aw
rence
Cla
rke,
and
that
troops
should
be
ready
torta
rt
nort
h.
——
Mar
ch12,
18
85
dear
Sir
John:
...L
aw
rence
Cla
rke
from
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,w
hom
Ifir
st
consu
lted
about
these
men
wil
lbe
here
today,
as
fin
din
gh
e
8w
ason
his
way
toth
eN
ort
hfr
om
Win
nip
eg
Iw
ired
him
to
Mac
dona
ldco
me
and
see
me
as
Iw
ished
tota
lko
ver
the
half
-bre
ed
Pap
ers
report
sth
at
hav
ere
ached
me
sin
ce
he
left
Pri
nce
Alb
ert.
..
Reg
ina
Ate
legra
mfr
om
Cro
zie
r..
.Cro
zie
ris
nerv
ous,
but
Ihave
no
Mar
.12
,doubt
has
good
foundati
op
for
his
info
rmati
on
as
far
as
talk
isco
ncern
ed
.A
dete
rmin
ed
sta
nd
sho
uld
be
taken
at
once
or
the
ag
itati
on
wil
lin
cre
ase,
and
we
wil
lhave
no
peace
all
sum
mer
.
Hers
chm
er
wit
h50
(or
100
men
would
be
bett
er)
shou
ldb
e
ready
tosta
rt
nort
h.
The
part
of
Cro
zie
r’s
tele
gra
mabout
gett
ing
arm
sfr
om
the
Sta
tes
isth
ew
eak
part
of
it.
Ith
ink
the
sale
of
fix
ed
am
mu
nit
ion
,and
the
import
ati
on
of
it,
sho
uld
be
pro
hib
ited
inth
eN
ort
h.
Wit
hkin
dre
gard
s
Beli
ev
em
e
Yo
urs
sin
cere
ly
E.
Dew
dney”
8
Mit
ch
ell
,a
trader
at
Duck
Lake,
wro
teto
Cro
zie
ro
nM
arch
20
,
(18
85
)th
at
L.
Cla
rke
warn
ed
the
half
-bre
eds
of
tro
op
so
nth
e
way
tofi
ght
them
.
‘I
Hil
lyard
Mit
chell
,w
hoacte
das
inte
rmed
iary
betw
een
Cro
zie
r
an
dR
iel
wro
teto
Cro
zie
ro
nM
arch
20,
(1885)
that
he
had
learn
ed
“th
at
he,
(Cla
rke).
..sto
pp
ed
at
the
sett
lem
ent
on
the
So
uth
Bra
nch,
and
told
the
people
that
the
Govern
ment
was
sendin
g500
po
lice
from
Tro
yto
fight
the
half
-bre
ed
s.
Th
e
people
of
cours
e,
got
ex
cit
ed
and
said
they
were
goin
gto
fig
ht
the
said
500
men
.A
ndth
ey
are
now
wait
ing
at
Bato
che
expecti
ng
them
toarr
ive.”
Anoth
er
vers
ion
isput
forw
ard
inan
unfi
nis
hed
lett
er
date
d
Apri
l3rd
,1
88
5..
.
I,(C
on
fid
en
tial
Papers
)“D
uri
ng
the
day
inquesti
on
an
d
befo
reth
em
eeti
ng
(to
form
aco
un
cil
)to
ok
pla
ce,
severa
l
En
gli
sh
half
—bre
ed
,w
how
ere
into
wn
on
busin
css,
went
ho
me •.1
6
hav
ing
heard
the
vari
ous
rum
ors
rela
tiv
eto
the
inte
nti
on
of
the
Poli
ce.
Know
ing
that
Rie
lhad
done
noth
ing
wo
rthy
of
arrest
and
feeli
ng
that
as
they
were
responsib
lefo
rh
is
safe
ty,
they
sent
the
new
so
nto
the
low
er
end
of
the
Fre
nch
Sett
lem
en
t,an
das
these
thin
gs
alw
ay
sgro
wb
yre
han
dli
ng
it
reach
ed
the
Fre
nch
inth
efo
rmo
fa
sta
tem
ent
toth
eeff
ect
that
the
cit
izens
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
were
arm
ing
toassis
tth
e
Po
lice
toarrest
Rie
l.”
Whic
hever
vers
ion
may
be
true,
the
imp
ort
an
tfa
ct
isth
at
Rie
lto
ok
ad
van
tag
eo
fth
epanic
tofo
rm
the
Pro
vis
ional
Goverr
imefl
t.”
Cla
rke,
how
ever,
den
ied
havin
gm
eto
rta
lked
toanyone..
.
“In
ale
tter
toth
eH
ud
son
sB
ayC
om
pan
yC
om
mis
sioner
on
Ju
ly6th
,1
88
5(H
.B.C
.fo
lio
on
the
Rie
lR
ebell
ions)
Cla
rke
9g
av
ea
deta
iled
account
of
his
movem
ents
on
the
day
inquesti
on
Sta
nle
y,
an
dsaid
:“B
etw
een
meeti
ng
Lepin
etw
elv
em
iles
on
the
oth
er
Bir
thsid
eof
the
South
Bra
nch
and
Fort
Canto
n,
Id
idnot
meet
aof ste
rn
sin
gle
half
—bre
ed,
nor
wit
hth
ose
that
Id
idm
eet
on
the
way
Can
ada
had
Ione
word
of
co
nvers
ati
on
ab
ou
tanyth
ing
connecte
dw
ith
p.4
43
’R
iel
or
his
movem
ents
.”N
ev
ert
hele
ss
the
oth
er
vie
ww
asI,
pre
vale
nt
at
the
tim
e.
9
Bra
ve
men
were
now
aro
used
todefe
nd
their
hom
es:
I, .,
Wh
eth
er
Cla
rke
exaggera
ted,
thin
kin
gth
at
the
siz
eo
fth
e
forc
em
ight
induce
the
Meti
sto
retu
rnh
om
eq
uie
tly
,o
rw
heth
er
10.
the
Meti
sm
isu
nd
ers
tood
his
word
s,is
no
tknow
n.
It
ispre
tty
Ch
arl
ebois
cert
ain
that
Cla
rke
was
refe
rrin
gto
Irvin
e’s
forc
e.
Ho
wever,
Pete
rT
heev
en
ifC
lark
ehad
said
50
00
men
,th
eresult
would
have
been
the
Lif
eof
sam
e.
Bra
ve
men
were
aro
used
tod
efe
nd
their
ho
mes.
Louis
Rie
l.N
ewN
owR
iel
an
dth
eM
eti
shors
em
en
were
ex
cit
ed
.A
ta
small
Can
adia
nP
ubli
c.,
sho
popera
ted
by
Georg
eK
err
and
his
bro
ther,
the
Meti
sca
me
up
on
To
ron
to,
agro
up
of
govern
ment
offic
ials
.T
hey
took
the
offic
ials
as
their
p.
141
pri
soners
,and
hurr
ied
on
tow
ard
Bato
ch
e..
.(D
ate
:M
arch
17,8
5.)
...A
tW
alt
ers
an
dB
akers
,th
eM
eti
shelp
ed
them
selv
es
to
all
the
guns
and
am
mu
nit
ion
insto
ck.
Henry
Walt
ers
pro
teste
d,
an
dfo
rh
ispain
sw
asta
ken
pri
so
ner.
Upsta
irs,
inhis
own
sho
p,
he
was
lock
ed
up
wit
hth
eoth
er
pri
soners
.
Rie
lth
en
had
Dum
ont
send
ou
tp
arti
es
tocut
the
tele
gra
ph
I,lines.
10
..
.17
—7
Dew
dney
wro
teto
Macdonald
inM
arch
of
18
85
that
half
-bre
eds
mu
stbe
tak
en
un
aw
are
sand
their
lead
er
arr
este
d:
‘I
Dew
dney
to‘.I
fth
eh
alf
—b
reed
sm
ean
bu
sin
ess
the
sooner
they
are
put
Mac
dona
ld,
do
wn
,th
eb
ett
er.
They
are
like
India
ns.
Whe
nth
ey
gath
er
1885
.an
dg
et
excit
ed
it
isd
iffic
ult
toh
an
dle
them
,b
ut
ifth
ey
(Pri
vate
)are
taken
un
aw
are
sth
ere
islittle
dif
fic
ult
yin
arr
esti
ng
Mac
dona
ldP
aper
sth
e1eader.’
1V
ol.
IV
Bu
tR
iel
and
the
Meti
sw
ere
no
tgoin
gto
be
caught
unaw
are
:
I,
(Rie
l)h
Dp
edth
at
by
hold
ing
pri
so
ners
and
seiz
ing
pro
pe’r
ty
he
dould
bri
ng
John
AM
acdonald
tobarg
ain
,th
us
tog
ain
Charl
ebo
is.,
concessio
nfo
rth
eM
eti
s.
The
threat
of
war
mig
ht
be
as
Ibid
.,eff
eôti
ve
as
war
itself
.R
iel
and
the
Meti
sdis
cussed
their
p.
141
0
pro
ble
mat
length..
.12
Th
epari
sh
prie
sts
inth
eh
alf
-bre
ed
sett
lem
ents
,denouncin
g
the
un
co
nsti
tuti
on
al
mea
ns
of
resis
tance,
wit
hd
rew
their
serv
ice
II
,.‘
Th
ecle
rgy...(
were
)re
fusin
gto
perf
orm
reli
gio
us
functi
ons
for
tho
se
Meti
sw
hojo
ined
acti
vely
wit
hR
iel.
Rie
lre
ali
zed
that
he
mu
stfill
this
void
.H
ed
idn
ot
want
tolo
se
the
su
pp
ort
of
the
peo
ple
tow
hom
reli
gio
nw
asvery
import
an
t,to
the
Pri
ests
who
were
wo
rkin
ghand
inhand
wit
hth
egov
ern
men
t.
The
mis
sio
nari
es
cam
eto
fear
imm
edia
tely
the
Meti
s
Charl
ebois
.,adula
tion
of
Rie
l,ta
kin
git
as
aseri
ou
sth
reat
toth
eir
po
wer
inth
epari
shes.
Rie
lsp
ok
eo
fh
imself
as
a“pro
phet
of
the
new
worl
d.”
Th
eM
eti
sw
ere
tobec
om
e“a
gre
at
new
nati
on.”
...C
anada
mu
stb
eco
me
the
cente
of
Chris
tendom
...
13
Ch
arl
eb
ois
’appro
val
of
Rie
l’s
acti
on
-under
the
cir
cu
m
sta
nces
-,
sta
nd
sin
contr
ast
toF
ath
er
Andre
’scondem
nati
on
of
the
Meti
sle
ader’
ssty
leo
fm
ov
em
en
t.H
ew
rote
toh
issu
peri
or,
Monsi
gneur
Gra
nd
in,
O.M
.I.,
on
Mar
ch22,
1885
I,
Th
eP
eo
ple
co
nsid
ere
dR
iel
as
ah
ero
wit
hth
eq
uali
ties
of
a
sain
t.”
...B
ut
beneath
this
mas
k(i
s)
hid
den
fiendis
hco
nceit
an
d
excessiv
eam
bit
ion..
.Rie
ldete
sts
prie
sts
and
bis
ho
ps
an
duses
all
his
infl
uence
totu
rnth
ehalf
—bre
eds
ag
ain
st
the
cle
rg
y..
.
He
tell
sth
em
that
we
are
bought
off
by
go
vern
men
t,paid
to
./8
—8—
14.
Co
rres
-u
ph
old
its
auth
ori
tyand
that
as
aresu
ltit
was
necessary
pond
ence
toguard
ag
ain
st
the
cle
rgy’s
influ
en
ce..
.”A
ndre
to14
Gra
ndin
P.A
.C.
Rie
l’s
fir
st
mo
ve
was
toseiz
eth
ech
urc
hin
St.
Anto
ine
so
that
he
could
mak
eit
his
head
qu
art
ers
:
...F
ath
er
Mo
uli
n’s
pro
test
irrit
ate
dR
iel
(who
)th
reate
ned
toarrest
and
tie
him
up
like
apri
soner
ifhe
co
nti
nu
ed
to
op
po
sehis
pla
n.
The
churc
hw
asth
ere
fore
taken
by
forc
ean
d
bec
ame
the
headquart
ers
for
Rie
land
his
people
...R
iel
said
to
15.
his
recru
its:
“P
rovid
ence
has
fore
seen
this
mir
acu
lou
sm
ove-
And
reto
men
t...S
t.A
nto
ine
isgoin
gto
be
cele
bra
ted
as
the
bir
thp
lace
Gra
ndin
Ibid
.of
the
em
an
cip
ati
on
of
the
North
west.
..”
15
Th
ete
rm“P
rov
isio
nal
Go
vern
men
t”,
wid
ely
use
dto
descri
be
the
Meti
sre
sis
tance
mo
vem
ent
was
no
tu
sed
ex
clu
siv
ely
by
the
people
who
were
acti
vely
engaged
inth
em
ovem
ent.
Rie
lan
d
Louis
Schm
idt,
both
,refer
init
iall
yto
a“co
un
cil
”.
Lo
uis
Schm
idt
wri
tes:
Th
egre
ate
st
num
ber
po
ssib
leo
fth
eM
eti
sw
ere
inv
ited
toco
me
wit
hth
eir
arm
sto
St.
Lau
ren
t...
(th
en
)th
eM
eti
sw
ent
ina
body
toB
ato
che
an
dit
was
there
that
the
takin
gu
po
farm
sw
as
decid
ed.
...T
hey
imm
edia
tely
org
aniz
ed
aC
ouncil
of
Lead
ing
cit
izens,
whic
hm
any
nam
ed“th
elittle
Pro
vis
ional”
inm
emory
of
its
eld
er
bro
ther
of
Red
Riv
er.
Som
ecom
panie
so
fsold
iers
were
form
ed..
.wit
hG
ab
riel
Du
mo
nt
inco
mm
and
of
all
...P
ierre
Pare
nte
au
16.
was
ch
ose
npre
sid
ent,
Ph
illi
pp
eG
arn
ot
bec
ame
secre
tary
...E
ach
Mem
oirs
man
was
call
ed
an“ex
ovede,”
and
the
council
itself
the
of Louis
“E
xo
vedate
.”B
oth
word
sw
ere
synth
eti
cL
ati
nb
yconstr
ucti
on
an
dm
ean
t“th
ose
pic
ked
fro
mth
eflock.”
16
Duri
ng
his
tria
lR
iel
said
:“T
he
19th
Centu
ryis
tob
e
17.
treate
din
cert
ain
way
s,and
it
ispro
bably
for
this
reaso
nth
at
Que
envs
have
found
the
word
‘exovede’,
Ipre
fer
tobe
call
ed
on
eo
fR
iel,
197.
the
flock.
Iam
no
mo
reth
an
yo
uare
,I
amsi
mply
one
of
the
As
cit
ed
flock,
equal
toth
erest.
”in
17S
tanle
y,
p.
41
3
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
TWO
OF
TH
EP
RO
JEC
T
Mar
ch21
Rie
lse
nd
sa
lett
er
toM
ajo
rC
rozie
rask
ing
for
the
su
rren
der
of
Fort
Can
ton
.C
rozie
rin
turn
ask
sfo
rth
esu
rrender
of
the
leaders
of
the
“re
bell
ion
”.
Rie
lse
nds
ale
tter
toth
eE
ngli
sh
Half
-Bre
ed
sett
lem
ents
,expla
inin
gth
at,
“Ju
sti
ce
Dem
ands
Us
To
Tak
eup
Arm
s”.
Mar
ch24
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
sett
lers
and
Engli
sh
Half
-Bre
eds
dra
wup
apeti
tion
togovern
ment
askin
gfo
rre
dre
ss
of
the
Meti
s’g
riev
an
ces.
Four
hu
nd
red
and
fif
typers
ons
sig
nth
epeti
tion.
Mar
ch25
The
Batt
leof
Du
ckL
ak
e.
Asm
all
part
yo
fpoli
cem
en
from
Fo
rtC
an
ton
are
sent
toD
uck
Lak
eto
pu
rchase
su
pp
lies.
On
the
way
they
are
jostl
ed
by
agro
up
of
Meti
sunder
Dum
ont.
The
po
licem
en
retu
rnto
Canto
nand
talk
Cro
zie
rin
tore
turn
ing
toD
uck
Lak
eto
“g
et
ev
en”
wit
hth
eM
eti
s.
Inth
eensuin
gbatt
le,
Ass
yw
in,
an
aged
India
n,
Isid
ore
Dum
ont,
Gab
riel’
sbro
ther,
and
thre
eoth
er
Meti
sare
kil
led
.C
rozie
r’s
forc
elo
st
nin
ep
oli
cem
en
and
volu
nte
ers
.
Mar
ch30
Th
eC
anadia
ngovern
ment
ap
po
ints
aco
mm
issi
on
tosett
leth
eM
eti
sg
riev
an
ces.
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
TWO
OF
TH
EP
RO
JEC
T
Mar
ch21
Rie
lse
nd
sa
lett
er
toM
ajo
rC
rozie
raskin
gfo
rth
esu
rren
der
of
Fort
Canto
n.
Cro
zie
rin
turn
ask
sfo
rth
esu
rren
der
of
the
leaders
of
the
“re
bell
ion”.
Rie
lse
nds
ale
tter
toth
eE
ngli
sh
Hal
f—B
reed
sett
lem
ents
,ex
pla
inin
gth
at,
“Justi
ce
Dem
ands
Us
To
Take
Up
Arm
s”.
Mar
ch24
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
sett
lers
and
Engli
sh
Half
-Bre
eds
dra
wup
apeti
tion
tog
overn
ment
ask
ing
for
redre
ss
of
theM
eti
s’
gri
ev
an
ces.
-F
ou
rhundre
dand
fif
typers
ons
sig
nth
epeti
tion.
Mar
ch25
The
Batt
leof
Duck
Lak
e.
Asm
all
part
yo
fpoli
cem
en
from
Fo
rtC
arl
ton
are
sent
toD
uck
Lak
eto
pu
rch
ase
sup
pli
es.
On
the
way
they
are
jostl
ed
by
agro
up
of
Meti
sunder
Dum
ont.
The
poli
cem
en
retu
rnto
Canto
nan
dta
lkC
rozie
rin
tore
turn
ing
toD
uck
Lak
eto
“g
et
ev
en
”w
ith
the
Meti
s.
Inth
een
su
ing
batt
le,
Ass
yw
in,
an
ag
ed
India
n,
Isid
ore
Dum
ont,
Gab
riel’
sbro
ther,
and
thre
eoth
er
Meti
sare
kil
led.
Cro
zie
r’s
forc
elo
st
nin
ep
oli
cem
en
and
volu
nte
ers
.
Mar
ch30
Th
eC
anadia
ng
ov
ern
ment
ap
po
ints
aco
mm
issi
on
tosett
leth
eM
eti
sgri
ev
an
ces.
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HPL
AY
AP
RO
MIN
EN
TR
OL
E
INC
HA
PT
ER
TWO
OF
TH
EP
RO
JEC
T
RIE
LM
eti
sle
ader
sta
tio
ned
at
Bato
che.
DU
MO
NT
Gen
era
lo
fM
eti
sarm
y,
sta
tioned
at
Bato
che,
(Gabri
el
MID
DL
ET
ON
Genera
lo
fC
an
ad
ian
Dom
inio
nM
ilit
ary
Forc
es.
MO
FFA
TM
ajo
ro
fth
eN
.W.M
.P.,
sta
tio
ned
at
Regin
a.
MC
KA
YP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
Half
-Bre
ed
em
plo
yed
as
scout
and
inte
rprete
rw
ith
N.W
.M.P
.at
Fort
Can
ton
.
DU
MO
NT
Bro
ther
of
Gabri
el
Du
nio
rit,
livin
gin
Bato
che
(Isad
ore
)are
a,
AS
SY
WIN
Half
bli
nd
Cre
eIn
dia
nw
ith
Du
mo
nt’
sfo
rce.
NO
LIN
Bro
ther-
in—
law
of
Lo
uis
Rie
lw
ho
did
no
tsu
pp
ort
Meti
sresort
toarm
s.R
iel’
spri
soner
for
sh
ort
peri
od
of
tim
e.
LE
PIN
EM
eti
s’
un
wil
lin
gto
arm
them
selv
es,
imp
riso
ned
(Chs.,
Max
ime)
by
Rie
l.
LA
SHIn
dia
nA
gen
tat
Du
ckL
ake.
Impri
soned
by
Rie
l.
RO
SS
N.W
.M.P
.scout
impri
soned
by
Rie
l’
AS
TL
EY
N.W
.M.P
.scout
imp
riso
ned
by
Rie
l,
NE
SS
Half
-bre
ed
from
Bato
che
are
aim
pri
soned
by
Rie
l,b
ut
rele
ased
lik
ely
upon
his
wif
e’s
request.
BR
AD
Y2
0th
centu
ryorg
aniz
er
of
the
Meti
sin
Alb
ert
aand
Saskatc
hew
an,
TO
MP
KIN
SA
nE
ngli
s1i.
Hale
—B
reed
imp
riso
ned
ina
ho
use
at
Duck
Lake,
by
Rie
l.
Dir
ec
Meti
sad
van
ce
;,C
)
f,(;
i 1’
•
L,.J
‘,
¶i-”
*jd
esert
ed
lo
gbin
MA
PO
FD
UCK
LAK
EB
AT
TL
EG
RO
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D(
Mar
ch2
6,
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)
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ero
ad
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ture
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om
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rtC
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ton,(
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om
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‘5
-
I
I.,4
.
I.
CH
APT
ER
TWO
Th
eR
ecru
itm
ent
of
Su
pp
ort
by
Opposi
ng
Fo
rces
and
Th
eE
nco
unte
r
at
Duck
Lake.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
TOC
HA
PTE
RT
WO
:
It
may
be
usefu
l,at
this
po
int,
todescri
be
the
locati
ons
inw
hic
hth
eev
en
tsdis
cu
ssed
inth
ischapte
rto
ok
pla
ce.
Th
eN
ort
hand
the
Sduth
bra
nches
of
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
Riv
er
meet
at
ap
lace
call
ed
“th
efo
rks”
ab
ou
tth
ree
mil
es
east
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
.B
efo
reth
ey
unit
eth
eri
vers
run
parall
el
to
each
oth
er
wit
htw
en
tyto
thir
tym
iles
dis
tance
betw
een
them
.
Alo
ng
this
str
etc
h,
clo
se
toa
ben
din
the
So
uth
Sask
atc
hew
an
call
ed
“th
eelb
ow
”,
lies
the
vil
lage
of
Bato
ch
e.
Alm
ost
dir
ectl
yopposit
e,
on
the
bank
of
the
No
rth
Sask
atc
hew
an,
is
the
form
er
Hudso
ns
Bay
Po
st
and
Mo
un
ted
Po
lice
garr
ison,
Fort
Can
ton
.B
etw
een
Bato
che
and
Carl
ton
isanoth
er
vil
lag
e,
clo
se
toB
eard
y’s
Reserv
e,
nam
edD
uck
Lak
e.
Oth
er,
main
lyM
eti
s,
sett
lem
ents
inth
isvic
init
yare
St.
Lo
uis
and
St.
Laure
nt.
Alo
ng
the
road
fro
mD
uck
Lak
eto
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
lies
the
farm
ing
com
munit
yof
Red
Deer
Hil
l,com
pose
do
fm
ost
lyE
ngli
sh-s
peakin
g
half
bre
ed
sw
how
ere
,in
the
day
so
fth
eN
ort
h-W
est
tro
ub
les,
sy
mp
ath
eti
cto
the
Meti
sm
ovem
ent.
Rie
l,afte
rth
ein
itia
lcall
toarm
s,w
asuncert
ain
of
the
exte
nt
of
su
pp
ort
among
the
Meti
s,
parti
cu
larly
invie
wo
fhis
ali
en
tati
on
fro
mth
ecle
rgy.
He
there
fore
appeale
dto
the
Engli
sh
half
-bre
ed
sand
whit
esett
lers
for
their
coopera
tio
n.
The
latt
er
were
undoubte
dly
shari
ng
Rie
l’s
anta
gonis
mto
ward
the
ind
iffe
rence
of
the
govern
men
t,b
ut
did
not
ap
pro
ve
of
the
resort
toarm
so
rR
iel’
satt
em
pt
toin
vo
lve
the
India
ns;
in
sh
ort
,th
ey
wis
hed
tore
main
neutr
al.
Severa
lm
eeti
ng
sw
ere
held
inth
ep
ari
sh
of
St.
Cath
ari
nes,
at
Red
Deer
Hil
l-
one
of
them
insti
gate
db
yC
rozie
r,’w
ho
wis
hed
tocounte
ract
Rie
l’s
infl
uen
ce
ov
er
the
pari
sh
ioners
.R
iel
als
otr
ied
tobri
ng
Cro
zie
r
toth
esurr
ender
of
Canto
nand
its
su
pp
lies,
pro
mis
ing
the
Majo
r
an
dhis
men
freedom
inex
ch
an
ge,
ifth
ey
consente
d,
and
“aw
ar
of
ex
term
inati
on
’in
case
of
refusal.
Cro
zie
r,in
turn
,is
su
ed
apro
cla
mati
on
“to
all
pers
ons
who
have
been
forc
ed
into
the
rebell
ion
”an
d“pro
tecti
on
on
pre
senti
ng
them
selv
es
toth
e
Off
icers
at
Canto
no
rP
rince
Alb
ert
.”
New
sof
the
outb
:eak
of
vio
lence
did
no
tre
ach
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
rig
ht
away
.T
he
tele
gra
ph
lin
es
had
been
cut
and
all
trav
el
—10
—
3tO
pped
afte
rth
earrest
of
Lash
and
oth
er
govern
ment
agents
.
4ajo
rM
offat,
incharg
eof
the
few
poli
ce
inP
rince
Alb
ert
,
resp
onded
toan
urg
ent
call
from
Cro
zie
r,on
Mar
ch20,
and
iispatc
hed
Capta
inM
oore
wit
hfo
rty—
seven
volu
nte
ers
toF
ort
arl
ton.
Crozie
rals
ore
port
ed
toM
offa
tth
at
Colo
nel
Irvin
e
ras
on
his
way
nort
hw
ith
one
hundre
dm
enand
six
tyhors
es.
By
Lar
ch23,
Genera
lM
iddle
ton
had
been
call
ed
toW
innip
eg,
where
t.
Govern
or
Dew
dney
had
acti
vate
dth
e90th
Batt
all
ion
and
the
‘innip
eg
Fie
ldB
att
ery
.T
hre
edays
late
rtw
ohundre
dm
enhad
-
eft
the
cit
yby
rail
road.
Cro
zie
rals
om
ade
efforts
tora
ise
volu
nte
er
corp
sat
Batt
lefo
rd.
On
the
sam
eday,
Mar
ch26,
hots
were
exchanged
betw
een
the
Meti
sand
the
Mounte
dP
oli
ce,
tD
uck
Lake.
The
skir
mis
hat
Duck
Lak
ew
aspla
nned
by
neit
her
Cro
zie
r
rD
um
ont.
Cro
zie
rhad
sent
asm
all
part
y,
under
Sgt.
Ste
wart
,
Dpurc
hase
suppli
es,
when
on
their
way
toth
evil
lage,
they
ta
gro
up
of
Meti
sw
ith
Duin
ont,
and
som
ejo
stl
ing
and
word
1li
ng
took
pla
ce.
Som
ewhat
dis
tressed,
Sgt.
Ste
wart
decid
ed
tto
pre
ss
on
to.
Duck
Lak
ebut
retu
rned
toth
efort
inste
ad,
iere
ascout
had
alr
eady
info
rmed
Cro
zie
rof
the
encounte
r
ith
the
Meti
s.
Accord
ing
tosevera
lhis
tori
ans
the
Majo
rw
as,
this
poin
t,pers
uaded
to“get
even”
wit
hth
ehalf
-bre
eds
and
tout
wit
hone
hundre
dm
enand
acannon
tom
eet
the
Meti
s
tad-o
n.
About
seven
mil
es
from
Canto
na
skir
mis
hto
ok
pla
ce
iw
hic
hnin
eP
rince
Alb
ert
volu
nte
ers
and
thre
epoli
ce
men
?re
kil
led,
and
about
twenty
—fi
ve
wounded.
The
Meti
slo
st
.ve
men
;it
nong
them
Dum
ont’
sbro
ther
Isid
ore
and
aC
ree
dia
nby
the
nam
eof
Ass
yw
in.
Cro
zie
rand
his
men
had
undere
sti
mate
dth
eM
eti
sabil
ity
to
tali
ate
.H
isto
rians
dif
fer
inth
eir
descri
pti
on
of
the
num
ber
Half
-bre
eds
engaged
inth
eskir
mis
hbut
agre
eth
at
they
had
fin
itely
the
advanta
ge
of
cover
from
an
abandoned
buil
din
g
—11
—
belo
ngin
gto
Beard
y’s
reserv
ean
dclu
mp
so
fbru
shan
dw
illo
win
its
vic
i.nit
y,
wh
ile
the
N.W
.M.P
.w
ere
on
rela
tively
open
gro
und.
Whe
nC
rozie
rre
ali
zed
that
neit
her
his
men
no
rh
is
can
no
nw
ere
capable
of
overc
om
ing
the
Meti
sfo
rce
he
retr
eate
dto
Fort
Canto
n,
defe
ate
d.
Th
efo
regoin
isa
sum
mar
yo
fevents
descri
bin
gth
ebuil
d-u
po
fgovern
ment
troops,
the
Meti
s’appeal
for
support
fro
mE
ngli
sh
Half
-bre
ed
s,
Ind
ian
san
dw
hit
esett
lers,
and
the
batt
leo
fD
uck
Lak
ew
hic
hto
ok
pla
ce
less
than
aw
eek
afte
rth
ein
itia
lcall
toar
ms
by
the
Meti
s’le
aders
.A
sin
the
pre
vio
us
ch
ap
ter,
the
pages
foll
ow
ing
the
fore
goin
gin
tro
du
cti
on
are
inte
nded
top
rovid
eth
ere
ader
wit
ha
vari
ety
of
pri
mary
do
cu
men
tsan
dse
co
nd
ary
sourc
es.
The
mate
rial
has
been
sele
cte
dto
facil
itate
anunders
tan
din
gof
the
cli
mate
of
uncert
ain
tyan
dte
nsio
nth
at
ex
iste
dam
ong
Meti
s’an
dg
ov
ern
ment
mem
ber
sali
ke.
Th
eacco
unts
of
the
batt
leat
Duck
Lak
eil
lustr
ate
the
dif
feri
ng
perc
epti
ons
of
the
seq
uen
ce
of
ev
en
tsan
ddem
onst
rate
that,
perh
aps,
perc
epti
ons
were
oft
en
co
lore
db
yth
epoli
tical
com
mit
men
to
fth
ose
who
record
ed
the
acti
on
.
—12
—
Rie
lfelt
that
his
success
would
depend
on
main
tain
ing
com
ple
te
unanim
ity
among
his
own
peo
ple
and
upon
his
receiv
ing
the
back
ing
of
the
Engli
sh
half
-bre
eds.
“R
iel
had
acte
dw
ith
init
iati
ve..
..H
eb
eli
ev
ed
inhis
sta
r
and
beli
eved,
too
,th
at
wit
hhis
Pro
vis
ion
al
go
vern
men
tan
dhis
pri
so
ners
could
forc
eth
eh
an
ds
of
Sir
John
A.
Macd
on
ald
as
he
had
done
in1870.
Bu
the
felt
that
his
futu
resuccess,
like
that
of
the
past,
wo
uld
depend
on
his
main
tain
ing
com
ple
teu
nanim
ity
F.
Sta
nle
yu
isR
iel,
among
his
own
peo
ple
,an
du
po
nhis
receiv
ing
the
back
ing
of
the
Cra
w—
Hill
‘ers
on
Engli
sh
half
—b
reed
s.A
bo
ve
all
he
co
uld
tole
rate
no
trait
ors
‘63
amo
ng
the
Meti
s...o
nM
arch
19he
did
not
hav
eth
eu
nan
imit
ytiat
373
he
felt
tobe
essen
tial.
”1
“R
iel
kn
ewth
at
what
he
was
now
doin
gd
idnot
en
joy
full
support
of
the
Meti
s.T
he
mis
sio
nari
es
were
ad
vis
ing
the
peo
ple
ag
ain
st
vio
lence.
Charl
es
Noun,
who
had
form
erl
yin
vit
ed
RiE
:l
back
toC
anada,
now
mad
ean
effort
todevelo
pan
op
po
sit
ion
gro
up
among
the
Meti
s.R
iel
acte
dsw
iftl
y.
Noun,
Wil
liam
Boyer,
and
Louis
Mari
on
were
arr
este
d.
Boyer
and
Mari
on
refu
sed
to
join
Rie
l’s
arm
edg
rou
p.
At
the
tria
l,N
oun
was
sen
ten
ced
todeath
.R
iel
did
no
t
irle
bois
dem
and
anexecuti
on...N
oli
nand
Mari
on
ag
reed
tosu
bm
itand
Can
ada
support
the
Pro
vis
ional
Govern
ment.
Bo
yer
was
all
ow
ed
tog
o.l
icati
ons
free.
8,p.
141
2
On
Mar
ch21,
(188
)R
iel
wro
teto
the
En
gli
sh
half
—b
reed
so
f
Deer
Hil
l,S
t.C
ath
ari
nes
and
St.
Paul:
JUS
TIC
ED
EMA
ND
STO
TA
KE
UP
AR
MS.
(In
clo
sin
ghe
refe
rsto
his
org
an
izati
on
as
“th
eco
un
cil
of
the
Fre
nch—
Canadia
nhalf
-bre
eds.)
“D
ear
Bro
thers
InJesu
sC
hri
st,
-T
he
Ott
aw
aG
ov
ern
men
th
as
been
mali
cio
usly
ignori
ng
the
rights
of
the
ori
gin
al
half
-bre
eds
duri
ng
fif
teen
years
...M
ore
over
the
Dom
inio
nhas
taken
the
Hig
h-h
an
ded
way
of
answ
eri
ng
peaceable
com
pla
ints
by
rein
forc
ing
an
ddis
patc
hin
gth
eM
ounte
dP
oli
ce...O
ttaw
adoes
no
tin
ten
dto
go
vern
the
No
rth
—W
stso
mu
chas
top
lun
der
it....L
et
us
be
firm
inth
esupport
of
rig
ht.
—13
—
Dea
rB
roth
ers
,in
the
Council
of
the
Fre
nch
—C
anad
ian
half
-
bre
eds
now
under
arm
sat
St.
Anth
ony
and
inth
eS
askatc
hew
an...
ssio
na1
The
fact
(that)
your
dele
gati
on
and
ours
have
cro
ssed
each
oth
er
pers
aff
ord
sconvin
cin
gpro
of
that
our
feeli
ngs
are
mutu
al.
Justi
ce
Lct
ori
aC
omm
ands
toT
ake
Up
Arm
s.”
3
.A.C
.
Lett
ers
were
als
osent
tonoti
fyth
eIn
dia
ns
and
the
Engli
shan
d
Fre
nch
half
—bre
eds
of
Fort
Qu’A
ppell
e.
“M
onsi
eur
F.
X.
Bato
che.
The
Fre
nch
half
-bre
eds
have
taken
up
arm
s“e
nm
ass
”.
Not
•one
of
our
people
isagain
st
us.
Tell
our
rela
tives,
the
India
ns
essi
onai
.to
com
ean
dhelp
us,
ifneeded.
Tak
eall
the
am
munit
ion
of
the
aper
s:b
id.
com
pany..
4
“To
our
bro
thers
the
Engli
shan
dF
rench
half
-bre
eds
at
Lak
e
Qu’A
ppell
ean
dvic
init
y:
Dear
Rela
tions
and
Fri
ends,
—If
you
have
not
alr
eady
heard
,
you
shall
hear
the
reaso
ns
whic
hle
dus
tota
ke
up
arm
s..
.The
Ott
aw
aG
over
nm
ent
•took
possessio
nof
our
countr
yfi
fteen
years
ago,
they
mak
ea
mockery
of
our
rights
and
off
end
again
st
the
law
of
God
by
infli
cti
ng
upon
us
endle
ss
inju
sti
ce.
The
offic
ials
com
mit
every
specie
sof
cri
me,
and
the
mounte
dpoli
ce
are
a
scandal
of
the
worl
dby
their
foul
language
and
evil
conduct.
The
Engli
shhalf
-bre
eds
of
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
are
undoubte
dly
wit
hus.
The
India
ns
are
cro
ssin
gto
us
and
join
ing
us
on
all
sid
es.
5.P
urc
hase
all
the
munit
ions
you
can...D
onot
liste
nto
the
Ses
sional
off
ers
the
Ott
aw
aG
over
nm
ent
wil
lm
ake
you;
their
off
ers
are
the
Pap
ers
Ibid
.off
ers
of
robbers
.S
ign
neit
her
paper
nor
peti
tion..
.
Do
not
mole
st,
ill—
treat
or
kil
lanyone
—w
ere
Rie
l’s
ord
ers
.
Ina
lett
er
from
Louis
Rie
lto
“Dea
rR
ela
tives,”
he
pro
mote
s
dis
arm
am
ent
but
issues
str
ict
ord
ers
not
tom
ole
st,
ill-
treat
or
kil
lany
body:
Dear
Rela
tives,
-...i
fyou
see
the
poli
ce
passin
gby...t
ake
6.aw
ayth
eir
arm
s...A
fterw
ard
snoti
fyth
eW
ood
India
ns..
.keep
ready
toall
events
,in
bein
gcalm
and
coura
geous...D
onot
kil
lanybody.
Ibid
.D
onot
mole
stnori11—
treat
anybody
but
take
away
their
arm
s.
Fear
not.
Louis
“la
vid
”R
iel,
Exovede.”
6
—14
—
The
Engli
shhalf
—bre
eds
and
whit
es
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
were
in
support
of
Rie
lbut
deplo
red
the
use
of
arm
s.
On
Mar
ch23,
at
ala
st—
min
ute
meeti
ng
at
St.
Andre
w’s
school
house
,in
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,w
hit
es
and
Engli
shhalf
-bre
eds
pro
pose
d
tose
nd
apeti
tion
toth
egovern
ment
inw
hic
hth
ey
bla
med
the
latt
er
for
the
agit
ati
on
of
the
Meti
san
dbegged
them
todo
justi
ce
and
avoid
blo
od-s
hed.
At
the
sam
eti
me
anum
ber
of
resolu
tions
were
sent
toC
rozie
ran
dR
iel.
Peti
tion:
“T
hat
the
Fre
nch
inth
isdis
tric
thave
taken
uparm
s.T
hat
the
India
ns
toa
gre
at
exte
nt
are
insy
mpath
yw
ith
them
.T
hat
the
Engli
shhalf
-bre
eds
and
Canadia
nsett
lers
are
insy
mpat
hy
wit
hth
emto
get
redre
ss
of
their
gri
evances
ina
law
ful
man
ner
--
but
not
tota
ke
up
arm
s.
That
there
isgre
at
danger
of
India
nw
ar.
And
all
that
that
means.
That
the
Fre
nch
have
rights
and
are
dete
rmin
ed
men
.
That
there
isno
way
of
sett
ling
this
dis
turb
ance
but
bytr
eaty
or
war.
That
the
Neutr
al
part
yth
eE
ngli
shhalf
-bre
eds
and
Canadia
n
sett
lers
who
wis
hto
rem
ain
at
peace
——
and
their
wiv
es
and
fam
ilie
sdo
beg
of
the
Gover
nm
ent
totr
eat
wit
hth
eF
rench
--
giv
eth
emth
eir
just
rights
and
save
the
destr
ucti
on
of
our
fam
ilie
s....
The
Gover
nm
ent
has
refu
sed
totr
eat
wit
hth
esett
lers,
till
one
part
ycould
bear
itno
longer,
and
wil
lhave
their
rights
or
die
.
We
there
fore
beg
the
Gover
nm
ent
todo
justi
ce
toth
e
sett
lers
treat
wit
hth
eman
dsa
ve
the
eff
usio
nof
blo
od.
Sig
ned,
on
behalf
of
St.
Andre
w’s
,R
edD
eer
Hil
l,an
dth
e
surr
oundin
gcountr
y:
Charl
es
Adam
s,C
hair
man
J.
F.
Pri
tchard
,S
ecre
tary
Ale
xS
tansfi
eld
,S
ec.
7.A
ngli
can
Geo
Gla
iste
r
Mis
sionary
Roderi
ck
Cook
Papers
.T
hom
asM
c(o
riste
r
Poss
ess
ion
.A
ndre
wS
pence
...“
of
Ruth
Buck
.
—15
—
Reso
luti
ons:
‘That
whil
eh
eart
ily
sym
path
izin
gw
ith
the
Fre
nch
hal
f—
bre
eds
inth
eir
en
deav
ou
rsconsti
tuti
onall
yto
get
red
ress
of
their
man
yg
riev
an
ces
we
cannot
en
do
rse
their
pre
sent
att
itu
de
inta
kin
gu
par
ms
for
that
pu
rpo
se,
and
we
here
by
beg
of
them
no
tto
shed
blo
od.
That
the
opin
ion
of
this
meeti
ng
isth
at:
,had
the
Govern
-
men
tb
een
just
wit
hth
esett
lers
this
dis
turb
ance
would
never
7.a
hav
eb
een
.A
ngli
can
Mis
sio
nary
And
furt
her,
had
the
infl
uenti
al
cit
izens
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Pap
ers
join
ed
the
movem
ent
inste
ad
of
ign
ori
ng
it,
had
they
advis
ed
the
Ibid
.G
ov
ern
men
tin
ste
ad
of
excit
ing
itag
ain
st
the
peo
ple
,it
isth
e
op
inio
nof
this
meeti
ng
that
the
Go
ver
nm
ent
wo
uld
have
sett
led
all
gri
ev
an
ces
long
ere
this
.
.That
aco
py
of
these
reso
luti
on
sb
esen
tto
Majo
rC
rozie
r,
and
one
toR
iel....”
7a
On
Mar
ch21,
(1885)
Rie
ldem
anded
the
su
rren
der
of
Fo
rtC
an
ton
and
its
suppli
es.
“S
t.A
nth
ony,
21st
Mar
ch1885
—T
oM
ajo
rC
rozie
r,C
om
man
dan
t
of
the
Poli
ce
Forc
eat
Can
ton
and
Batt
lefo
rd.
Majo
r:T
he
co
un
cil
lors
of
the
pro
vis
ional
go
vern
men
to
fth
eS
ask
atc
hew
an
hav
eth
ehon
or
tocom
munic
ate
toy
ou
the
foll
ow
ing
condit
ions
of
su
rren
der:
You
wil
lb
ere
quir
ed
tog
ive
up
com
ple
tely
the
sit
uati
on
wh
ich
the
Can
ad
ian
Go
ver
nm
ent
have
pla
ced
you
in,
at
Canto
nan
dB
att
lefo
rd,
tog
eth
er
wit
hall
govern
ment
pro
pert
ies.
Incase
of
accepta
nce,
yo
uan
dy
ou
rm
enw
ill
be
set
free,
on
yo
ur
paro
leo
fhonor
tok
eep
the
peace.
And
tho
sew
how
ill
ch
oo
seto
leave
the
coun
try
wil
lb
efu
rnis
hed
wit
hte
am
san
d
pro
vis
ion
sto
reach
Qu’A
ppell
e.
Incase
of
non—
accep
tan
ce,
we
inte
nd
toatt
ack
you,
when
tom
orr
ow
,th
eL
ord
’sD
ayis
over,
and
toco
mm
ence
wit
ho
ut
dela
ya
war
of
exte
rmin
ati
on
upo
nall
those
who
have
sho
wn
them
selv
es
hosti
leto
our
rights
.
Mess
rs.
Charl
es
nd
Max
izne
Lepin
eare
the
gen
tlem
en
wit
hw
hom
yo
uw
ill
hav
eto
treat.
—16
—
Majo
r,w
ere
spect
yo
u.
Let
the
cause
of
hu
man
ity
be
aconsola
tion
toy
ou
for
the
revers
es
whic
hth
egovern
menta
lm
isconduct
has
bro
ught
upon
yo
u.
Louis
‘Dav
id’
Rie
l,E
xo
ved
e
Ren
eP
are
nte
au,
Chair
man
Jean
Bapti
ste
Pare
nte
au
Chas.
Noun
Pie
rre
Henry
Gab
.D
um
ont
Alb
ert
Delo
rme
Mois
eQ
uell
ett
eD
um.
Carr
iere
Alb
ert
Mon
kman
Max
ime
Lepin
eB
te.
Boyer
Bte
.B
ou
ch
er
-D
onald
Ross
David
To
uro
nd
Ain
b.Jobin
Ph
.G
arn
ot,
secre
tary
St.
Anth
ony,
21st
Mar
ch1
88
5
To
Messrs
.C
harl
es
Noun
and
Max
ine
Lepin
e
Gentl
em
en:
If
Majo
rC
rozie
raccedes
toth
econdit
ions
of
surr
ender,
let
him
use
the
foll
ow
ing
form
ula
,and
no
oth
er:
‘Because
Ilo
ve
my
neig
hbor
as
myself
,fo
rth
esa
ke
of
Go
d,
and
topre
vent
blo
odshed,
and
pri
ncip
all
yth
ew
ar
of
exte
rmin
ati
on
wh
ich
thre
ate
ns
the
countr
y,
Iagre
eto
the
ab
ov
econdit
ions
of
surr
ender.
’
8.
If
the
Majo
ruses
this
form
ula
and
sig
ns
it,
info
rmh
imE
xhib
itof
that
we
wil
lre
ceiv
ehim
and
his
men
,M
onday
.Y
ou
rs,
Lo
uis
‘David
tria
lR
iel,
Ex
ov
ed
e.”
Que
en8
vs Rie
1PA
CC
rozie
r,on
Mar
ch2
1als
o,
dem
anded
the
surr
ender
of
the
leaders
of
the
rebell
ion
and
the
dis
pers
al
of
the
arm
ed
men
.H
eh
ad
apro
cla
mati
on
poste
dw
hic
hoff
ere
dpro
tecti
on
toth
ose
who
were
forc
ed
into
the
“re
bell
ion”
again
st
their
wil
l.
Cro
zie
r’s
Pro
cla
mati
on:
9.“A
llpers
ons
who
have
been
forc
ed
into
the
rebell
ion
again
st
As
cit
ed
our
Sovere
ign
Lady,
the
Qu
een
,or
who
are
held
by
the
rebels
Charl
ebois
,again
St
their
wil
l,w
ill
receiv
epro
tecti
on
on
pre
senti
ng
them
P.
r.14
6selv
es
toth
eO
ffic
ers
Com
man
din
gat
Canto
nor
Pri
nce
Alb
ert.
”9
Pic
ked
men
were
em
plo
yed
by
go
vern
men
tas
spie
s.
Som
ew
ere
att
ach
ed
toth
epoli
ce
as
scouts
,oth
ers
as
inte
rprete
rs.
Irvin
eC?
)w
ro:e
toM
acd
on
a1d
about
the
em
plo
ym
ent
of
spie
s:
“Yo
ur
Excell
ency
speaks
of
em
plo
yin
gso
me
pic
ked
men
among
the
—17
half
-bre
eds.
We
do
soalr
eady.
There
are
acert
ain
num
ber
of
men
att
ached
toth
epoli
ce
forc
eas
scouts
,and
oth
ers
as
inte
rprete
rs.
“10
igus
te—
Hen
ri
aum
adan
ipubli
shed
Lan
ley
Tra
um
adan
beli
eved
that
aP
rince
Alb
ert
trader,
by
the
nam
e
of
Hil
lyard
Mit
chell
,w
asan
info
rmer.
He
expla
ins,
“...a
man
nam
edH
illy
ard
Mit
chell
,oft
en
cam
efr
om
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
tosp
yon
what
was
happenin
gam
ong
the
Metis...”
11
Sta
nle
yquote
dM
itchel
as
tell
ing
the
Meti
s:
“I
have
com
eover
here
as
afr
iend.
..not
as
asp
y,
but
togiv
eyou
all
som
egood
advic
e.”
12
Anoth
er
info
rmer,
em
plo
yed
as
inte
rprete
rw
ith
the
poli
ce,
was
ahalf
-bre
ed
by
the
nam
eof
Joe
McK
ay,
nic
knam
ed,
“G
entl
em
an
Joe.”
McK
ay’s
role
was
pro
min
ent
inth
ebatt
leof
Duck
Lake,
on
the
26of
Marc
h.
The
skir
mis
hat
Duck
Lak
ew
asunpre
medit
ate
d.
[3.
)r.
P.
harI
ebois
,[b
i.d.
p.
146
“The
com
ing
skir
mis
h...w
as
pla
nned
neit
her
by
Cro
zie
r,nor
by
Dum
ont.
Cro
zie
rhad
sent
asm
all
part
y,
under
the
com
man
dof
Sgt.
Ste
wart
,to
purc
hase
suppli
es
from
the
Duck
Lak
esh
op
opera
ted
by
Sto
bart
and
Eden.”
13
On
their
way
toth
evil
lage
they
were
sto
pped
by
agro
up
of
Meti
sw
ith
Dum
ont
and
som
ejo
stl
ing
and
nam
e-c
all
ing
ensued.
Sqi
Ste
wart
,beli
evin
gth
at
his
com
pan
yw
ould
be
more
vuln
ura
ble
on
the
retu
rntr
ip,
The
two
forc
es
met
at
apoin
tabout
am
ile
and
ahalf
from
Duck
Lake.
Dum
ont
and
his
men
retu
rned
toD
uck
Lak
eafte
rth
eir
meeti
ng
wit
hth
eM
ounte
dP
oli
ce,
but
scarc
ely
had
they
arr
ived
when
scout.
bro
ught
the
mess
age
that
Cro
zie
rw
asle
adin
ga
forc
eof
poli
em
en
tow
ard
the
vil
lage.
The
Meti
s,
led
by
Dum
ont,
dash
ed
forw
ard
to
meet
the
poli
ce
about
am
ile
and
ahalf
from
Duck
Lake.
The
half
-bre
ed
posit
ion
was
decid
edly
favora
ble
,pro
vid
ing
am
ple
shelt
er
from
thic
kclu
mps
of
bru
sh
and
wil
low
.C
rozie
r’s
men
were
unaw
are
of
the
Meti
s’pre
sence
unti
lth
ey
desc
ended
the
fir
s
hil
l.W
hen
the
advance
scc5uts
gave
the
fir
st
warn
ing,
Cro
zie
r
ord
ere
dhis
forc
eto
ahalt
.
Poli
ce
report
er
tell
ssto
ryof
the
batt
leat
Duck
Lake.
The
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
pla
ced
abarr
icade
acro
ss
the
road
and
pre
pare
dfo
rhosti
liti
es.
An
account
of
the
parl
ay
betw
een
the
Meti
s’and
the
poli
ce
was
giv
en
by
are
port
er
for
the
“B
att
lefo
rd
Hera
ld,”
sta
tioned
at
Fort
Canto
n:
Lcd
onal
dip
er
S
‘C
—L
1—
14 Dr.
P.C
har
leb
ois
,[b
id.,
p.14
6
“....T
wo
men
wer
ese
en
tosepara
teth
em
selv
es
fro
mth
eb
od
yof
half
—b
reed
san
dadvance
tow
ard
sth
epoli
ce,
one
of
them
carr
y
ing
afl
ag
of
truce
wh
ich
co
nsis
ted
sim
ply
of
aw
hit
era
gti
ed
toa
small
sti
ck.
Seein
gth
emappro
ach
Cro
zie
rto
ok
wit
hh
imS
gt.
Bro
oks
and
Jose
ph
McK
ay,
the
poli
ce
inte
rpre
ter,
meeti
ng
the
oth
er
deputa
tion
ab
ou
tm
id—
way
betw
een
the
two
lin
es,
wher
eul
ash
ort
parl
ay
took
pla
ce.
Thro
ugh
the
inte
rpre
ter
Majo
rC
rozie
rask
ed
these
men
who
they
were
,to
whic
hth
esp
ok
esm
anre
pli
ed
that
they
were
Cre
es
and
half
-bre
ed
and
intu
rndem
andcc
of
Cro
zie
rto
know
what
he
sought.
“N
oth
ing
”th
eM
ajo
ransw
ere
d“W
eonly
cam
eto
see
what
was
wro
ng
,”to
whic
hth
eIn
dia
nsp
ok
esr
rep
lied
,“Y
ouhad
bett
er
go
back
.”A
tth
isju
nctu
reof
the
In
di
(who
was
wit
hth
ehalf
_bre
eds*)
snatc
hed
at
the
revolv
er
at
McK
a’,
hip
and
appare
ntl
yth
ishad
been
asig
nal
ag
reed
up
on
betw
een
them
,fo
rin
sta
ntl
ya
nu
mb
ero
fsh
ots
ran
gout
from
dif
fere
nt
po
ints
alo
ng
the
half
—bre
ed
lin
e.
How
earn
est
their
inte
nti
on
sw
ere
can
be
div
ined
fro
mth
efa
ct
that
when
Cro
zie
rtu
rned
on
hi
heel
wav
ing
his
swo
rdabove
his
head
and
giv
ing
the
com
man
d,
“Com
men
cefi
rin
g,”
blo
od
was
tric
kli
ng
dow
nfr
om
his
cheek
wher
eit
had
been
gra
zed
by
abull
et.
Ina
om
ent
firi
ng
bec
ame
gen
era
lan
dth
era
t-ta
t—ta
to
fth
eW
inch
est
ers
and
Snid
ers
and
muzzle
-loadin
gsh
otg
un
san
dth
evari
ety
of
sport
ing
rif
les
of
dif
fere
nt
descri
pti
on
sw
ith
whic
hso
me
of
the
rebels
were
arm
edbec
om
every
general.
”14
Th
eparl
ay
betw
een
opposi
ng
forc
es
as
port
rayed
by
Dr.
Pete
rC
harl
ebois
:
InC
harl
ebois
’acco
un
tth
eparl
ay
isp
ort
ray
ed
som
ewh
atd
iffe
rentl
y.
Dr.
Charl
ebois
expla
ins
that
McK
aym
ust
hav
ehad
his
rif
lepoin
ted
at
the
Cre
eA
ssy
win
,“w
hore
ached
out
and
turn
ed
the
rif
leto
po
int
inanoth
er
dir
ecti
on.
On
seein
gth
ear
med
man
gra
bth
ebarr
el
of
the
rif
le,
Cro
zie
rsaid
to‘G
en
tkn
an
Joe’,
“sh
oot
him
,”M
cKay
qu
ick
lyd
rew
his
rev
olv
er
from
his
belt
and
shot
Ass
yw
in.
Th
en,
turn
ing
sli
gh
tly
,‘G
en
tlem
an
Joe’
shot
Isid
ore
Dum
ont
thro
ug
hth
ehead.
Both
Cro
zie
ran
dM
cKay
were
hurr
yin
gb
ack
toth
eir
own
lines
as
the
bo
die
so
fth
etw
oem
issari
es
of
peace
sli
doff
their
ho
rses
onto
the
gro
und.
These
were
the
fir
st
shots
of
the
Meti
supri
sin
go
f1885.
Fre
dA
nd
ers
on
,a
lon
g—
tim
ere
sid
en
tof
Duc
kL
ake
who
knew
McK
ay,
had
this
tosa
y:
“T
here
has
alw
ays
been
ad
isp
ute
as
tow
hofi
red
fir
st.
Iknew
Joe
McK
ay,
who
was
there
.H
eto
ldm
eth
etw
osid
es
wer.
talk
ing
when
anIn
dia
ng
rab
bed
for
Jo
e’s
gun.
He
said
the
only
thin
gh
eco
uld
thin
ko
fas
they
str
ug
gle
dw
asto
—19
—
Kee
pth
ebarr
el
poin
ted
away
from
him
.W
hen
the
gu
nw
ent
off
,
the
India
nw
askil
led
and
the
fight
was
on...”
15
Supi.
Cro
zie
rto
Lie
ut.
Col.
Irvin
e”
Iw
asin
form
ed
that
there
were
about
one—
hundre
dm
ara
udin
gH
alf
-bre
eds
at
Du
ckL
ake.”
On
his
retu
rnto
Fort
Canto
nC
rozie
rw
rote
are
port
of
the
Duck
Lak
eencounte
rfo
rL
ieut.
Col.
Irvin
ew
how
ason
his
way
to
the
fort
whil
eth
epoli
ce
were
engaged
inbatt
lew
ith
the
Meti
s’.
Th
ere
port
was
forw
ard
ed
toS
irJo
hn
A.
Macdonald
who
consid
ere
d
it
incom
ple
teand
ask
ed
for
furt
her
deta
ils;
parti
cula
rly
he
rea
son
for
Cro
zie
r’s
impuls
ive
move
tom
eet
the
Meti
sunaid
ed.
“S
ir,—
Inre
ply
toyour
Mem
ora
ndum
of
this
date
Ihave
the
honor
toin
form
you
that
on
the
morn
ing
of
the
26th
of
Mar
chI
sent
apart
yto
Duck
Lak
eto
pro
cure
aquanti
tyof
pro
vis
ions
and
am
munit
ion
that
were
inth
esore
of
atr
ader,
nam
edM
itchell
.
They
left
Canto
nshort
lyaft
er;
about
ten
o’c
lock
itw
asrep
orL
oc]
tom
eth
eS
erj
eant
Ste
wart
had
been
pre
vente
db
yH
alf
—bre
eds
from
takin
gth
esto
res
afte
rw
hic
hh
ehad
bone
and
that
he
was
“in
trouble
.”
Iim
media
tely
got
ready
apart
yone
hundre
dstr
ong
top
ro
ceed
toth
ereli
ef
of
Ste
wart
as
Iw
asm
ovin
goff
Ste
wart
’s
part
yca
me
do
wn
the
hil
lat
the
Fort
.I
was
info
rmed
that
there
were
about
one
hundre
dm
ara
udin
gH
alf
Bre
eds
at
Du
ckL
ake.
The
rebel
Hea
dQ
uart
ers
and
forc
eaccord
ing
tom
yla
test
info
rmati
on
receiv
ed
thro
ugh
scouts
bein
gat
Bato
che’s
Cro
ssin
g,
South
sid
e
of
Riv
er.
Ith
ere
fore
conclu
ded
togo
toD
uck
Lak
ean
dget
the
pro
vis
ion
and
am
munit
ion.
Whe
nw
ithin
am
ile
and
ahalf
of
Mit
chell
’ssto
reI
was
att
acked
by
afo
rce
of
Half
Bre
eds
esti
mate
dat
the
tim
eat
over
two
hundre
din
num
ber
but
Ihave
sin
ce
been
info
rmed
thro
ugh
rebel
sourc
es
that
there
were
at
least
thre
ehundre
dan
dfif
ty
of
them
.”16
15.
LJr.
P.C
tiarl
ebois
,Ib
id.,p
.lL
f7
16.
N.W
.M.P
.P
apers
,P
.A.C
.
—20
—
Cro
zie
rto
Irv
ine:
“Th
em
ovem
ent
that
thre
ate
ned
tob
eth
e
mo
stseri
ou
sto
us
was
that
of
ala
rge
bo
dy
movin
gto
ward
sour
rig
ht
flank.”
Cro
zie
rdescri
bed
the
parl
ay
betw
een
him
self
and
the
opponents
as
foll
ow
s:
“I
thre
w.a
line
of
skir
mis
he
sto
the
right
of
the
road
un
der
co
ver
of
aw
ood
topre
vent
the
reb
els
surr
oundin
gus,
wh
ich
they
were
att
em
pti
ng
tod
o—
the
rem
ain
der
of
my
forc
e,
excep
tin
gth
em
enin
charg
eo
fth
eh
ors
es
form
edunder
cover
of
the
sle
igh
exte
nded
toth
ele
ft
at
right
an
gle
sto
the
road.
As
my
esco
rthalt
ed,
am
anadvanced
from
the
enem
y
beari
ng
afl
ag
of
truce.
Ira
nfo
rward
tom
eet
him
and
call
ed
back
for
the
Inte
rpre
ter
Jose
ph
McK
ay.
The
enem
ynotw
ithsta
ndin
gth
efl
ag
of
truce
co
nti
nued
toget
rapid
lyin
toposit
ion.
The
movem
ent
that
thre
ate
ned
to
be
most
seri
ou
sto
us
was
that
of
ala
rge
bodym
ovin
gto
ward
s
ou
rri
ght
flan
k.
Isaid
severa
lti
mes
toth
em
anw
ith
the
flag
“C
all
bac
k
•th
ose
peo
ple
,”re
ferr
ing
toth
ose
movin
gto
the
right,
tow
hat
ozi
erto
said
he
paid
no
t’th
esli
gh
test
att
enti
on.
It
was
evid
ence
vin
e.IM
Pth
at
the
sendin
gout
of
the
flag
of
truce
was
bu
ta
pie
ce
of
pers
.tr
eachery
and
togain
tim
ein
ord
er
too
utf
lan
kus
on
the
rig
ht
and
get
into
posit
ion.”
17
Cro
zie
rto
Irv
ine:
“Th
een
emy
were
ina
bush
behin
dsple
ndid
co
ver,
we
wer
eexpose
d.”
Cro
zie
rw
rote
of
the
dif
fic
ult
ies
his
men
faced
inco
mb
at:
“The
deep
cru
ste
dsn
ow
cause
dan
ym
ovem
ent
tob
em
ost
dif
fic
ult
,
ifo
ffth
eb
eate
ntr
ack
my
men
inexte
ndin
gfo
und
itsl
ow
and
hard
wo
rk.
Th
een
gag
em
ent
laste
dab
ou
tth
irty
min
ute
san
dth
ough
the
rebels
were
up
on
their
own
gro
und
intr
enched,
inam
bush
,
wit
hth
ead
van
tag
eo
fa
com
man
din
gp
osit
ion
,re
ad
yan
dw
ait
ing
for
us,
we
dro
ve
back
their
right
and
had
we
been
op
po
sed
by
them
on
our
right
on
anyth
ing
like
anequali
tyw
eco
uld
have
done
the
sam
eto
their
left
-but
there
we
had
toco
nte
nd
ag
ain
st
—21
—
the
enem
yin
house
san
din
am
bu
sh.
Th
erig
ht
of
my
line
did
pre
vent
the
rebels
gain
ing
our
rear
—th
ey
did
it
at
the
cost
of
their
lives
-m
enco
uld
do
no
more
.
Both
the
Po
lice
and
Volu
nte
ers
who
com
pose
dm
ylittle
escort
behaved
superb
ly,
their
bra
very
and
cooln
ess
un
der
a
murd
ero
us
fir
ew
assi
mp
lyasto
nis
hin
g.
Th
een
emy
were
inam
bush
beh
ind
sple
hdid
co
ver,
we
were
expose
d,
yet
no
ta
man
sh
irk
ed
or
even
falt
ere
du
nti
lth
eord
er
8.w
asgiv
en
toreti
re
and
then
they
moved
off
qu
ick
ly.
rozie
r0 rv
ine,
Ihave
the
honor
tobe
bid
.S
ir
yo
ur
obedie
nt
serv
ant
L.N
.F.
Cro
zie
r,S
upt.”
18
Lie
ut.
Col
Irvin
eto
Sir
Joh
nA
.M
acdonald
:“C
razie
r’s
bett
er
judgem
ent
was
overr
ule
db
yth
eim
petu
ou
sness
of
Poli
ce
and
Vo
lun
teers
.
Ina
lett
er
toS
irJo
hn
Irv
ine
crit
iciz
ed
Cro
zie
r’s
decis
ion
tom
arc
ho
ut
of
Fo
rtC
an
ton
wit
ho
ut
aw
ait
ing
ord
ers
.H
e
wro
te:
“S
ir,
—R
efe
rrin
gto
my
tele
gra
mo
fth
e26
ult
imo.
..It
ap
pears
tom
ea
matt
er
of
reg
ret
that.
..S
up
eri
nte
nd
en
tC
razie
r
9.sh
ou
ldhave
marc
hed
out
as
he
did
,in
the
face
of
what
ttan
sp
ired
rvin
eearli
er
inth
eday,
but
Iam
led
toth
ebeli
ef
that
this
offic
er’s
Iacdonald
bett
er
judgem
ent
was
overr
ule
dby
the
imp
etu
ou
sness
dis
pla
yed
•.W
.M.P
.both
by
the
Po
lice
and
Volu
nte
ers
tog
oand
take
the
sto
res
aper
san
dif
necessary
fig
ht
for
them
.”1
9
Poli
ce
can
no
nw
asusele
ss
inD
uck
Lak
eengagem
ent.
G.F
.S
tanle
ygave
this
acco
un
to
fth
ebatt
lein
acti
on
:
“On
the
right
the
rebels
had
tak
en
po
ssessio
no
fa
log
house
,
whic
h,
part
lyobscure
dfr
om
vie
wb
yth
ebanks
of
snow
and
bru
shw
ood,
was
anexcell
ent
poin
to
fvanta
ge.
Fro
mit
they
poure
da
ho
tfir
eupon
the
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Vo
lun
teers
who
had
ex
ten
ded
their
form
ati
on
toth
eri
gh
tand
were
wit
ho
ut
cov
er
of
an
yd
escri
pti
on.
To
reli
eve
the
pre
ssure
up
on
that
flan
k,
Cro
zie
ro
rdere
dth
ecannon
be
dir
ecte
dupon
the
bru
sh,
but,
ow
ing
toth
ep
osit
ion
of
the
volu
nte
ers
,th
isw
asim
possib
le.
Th
egu
nw
asaccord
injl
ytr
ain
ed
up
on
an
oth
er
secti
on
of
the
fie
ld,
but
wit
hlittle
resu
lts,
the
shots
flyin
g“fa
ro
ver
the
enem
ies
head
s.”
* *N
arr
ati
ve
of
John
Bra
ss.
MSS
foli
oon
the
Rie
lR
ebell
ion.
—22
—
To
mak
em
att
ers
wo
rse,
afte
rsevera
ldis
charg
es
ashell
was
ram
med
hom
eb
efo
reth
epow
der
charg
ew
asin
sert
ed
,w
hic
h
rendere
dth
ecan
no
nusele
ss
for
the
rem
ain
der
of
the
en
gagem
ent.
20.
Fin
all
y,
afte
rth
irty
or
fort
ym
inu
tes,
Cro
zie
r,re
—
Sta
nle
y,
cogniz
ing
the
inev
itab
le,
gav
eth
eo
rder
toreti
re.
His
posit
ion
Bir
thof
t.ie
ster
nw
asun
ten
ab
le.
Th
ehalf
—bre
eds
had
all
the
advanta
ge
of
po
sit
ion
Can
ada
and,
Cro
zie
rb
eli
ev
ed
,o
fn
um
bers
.”**
[bid
.
**
Cro
zie
rbeli
eved
that
the
forc
eoppose
dto
him
num
bei
betw
een
300
to400
men
.C
rozie
r,how
etr
er,
gre
atl
yo
vere
sti
mate
dth
en
um
ber
of
his
opponents
.
The
Meti
sfo
ught
beh
ind
co
ver
and
Cro
zie
rw
asn
ot
ina
po
sit
ion
tom
ake
anaccura
teesti
mate
.
(Th
efo
.regoin
gexpla
nati
on
cit
ed
inS
tan
ley
,B
irth
of
West
ern
Can
ada,
p.p
.444,
445.)
Duck
Lak
eengagem
ent
descri
bed
by
Lo
uis
Schm
idt,
Rie
l’s
form
er
secre
tary
:T
he
Meti
sw
ere
on
lya
handfu
lat
the
beg
inn
ing
.
“Th
eE
ngli
sh
Coin
xnander.
..arr
ived
wit
ho
ut
mis
hap
about
2
mil
es
fro
mD
uck
Lake.
But
there
ab
od
yo
fM
eti
sbarr
ed
them
fro
mth
ero
ad.
Th
ere
foll
ow
ed
ashort
batt
le,
rud
eand
murd
ero
us
Aw
hil
ela
ter,
9volu
nte
ers
and
3P
oli
ce
were
dead
,w
hil
eth
e
Meti
sth
em
selv
es
had
lost
4o
fth
eir
own
arid
one
India
n.
The
can
no
nh
ad
had
no
effect.
Dra
wn
wit
hto
om
uch
haste
,
its
pro
jecti
on
passed
above
the
heads
of
the
men
and
wen
tw
ho
know
sw
here
.
Not
tob
eco
mple
tely
destr
oyed,
Cro
zie
ro
rdere
da
pro
mpt
retr
eat
not
even
takin
gth
eti
me
topic
ku
pth
ed
ead
except
those
of
the
pori
ce.
And
then
there
was
tim
e.
The
Meti
sw
ho
were
only
ah
an
dfu
lat
the
begin
nin
go
fth
eacti
on,
arr
ived
all
the
tim
e,
and
sp
read
on
each
sid
eo
fth
een
emy
inan
att
em
pt
to
encir
cle
them
.
Th
eyw
ante
dto
pu
rsu
eth
ose
who
too
kfli
ght,
but
Rie
l
oppose
dit
,say
ing
that
there
was
alr
ead
yenough
sp
ille
db
loo
d
an
dbeli
evin
g,
Iim
ag
ine,
that
ho
sti
liti
es
wo
uld
sto
pth
ere
.
Gabri
el
receiv
ed
asli
ght
bull
et
wound
inth
efo
reh
ead
,
an
dh
em
om
enta
rily
iith
dre
w.
Whe
nh
ew
an
ted
tore
turn
toth
e /23
—23
—
21.
H.
charg
e,
there
was
alr
eady
no
more
enem
y.
Inco
llecti
ng
the
Sch
mid
t,en
emy
dead
,th
eM
eti
sfo
und
aw
ounded
man
who
had
not
been
ab
leM
emoi
rsPA
Cto
foll
ow
the
oth
ers
.T
hey
bro
ught
him
wit
hth
em
and
took
care
of
him
.”21
Dum
ont,
gra
zed
by
abull
et,
cri
ed
:C
ou
rag
e!
As
long
as
Ih
aves
lost
my
head
I’m
no
tdead.
Jose
ph
Ho
war
dre
co
un
ted
Gab
riel
Dum
ont’
sre
ck
lessness
a:
consequent
woundin
gduri
ng
the
batt
leat
Duck
Lake.
“G
ab
riel
Dum
ont.
..ro
de
reckle
ssly
tow
ithin
six
tyyir
ds
of
the
troops.
Abu
llet
plo
wed
ad
eep
gash
thro
ug
hhis
scalp
and
he
fell
,alm
ost
sensele
ss;
his
ho
rse,
als
ow
ounded
jum
ped
22.
over
him
and
fled.
He
str
ug
gle
dto
his
feet
but
dro
pp
ed
agli
ri,
.Jos
eph
and
an
earb
yM
eti
s,
Jose
ph
Delo
rme,
cri
ed
out
that
their
generi
How
ard,
Str
ange
had
been
kil
led.
“C
oura
ge!”
Gab
riel
yell
ed
.“A
slo
ng
as
IL
mpir
e,haven’t
lost
my
head
I’m
not
dead.”
Anoth
er
bro
ther
(of
Gabri
Ed
war
dD
uin
ont,
ran
forw
ard
todra
gh
imout
of
the
line
of
fir
e
bu
tG
ab
riel
sent
him
back
tota
ke
com
man
d.”
22
Aboy
of
fourt
een
among
the
Meti
sre
call
ed
the
batt
lefif
tyyea
late
r;
“You
be
scare
dli
ke
Iw
asscare
dth
at
day
,”he
said
.
never
forg
et
eit
her.”
“Am
ong
the
reb
els
on
the
batt
lefie
ldw
asa
bQy
of
fourt
ad
ista
nt
rela
tive
of
Gabri
el
Du
ino
nt
who
mth
ela
tter,
wit
ho
ut
ch
ildre
nof
his
ow
n,
oft
en
treate
das
aso
n.
More
than
fif
ty
years
afte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
ebatt
lehis
mem
ory
of
it
was
still
viv
id.
“You
be
scare
dli
ke
Iw
asscare
dth
at
day,”
he
said
,
“yo
unever
forg
et
eit
her.”
The
boy,
who
sen
ame
was
Ale
x,
lay
sh
iveri
ng
for
hours
irth
esn
ow
on
top
of
the
hil
lw
hil
eth
eM
eti
saw
ait
ed
the
poli
ce
He
heard
Uncle
Gab
riel
curs
ing
because
his
forc
ew
asin
adequate
;R
iel
was
not
yet
there
wit
hre
info
rcem
ents
and
scouts
had
warn
ed
that
Cro
zie
rw
asb
rin
gin
gabout
ahundre
dm
en...
..H
ehad
ask
ed
Gab
riel,
who
had
sla
inB
lackfe
et,
wh
at
itw
asli
ke
tok
ill
am
an,
and
Gab
riel
had
said
it
was
not
mu
chd
ifferen
tfr
om
kil
ling
gam
e.A
lex
had
do
ne
that,
but
he
co
uld
see
agre
at
deal
of
dif
fere
nce
now
:th
egam
ew
assta
lkin
gth
eh
un
ter
ov
er
this
snow
—co
ver
edfie
ld.
He
rem
em
bere
d,
too,
that
when
ov
erc
on
fid
en
tM
eti
shad
rem
ark
ed
that
the
poli
ce
were
on
ly
./2
4
—24
—
fair
sh
ots
an
dth
ev
olu
nte
ers
no
good
at
all
.G
abri
el
had
answ
ere
dgri
mly
that
men
could
very
qu
ick
lyle
arn
tosh
oot
well
...
Ale
xd
idn
ot
see
Gabri
el
shot
from
his
ho
rse,
but
he
saw
him
sta
nchin
gth
efl
ow
of
blo
od
from
his
fore
head
wit
hh
an
dfu
ls
of
sno
w,
saw
him
cra
wl
tohis
cousin
,A
ug
ust
eL
afr
am
bois
e,
who
was
dyir
ig,a
nd
weakly
att
em
pt
tom
ake
the
sin
’of
the
cro
ss
ov
er
him
.
Whe
nth
eboy
looked
back
at
the
en
em
y,
they
were
mil
ling
aro
und
the
sle
igh
s,
tryin
gto
hit
ch
up
under
fir
e.
One
wounded
volu
nte
er,
un
ab
leto
ris
e,
was
pushin
gh
imself
wit
hone
ben
tle
c
tow
ard
the
sle
igh
s.
His
boote
dfo
ot
would
scra
bb
lein
the
snow
,
tryin
gto
dig
ah
old
,th
en
there
wo
uld
be
alittle
push
and
he
wo
uld
mo
ve
afe
win
ches.
Ale
xth
ou
gh
tth
esn
ow
curl
ed
asid
e
23.
from
his
head
lik
ea
sod
from
aplo
w.
He
watc
hed
the
man
’sje
rk
How
ard
pain
ful
pro
gre
ss
for
alo
ng
tim
e,
whil
eth
ete
am
sw
ere
hit
ched
pp.
and
the
oth
er
wo
un
ded
load
ed
into
the
sle
ighs.
The
bo
yfelt
as
he
wante
dto
call
ou
tto
the
poli
ce
tow
ait
.T
hey
did
n’t
,an
d
the
wo
un
ded
man
was
left
still
plo
win
gbli
ndly
tow
ard
the
road.
(It
would
be
reaso
nab
leto
co
nclu
de
that
the
wounded
mar
menti
oned
inH
ow
ard
’sacco
un
tw
asth
esa
me
of
whic
hL
ouis
Sch
m.i
c
inth
efo
regoin
gm
emoir
-w
rote
:“...t
he
Meti
sfo
und
aw
ou
nd
ed
man
who
had
not
been
able
tofo
llow
the
oth
ers
.T
hey
bro
ug
ht
hi
wit
hth
em
an
dto
ok
care
of
him
.”)
Gabri
el
Dum
ont:
“Th
eso
und
of
gunfi
rew
ash
eard
at
Bato
che
and
Rie
lw
ith
70m
enh
urr
ied
tohelp
their
bro
thers
at
Duck
Lake.
Gabri
el
Du
nio
nt’
sdescri
pti
on
of
the
batt
leat
Du
ckL
ake
had
man
yin
teresti
ng
deta
ils.
Law
ren
ce
Cla
rke
inh
isfli
ght
let
beh
ind
his
racco
on
coat
and
Cro
zie
rle
ft
behin
dsevera
l,w
ago
ns
and
hors
es,
he
recou
nte
dsev
era
lyears
late
r.
The
foll
ow
ing
arc
excerp
tsfr
om
his
descri
pti
on
of
the
acti
on:
“Once
the
fusil
lad
ebegan,
we
fire
das
oft
en
as
we
co
ulc
As
for
my
self
,I
fire
dth
etw
elv
esh
ots
of
my
Win
ch
est
er
rif
le,
and
had
relo
aded
tog
et
itin
top
lay
again
,w
hen
the
Engli
sh,
stunned
by
the
num
ber
of
their
dead,
began
tow
ithdra
w.
For
them
itw
asti
me,
because
unti
lth
en
their
can
no
n,
whic
hhad
pre
vente
dm
ym
en,
who
were
now
on
foo
t,fr
om
movin
gdo
wn
the
hil
lsid
en
ow
,w
assil
ent.
Th
eir
can
no
neer,
in’
loadin
git,
had
put
the
lead
befo
reth
ep
ow
der.
Our
men
then
began
tom
ove
rour
them
.
./25
—25
—
Sin
ce
inth
eir
fli
ght
they
wo
uld
cro
ss
acle
ari
ng,
I
att
em
pte
dto
am
bu
sh,
say
ing
tom
ym
en:
‘Coura
ge.’
I’ll
mak
ea
few
red-c
oats
jum
pin
their
wagons.
And
Ila
ughed
--
not
because
Ito
ok
ple
asure
inkil
ling,
but
toencoura
ge
my
boys.
As
Ita
lked
about
kn
ock
ing
over
the
red
-co
ats
,I
neg
lecte
dto
take
cover,
and
abull
et
plo
ughed
my
sk
ull
,w
here
it
left
adeep
scar.
Ifell
.T
hen
my
ho
rse,
als
ow
ounded
,b
ou
nd
ed
over
me.
We
were
then
ab
ou
tsix
tyyard
sfr
om
the
enem
y.
I
wante
dto
get
up,
but
the
sho
ck
was
sosev
ere
that
Icou
ldn
’t.
Whe
nJo
sep
hD
elo
rme
saw
me
fall
back,
he
cri
ed
ou
tth
at:
Iw
ask
ille
d.
Isaid
toh
im,
‘Co
ura
ge,
wh
enth
ehead
isn’t
lost
:
we
do
n’t
die
.’I
then
told
Bapti
ste
Vandal
tota
ke
my
cart
rid
ge
and
my
rif
le,
wh
ich
was
fain
ous
and
whic
hhad
ara
nge
of
800
yard
...T
he
sou
nd
of
gu
nfi
rew
asheard
at
Bato
che
and
Rie
lw
ith
70
men
hu
rrie
dto
help
their
bro
thers
at
Duck
Lake.
Whil
ew
efo
ught,
Rie
lsat
on
his
hors
e,
ex
po
sed
toth
e
Gab
riel
bu
llets
,arm
ed
only
wit
ha
cru
cif
ixw
hic
hhe
held
inh
ishand...
Dum
ont
‘S
Acc
ou
nt
of
the
Batt
leW
hen
August
eL
afr
am
bo
ise,
acousin
,fell
,D
um
on
ttr
ied
tr
85
toget
tohis
knees
too
ffer
apra
yer,
but
fell
ov
er
on
his
Ses
sional
sid
e,
murm
uri
ng,
“C
ousi
n,
I’ll
ow
eit
toy
ou
.”24
Pap
ers
49 Vic
tori
aL
auri
er’
sA
necd
ote
s:
Sask
atc
hew
an
Hera
ld”
corr
espondent
Lauri
e,
wh
ile
sta
tioned
at
Fo
rtC
anto
nre
counte
dsev
era
lanecdote
safte
rth
e
batt
le.
The
fir
st
gave
adescri
pti
on
of
Gabri
el
Du
mo
nt’
sd
ash
ahead
of
the
Meti
s’
and
co
nseq
uen
tw
ou
nd
ing
whic
h,
on
the
pre
cedin
gpages
was
po
rtra
yed
from
apro
—M
eti
s’poin
tof
vie
w.
Laure
rm
akes
aclo
sin
gco
mm
ent
wh
ich
reveals
his
str
ong
anti
25.
Meti
sb
ias..
.
Lauri
eP
aper
s“W
hat
apit
yth
at
San
dy
’sb
ull
et
had
not
been
an
oth
er
inch
low
er.
By
Lauri
e: “...a
sone
of
the
rear
guard
,a
Scotc
hm
an
nam
edM
acD
on
al
was
ab
ou
tto
mount
his
hors
eh
esa
wa
so
lita
ry
half
-bre
ed
astr
id
of
apony
dash
out
as
though
inte
nt
on
purs
uin
gus
alo
ne
but
San
dy
reste
dh
isrif
leo
nth
esaddle
,to
ok
care
ful
aim
and
fire
d
and
had
gri
msati
sfacti
on
of
seein
ghis
vic
tim
thro
wu
phis
han
ds
and
fall
frm
his
ho
rse.
We
subsequentl
yle
arn
ed
that
the
man
of
bra
vado
was
no
oth
er
than
Gabri
el
Du
mo
nt
him
self
and
that
.12
6
—26
—
6.th
eW
inchest
er
Bull
et
had
str
uck
him
hig
hin
the
fore
head
and
had
gla
nced
upw
ard
s,th
us
spari
ng
his
life.
What
apit
yth
at
ACS
andy’s
bull
et
had
not
been
anoth
er
inch
low
er!”
26
“Am
Iw
ounded
Lauri
e?”
(L
aurie
narr
ati
on.)
“The
retu
rnm
arch
was
uneventf
ul
and
devoid
of
any
sta
rtl
i
incid
ent.
Ire
mem
ber
though
that
aP
oli
cem
an
know
nas
“Dutc
hy”
Mil
ler
who
was
ridin
gin
the
sam
esle
igh
wit
hm
ehappened
to
take
off
his
cap
for
som
ere
ason,
when
he
noti
ced
aro
und
hole
7.in
the
front
and
turn
ing
itaro
und
dis
covere
da
corr
esp
ondin
gone
inth
eback.
Inam
azem
ent
he
leaned
forw
ard
and
poin
ting
toth
e
‘AC
top
of
his
head
ask
ed,
“Am
Iw
ounded
,L
auri
e?”
and
sure
enough
there
was
afu
rrow
just
scalp
deep
plo
ughed
the
full
length
of
the
top
of
his
head.”
27
For
the
fir
st
tim
ein
my
life
Iheard
the
answ
ers
to.
the
roll
call
:“K
ille
d,
wounded
or
mis
sin
g.”
“We
reached
Canto
nshort
lyafte
r4
o’c
lock
inth
eafter
noon
and
then
cam
ew
hat
was
tobe
the
most
pain
ful
and
most
28.
sole
mn
event
of
the
day,
the
roll
call
,and
for
the
fir
st
tim
e1
Lau
rie
Pap
ers
my
life
Iheard
the
answ
ers
,“kil
led
inacti
on”
or
“wounded
”
PAC
or
“m
issin
g.”
28
Young
Napie
rdie
d,
call
ing,
“T
ell
them
Idie
dli
ke
am
an.”
John
Hooper,
aS
taff
N.C
.O
ffic
er
wit
hM
iddle
ton’s
Colu
mn,
heard
the
foll
ow
ing
sto
ryfr
om
one
of
Cro
zie
r’s
men
.It
concern
ed
severa
lP
rince
Alb
ert
Volu
nte
ers
who
die
dduri
ng
the
batt
leof
Duc
kL
ake.
“C
apta
inM
ort
on,
leadin
gth
evolu
nte
ers
as
he
fell
mort
all
yw
ounded
,said
toone
who
off
ere
dassis
tance:
“N
oth
ing
wil
lhelp
me.
See
that
my
wif
ean
dfa
mil
yare
care
dfo
r!”
expir
ing
wit
ha
gro
an.
Am
om
ent
aft
er,
young
Napie
r(s
on
of
Sir
Charl
es
Napie
r,
of
Mag
dal
a)w
ashit
inth
ebre
ast
by
aslu
g.
To
the
next
man
he
call
ed,
“I
amsh
ot
—te
llth
emI
die
dli
ke
am
an!”
Whil
st
sti
llon
his
knees,
he
was
again
str
uck
twic
e(i
nth
eneck
and
29.
inth
eth
igh).
Young
Arn
old
was
shot
thro
ugh
the
lungs
and
John
Hoo
per
AS
taff
conti
nued
tofi
ght,
but
was
str
uck
by
two
more
bull
ets
inquic
k
cer
successio
n.
Sevral
of
the
civ
ilia
ns
were
com
ple
tely
expose
d
Infa
ntr
y.
and
ina
kneeli
ng
postu
re-
asple
ndid
mar
kfo
rth
eir
hid
den
foe.
Bri
gad
ade
but
afe
wyard
saw
ay.”
Mid
dle
ton’s
29
Col
umn
/27
—).I
—
Majo
rC
rozie
rto
ok
anunexpecte
dp
lun
ge,
-as
told
by
Lauri
er.
Of
Nap
ier
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
Hera
ldcorr
esponden
tL
auri
er
told
anam
usi
ng
tale
.T
his
incid
ent
must
have
taken
pla
ce
only
afe
wdays
or
ev
en
ho
urs
befo
reth
ey
ou
ng
man
was
kil
led
in
batt
le.
“M
ajo
rC
rozie
r,th
eo
ffic
er
com
mandin
g,
was
makin
ga
to
of
the
sentr
ies
som
eti
mes
betw
een
mid
nig
ht
and
daybre
ak
for
the
pu
rpo
seof
learn
ing
ifall
was
ale
rt
and
giv
ing
att
enti
on
o
the
du
ties
dev
olv
ing
up
on
them
.O
ne
of
the
new
volu
nte
ers
fro
m
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,W
illi
am
Nap
ier,
who
by
the
way
was
aco
usin
of
Lo
rdN
apie
ro
fM
ag
dala
,w
asone
of
these
sen
trie
san
dw
hen
he
heard
the
Majo
rand
the
ord
erl
yserg
ean
tappro
achin
ghe
pro
mptl
ychall
enged
them
,w
hen
accord
ing
toth
eusual
routi
ne
Cro
zie
rask
ed
him
tog
ive
over
his
ord
ers
,m
eanin
gfo
rhim
to
rep
eat
the
instr
ucti
on
sw
hic
hhad
been
giv
en
tohim
when
pla
ced
on
sentr
y.
It
seem
sth
at
the
serg
eant
of
the
guard
had
negle
ct
this
little
form
ali
ty,
takin
git
for
gra
nte
dth
at
that
the
sentr
ies
pla
ced
by
him
wo
uld
be
aw
are
wit
ho
ut
any
specia
lin
str
tiori
sfr
om
him
what
they
were
expecte
dto
do.
“O
rders
,”said
Nap
ier
“I
have
no
ord
ers
.”W
hen
the
Majo
rask
ed
him
“Wh
atdid
the
serg
eant
of
the
gu
ard
tell
you
when
he
pla
ced
you
here
?”
The
answ
er
cam
e“O
hy
es,
he
told
me
tolo
ok
out
and
not
ste
pin
30.
that
ho
le,”
poin
ting
his
finger
toa
pla
ce
acouple
of
feet
Lau
rier
the
rear
of
Majo
rC
rozie
r.T
he
Majo
rtu
rned
aro
und
suddenly
Pap
ers,
P.A
.C.
and
ste
pp
ed
back
wit
hth
eresu
ltth
at
he
plu
mp
ed
into
the
ho
lecle
ar
toh
isarm
pit
sand
had
tom
ake
ahurr
ied
depar€
ure
for
his
qu
art
ers
toget
into
dry
clo
thin
g.”
30
Rie
lhad
ho
ped
that
the
en
gag
em
en
tat
Duck
Lak
ew
asth
efir
st
and
the
last
acti
on
.
Phil
ippe
Garn
ot,
secre
tary
of
the
Meti
s’council
,w
rote
inhis
mem
oir
so
fth
eli
mit
ed
num
ber
of
men
,scouts
and
ho
rses
avail
ab
lew
hen
the
ala
rmth
at
the
Poli
ce
were
com
ing
was
rais
ed
at
Duck
Lak
e.
He
said
that
the
Meti
sw
ere
not
expecti
ng
anim
media
teatt
ack
and
had
on
lytw
en
ty-s
ixm
enand
six
teen
ho
rses
ready
tom
eet
Cro
zie
rand
his
forc
eo
fo
ne—
hu
nd
red
men
.H
econti
nues: “A
llth
esa
me
they
left
tom
eet
the
Po
lice
quit
efa
raw
ayso
they
could
not
reach
the
ho
use
sw
ith
their
rif
les..
.The
26hors
em
en
met
the
Po
lice
am
ile
and
ahalf
from
Duck
Lake,
on
the
Rese
rve
of
tie
India
nC
hie
fB
eard
yand
they
dis
moun
ted
imm
ed
iate
lyan
dsen
tth
eir
hors
es
toth
ere
ar.
..tw
oam
ong
them
,an
Ind
ian
who
had
no
rif
le,
and
who
was
alm
ost
bli
nd,
and
I:;i
dor
./28
—28
—
Dum
ont,
bro
ther
of
Gabri
el,
co
nti
nu
ed
toadvance
on
the
road,
whil
efo
rty
pla
ced
them
selv
es
alo
ng
the
sid
eo
fth
ero
ad
and
ten
oth
ers
haste
ned
tog
et
-agood
pla
ce
on
the
oth
er
sid
e...
befo
reth
eP
oli
ce
took
po
ssessio
no
fit
...(
Du
rin
gth
ebatt
le)
the
Meti
sconserv
ed
their
am
munit
ion,
havin
go
nly
alittle
and
hav
ing
only
six
carb
ines,
the
rest
were
rif
les
for
the
hu
nts
;
but
they
knew
how
tob
esu
pp
ort
ed
by
ab
ou
to
ne-h
un
dre
din
fan
try
men
who
were
tom
ake
adeto
ur
tocu
toff
the
retr
eat
of
the
Poli
ce.
The
batt
lela
ste
donly
twenty
min
ute
s.
..W
hen
Majo
rC
rozi
gave
the
ord
er
toretr
eat,
the
vo
lun
teers
who
were
alo
ng
the
fence
(by
the
sid
eo
fth
ero
ad)
were
all
sh
ot,
save
the
one
who
was
wounded
an
dfell
pri
so
ner
toth
eM
eti
s;
for
the
Poli
ce
lef
t
31.
its
dead
,it
sw
ou
nd
ed
,fi
ve
or
six
hors
es,
about
twelv
ecarb
ines
Phil
ipp
eso
me
am
munit
ion...
(and)
abob—
sleig
hcom
ple
tely
harn
essed
...
Gar
not
Kem
oirs
The
Meti
sw
ante
dto
purs
ue
the
Poli
ce,
but
Rie
lpre
vente
dth
em
,P
.A.C
.te
llin
gth
em
that
they
had
alr
eady
mad
een
ou
gh
dam
age
and
hE
ho
ped
it
was
the
fir
st
and
last
actio
n.”
31
“T
oro
nto
Dail
yM
ail
”to
ldsto
ryo
fg
ov
ern
men
tscouts
,captu
!ed
by
the
Meti
s.
On
the
day
of
the
Duck
Lak
eb
att
letw
oscouts
by
the
nan
of
Haro
ldE
.R
oss
an
dW
.A
stl
ey
were
captu
red
by
the
Meti
s.
T1-
.
had
left
Fo
rtC
anto
nbetw
een
11
and
12o
’clo
ck
on
the
nig
ht
of
the
25
Mar
chw
ith
the
inte
nti
on
of
gain
ing
the
hig
hg
rou
nd
in
the
vic
init
yof
St.
Lau
ren
tto
fin
dif
the
Half
-bre
eds
had
taken
an
yste
ps
toin
terc
ep
tC
om
man
der
Irv
ine,
who
was
on
his
way
to
the
fo
rt.
Whe
nth
ey
cam
eover
the
hil
lat
Du
ckL
ake
they
were
spo
tted
by
India
np
ickets
near
the
trail
.A
sth
ey
pro
ceeded
do
wn
the
hil
lth
eH
alf
-bre
eds
rode
afte
rth
em
,th
esoft
sno
w,
wh
ich
had
fall
en
the
day
befo
recom
ple
tely
mu
ffli
ng
their
fo
ot
ste
ps.
“T
oro
nto
,M
ay25
,1
88
5.”
“H
eari
ng
an
ois
ebehin
dh
imR
oss
loo
ked
back
an
dsa
w
Dum
ont
at
the
head
of
about
20m
enw
ith
arif
lein
his
hand.
Gab
riel
at
on
ce
cri
ed
out,
“S
urr
ender,
Yo
u’r
escouts
.”A
stl
ey
did
not
hear
the
call
,w
here
upon
Ross
tap
ped
him
on
the
should
er
and
said
“T
hey’r
eon
top
of
us,”
and
wheele
dh
ish
ors
earo
und.
Du
inont
imm
ed
iate
lyseiz
ed
him
by
the
foo
tan
do
rdere
dh
imto
dis
mo
un
t,w
hic
hR
oss
refu
sed
todo.
The
rebel
ad
juta
nt-
gen
era
l,
—29
—
as
he
sty
led
him
self
inoffic
ial
docum
ents
,th
en
att
em
pte
dto
pu
llR
oss
off
,u
po
nw
hic
hth
ela
tter
endeavore
dto
dra
whis
revolv
er.
Tw
oIn
dia
ns
got
on
each
sid
eo
fh
im,
and
tho
seon
the
rig
ht
pull
ed
his
foot
fro
mth
esti
rrup
and
Du
mo
nt
succeed
ed
inunhors
ing
him
,an
din
doin
gso
dis
covere
dth
ere
volv
er
whic
hhe
dem
anded
.R
oss
dre
wit
at
once
not
tog
ive
itup,
how
ev
er,
but
for
the
pu
rpo
seof
adm
inis
teri
ng
ale
ad
en
pil
lto
anIn
dia
nw
ho
had
him
co
vere
dw
ith
agun,
at
the
sam
eti
me
seiz
ing
Dum
ont
by
the
thro
at
wit
hh
isd
isen
gag
ed
han
dto
pre
vent
his
inte
rfere
nce.
Feeli
ng
som
eth
ing
tou
ch
his
head
behin
d,
Ross
loo
ked
aro
und,
2.
and
fou
nd
him
self
co
vere
db
ytw
om
ore
guns,
seein
gw
hic
hhe
[‘oro
nto
‘)ai
lysurr
endere
d.
Ast
ley
inth
em
eanti
me
had
endeavore
dto
esc
ap
e,
“fai
l,but
perc
eiv
ing
his
com
rad
ew
asn
ot
foll
ow
ing,
turn
ed
back
to‘l
ay25
,18
85his
assis
tance
when
was
als
osu
rro
un
ded
and
tak
en
.”32
(Car
onta
per
s.)
Captu
reof
poli
ce
sco
uts
from
Meti
s’poin
to
fvie
w(T
rau
rnad
an)
Th
ecap
ture
of
poli
ce
scouts
Ross
and
Astl
ey,
as
rep
ort
ed
on
the
“T
oro
nto
,”has
als
obeen
descri
bed
by
Au
gu
ste-H
enri
Tra
um
adan
who
base
dh
isacco
un
to
nG
abri
el
Dum
ont’
sp
ers
onal
Mem
oir
s.T
rauin
adan’s
descri
pti
on
leads
from
the
cap
ture
of
the
govern
ment
sco
uts
toth
eh
arr
ass
men
to
fC
rozie
r’s
Po
lice,
pri
or
toth
eD
uck
Lak
eengagem
ent.
“Th
e(M
eti
s)scouts
ob
serv
ed
two
hors
em
en
-H
aro
ldR
oss
and
Joh
nW
.A
stJ.
ey
-g
oby,
and
turn
ed
back
ton
oti
fyD
umon
tw
ho,
wit
hh
isb
roth
er
Ed
war
d,
Phil
ippe
Gard
ipy
,B
ap
tiste
Des
çham
ps.
.an
dan
Ind
ian
,Jo
sep
hT
rott
oir
,set
off
inp
urs
uit
.O
nth
ew
ay,
he
ad
vis
ed
his
arm
edcom
panio
ns
not
toh
arm
them
ifth
ey
did
not
resis
t.T
hey
ov
ert
oo
kth
etw
oat
Du
ckL
ak
e.
Dum
ont
took
aim
and
yell
ed:
“D
on’t
run
away
or
Ish
all
kil
lyou.”
“I
ama
surv
eyo
r”,
said
Ross
as
Dum
ont
appro
ached
.
“Y
ou
’re
ali
ar
and
no
surv
eyor”
,re
tort
ed
Dum
ont
as
he
forc
ed
the
man
todis
mo
un
tan
dnote
dth
ere
volv
er
he
carr
ied.
As
Ast
ley
was
try
ing
toesc
ape,
Dunio
nt’
sm
enpre
pare
dto
shoot
him
,but
Dum
on
tst
op
ped
them
.H
ow
ever
,A
stle
yfell
and
the
Meti
sse
cu
red
him
.B
oth
pri
soners
wer
eta
ken
toD
uck
Lake.
On
the
way
,D
umon
tassure
dth
emth
at
“if
they
wer
egood
lad
s,
they
wo
uld
be
well
-tre
ate
d.”
Dum
ont’
sm
enhad
scarc
ely
had
tim
eto
sta
ble
their
ho
rses
when
they
he4
rda
sho
ut:
“Th
eP
oli
ce
are
here
!”A
ctu
all
y,
only
thre
escouts
,D
umon
tan
dh
is
/30
—30
—
bro
ther
Ed
ward
,Ja
mes
Short
,th
eir
bro
ther-
in—
law
,an
d
Patr
ick
Fle
ury
,w
en
tafte
rth
em
.T
hey
co
uld
n’t
catc
hth
em
but
am
ongst
them
,th
ey
reco
gn
ized
Thom
asM
cKay
,and
stu
bborn
ly
conti
nued’
topurs
ue
them
.
Dum
ont,
who
was
ah
ead
of
his
co
mp
an
ion
s,suddenly
saw
twen
ty—
two
Mo
unti
es
am
bush
ed
alo
ng
the
road
they
had
just
ridd
en
over.
Duz
nont
gall
oped
tow
ard
shis
men
and
yell
ed
at
them
tod
ism
ou
nt.
Bla
sphem
ousl
y,
aM
ou
nte
dP
oli
ce
Serg
eant
an
nounced
that
he
was
goin
gto
kil
lh
im.
Dum
ont
pro
mptl
y
rushed
him
and
dis
arm
ed
him
.A
sh
ot
reso
un
ded
,and
Dum
on
t
heard
Th
om
asM
cKay
shout:
“Pay
att
enti
on,
Gab
riel.
”
“Pay
att
enti
on
yours
elf
,o
rI’ll
blo
wy
ou
rbra
ins
out”
,
repli
ed
Dum
ont
as
he
hurl
ed
him
self
at
this
new
advers
ary
.
McK
ayw
heele
dh
ishors
ew
hic
hfl
ou
nd
ere
din
the
snow
and
reare
d.
Wit
hth
eend
of
his
rif
le,
Dum
ont
pro
dd
ed
McK
ayin
the
back,
but
as
McK
ayspurr
ed
his
ho
rse,
he
man
aged
tofr
ee
him
—
self
.D
uri
ng
this
fracas,
McK
aynever
ceased
from
repeati
ng
:
“Pay
att
enti
on,
Gabri
el”
,to
whic
hD
um
ont
reit
erate
d:
“Pay
att
enti
on
yo
urs
elf
”.
Wit
hth
eend
of
his
rif
lebarr
el
over
McK
ay’s
kid
ney,
he
forc
ed
his
vic
tim
tom
ove
on.
Meanw
hil
e,
McK
ayord
ere
da
retr
eat.
As
they
were
leav
ing
,D
uin
ont
shoute
d:
“Why
did
you
com
ehere
?”
“Just
tosp
eak
toyou”,
McK
ayre
pli
ed
.
“Th
enw
hy
run
aw
ay
?”
ask
ed
Dum
ont.
“You
told
us
yo
u
would
com
ew
ith
som
em
en.
Wh
ere
are
they?
Bah
Yo
u’r
e
no
thin
gbut
afo
ol!
”H
ow
ever,
McK
ayand
his
co
mp
an
ion
sheard
little
of
this
;th
ey
were
gall
opin
gaw
ayat
fu
llspeed.
Du
mo
nt’
sm
enw
an
ted
toch
ase
them
but
he
held
them
back.
There
were
on
lyth
ree!
Th
ere
fore
,abandonin
gth
eid
ea
of
Aug
uste
—purs
uin
gth
eru
naw
ays,
the
little
troop
retu
rned
toD
uck
Lake.
Hen
riA
nd
this
tim
eagain
,th
ey
had
scarc
ely
tim
eto
sta
ble
their
Tra
nmad
auin
off
icia
lhors
es
an
dsw
all
ow
afe
wm
ou
thfu
lso
flu
nch
when
the
cry
that
trans-
the
Poli
ce
were
co
min
gro
used
them
toacti
on.
Th
isti
me,
the
tat
3.on
?.26
4—26
6P
oli
ce
were
info
rce.”
33
Astl
ey
and
Ross
pro
vid
ed
Cro
zie
rw
ith
swo
rnsta
tem
ents
,nam
ing
locati
on,
an
dnum
ber
of
half
-bre
ed
sen
gag
ed
inbatt
le.
“I,
Haro
ldE
.R
oss
of
the
tow
no
fP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
inth
eS
ask
atc
hew
an
dis
tric
tin
the
Nort
hW
est
Territ
orie
so
fC
anada,
Dep
uty
Sheri
ffdo
sole
mnly
decla
re:
..../3
1
—31
—
1.
Iw
asa
pri
so
ner
inth
ecusto
dy
of
Rie
land
the
Rebels
on
the
26th
day
of
Mar
chla
st
and
pers
onall
y
vis
ited
the
scene
of
the
batt
leon
Satu
rday
the
28th
day
of
Mar
chla
st
past,
the
said
Rie
lth
e
lead
er
of
the
rebels
was
then
wit
hm
eo
nth
esaid
batt
lefie
ld.
2.
Ih
av
eex
am
ined
the
pla
nand
peru
sed
the
sta
tem
ent
here
un
to
___
__
__
__
__
and
mark
ed
“W’
mad
eby
Joh
n
Astl
ey,
who
was
afe
llow
pri
so
ner
wit
hm
eon
both
of
the
above
men
tio
ned
date
s,
and
Iso
lem
nly
decla
re
the
sam
eare
exact
and
instr
ict
accord
ance
wit
h
what
Isa
wand
observ
ed
myself
.
3.
An
dI
furt
her
decla
reth
at
Ico
un
ted
the
num
ber
of
men
goin
gout
tota
ke
part
inth
esaid
batt
lean
d
that
there
were
over
300
half
bre
eds
and
India
ns
engaged
inth
esaid
batt
le.
Im
ake
this
sole
mn
decla
rati
on
co
nscie
nti
ou
sly
beli
ev
ing
the
sam
eto
be
tru
ean
db
yv
irtu
eo
fan
act
passed
inth
e37th
year
of
her
Maje
sti
es
Reig
nenti
tled
An
Act
Fo
rth
eS
uppre
ssio
n
of
Vo
lunta
ryand
?
Decla
red
befo
rem
eat
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
inth
eN
ort
hw
est
Territ
orie
s,
Canada,
this
28
thday
of
May
1885.
sig
ned
Ste
ven
Burs
tis
No
tary
Publi
c
Sig
ned
Haro
ldE
.R
oss
.
“I,
Joh
nW
.A
stl
ey
of
the
tow
no
fP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
inth
edis
tric
tof
Sask
atc
hew
an
inth
eN
ort
hW
est
Territ
orie
so
fC
anada
aciv
ilengin
eer
do
sole
mnly
decla
reth
at
Iw
asa
pri
so
ner
in
the
hands
of
the
rebels
un
der
Louis
Rie
lat
Duck
Lak
eo
nth
e26
day
of
Mar
chla
st
past.
2.
That
the
sketc
hm
apor
pla
n
here
to?
isaccu
rate
lydra
wn
fro
mm
yow
np
ers
onal
observ
ati
on
of
the
locali
tyw
here
the
fight
too
kpla
ce
and
tru
ly
exhib
its
the
featu
res
of
the
locali
ty.
3.
Of
my
own
know
ledge
Idecla
reth
at
there
were
betw
een
thre
eand
four
hundre
dH
alf
-b
reed
and
India
ns
engaged
inth
efi
ght
at
Duck
Lak
eo
nth
esaid
26th
day
of
Mar
chla
st
past.
And
Im
ake
this
sole
mn
decla
rati
on
conscie
nti
ously
beli
ev
ing
the
sam
eto
be
true
and
by
vir
tue
of
anact
passed
in
the
3’7
thy
ear
of
Her
Maje
sti
es
Reig
nand
enti
t1d
An
Act
for
the
Suppre
ssio
nof
Vo
lun
teer
and
ex
traji
rdic
ial
oath
es.
/32
—i2
—
Decla
red
befo
rem
eat
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
inth
eD
istr
ict
!orn
of
Sask
atc
hew
an
this
28
thday
of
May
A.D
.1
88
5.
atem
entS
SS
,S
igned
ley
Nota
ryP
ubli
c
Sig
ned
J.
Astl
ey
”34
Am
ong
the
oth
er
pri
soners
was
Geo
rge
Ness
who
was
rele
ased
for
7so
me
unknow
nre
ason
tohis
fell
ow
pri
soners
.
(unko
wn
toall
but
Rie
l..)
The
Toro
nto
,M
ay25,
18
85
carr
ied
the
foll
ow
ing
sto
ry
en
titl
ed
:O
ther
Pri
so
ners
:
“Anum
ber
of
oth
ers
were
als
oin
confi
nem
ent,
but
the
majo
rity
were
only
impri
soned
for
ashort
tim
e.
Those
who
were
pla
ced
inW
alt
er
and
Bak
ers
sto
refo
rsafe
keepin
gw
ere
kep
tth
ere
only
duri
ng
the
nig
ht
of
the
18th
,and
were
rem
oved
toB
ato
che
churc
hth
enext
mo
rnin
g,
and
the
next
day
were
rem
oved
toth
e
resid
ence
of
Phil
ippe
Garn
ot,
secre
tary
of
the
pro
vis
ional
Go
vern
men
t.A
mon
gth
eo
ther
pri
soners
were
Georg
eN
ess
,L
ouis
Mari
on,
and
Ch
arl
es
Noun,
half
-bre
eds
who
had
refu
sed
tota
ke
up
arm
s.W
alt
ers
,o
fW
alt
ers
and
Bakers
,and
J.D
.H
anafi
n,
a
cle
rkin
their
em
plo
ym
en
t,E
dW
oo
dco
ck,
alr
eady
refe
rred
toas
captu
red
at
Ho
od
oo
,an
dT
ho
s.S
an
ders
on
,o
fC
arr
ott
Riv
er
who
happ
ened
toh
av
eca
mp
edat
that
pla
ce
the
nig
ht
it
was
plu
ndere
d.
...B
oth
...N
oli
nan
dM
ari
on
gave
their
adhere
nce
(to
the
Meti
s
govern
ment)
but
the
latt
er
(Mari
on
)d
esert
ed
the
next
day
and
sio
nal
ers
Noun
the
day
of
the
Duck
Lak
een
gag
em
en
t.N
ess
sto
od
ou
tto
.C.
the
last
bu
tw
asre
leased
for
som
ere
ason
unknow
nto
his
fell
ow
pri
soners
...
..
.35
Mrs
.N
ess
toR
iel:
Dear
Sir
,E
xcuse
me
troubli
ng
yo
u,
Iam
the
cause
of
my
husb
and
bein
gta
ken
pri
soner.
It
appears
cert
ain
that
Rie
lre
leased
Georg
eN
ess
on
acco
unt
of
two
lett
ers
wri
tten
tohim
by
Mrs
.N
ess
.T
he
fir
st
on
ere
ad
sas
foll
ow
s:
“M
onsi
eur
Lo
uis
Rie
l
Dear
Sir
,
Excu
sem
ytr
oubli
ng
yo
ubut
Ihav
econfi
dence
inyou
alo
ne
that
yo
uw
ill
have
pit
yo
nm
ew
hoare
all
alo
ne
wit
hm
y
thre
eli
ttle
chil
dre
nw
hoare
very
yo
un
g.
No
near
neig
hbo
rto
help
me
tak
ecare
fm
yli
ttle
catt
lean
dals
oy
ou
arr
este
dm
y
/33
—33
—
hu
sband
whil
eh
ew
astr
yin
gto
get
som
eth
ing
for
his
little
fam
ily.
Oh
beli
ev
em
eit
isI
who
amth
ecause
of
his
bein
g
tak
en
.T
he
nig
ht
befo
reI
beg
ged
of
him
tog
osell
his
ho
rse
toget
pro
vis
ion
and
oth
er
thin
gs
whic
hare
gre
atl
yn
eeded
...
Dear
Sir
Iw
ould
be
sogla
dto
see
him
,only
osp
eak
tohim
,
6.an
dyou
on
lycan
gra
nt
me
this
favor.
....A
nd
yet,
Georg
eis
.ess
ion
al
aM
eti
s;
No
never
sh
all
Ibeli
eve
that
my
nati
on
iscru
el
aper
s.A
.C.
enough
tok
ill
my
husb
and
or
keep
him
pri
so
ner
for
lon
g..
.Adeu
dear
Sir
,I
pra
yfo
ryou
wit
hall
my
heart
.
Sig
ned
The
wif
eo
fG
eo
rge
Ness”
36
Str
ain
ed
em
oti
ons
com
pell
ed
Ind
ian
sand
Meti
s’to
seek
revenge,
but
inte
rven
tio
no
fco
ole
rheads
avert
ed
trag
ed
y.
Aft
er
the
fight
at
Duck
Lak
eG
ab
riel
Dum
ont
ente
red
the
pri
son
an
dord
ere
dth
epri
soners
tob
eshot
but
the
men
inch
arg
e
refu
sed
too
bey
the
ord
er.
The
Sio
ux
were
parti
cu
larly
an
xio
us
toh
av
ere
ven
ge
but
were
restr
ain
tm
ain
lyth
rough
the
inter
ven
tio
nof
Monkrn
an.
Fath
er
Andre
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
wro
teto
Bis
hop
Gra
nd
ino
fa
wounded
man
who
was
att
acked
on
the
battle
fie
ldbut
was
sav
ed
by
Wil
liam
Bo
yer
wh
ena
Sio
ux
was
about
to
kil
lth
em
anusin
gth
ebutt
of
his
gun.
He
had
alr
ead
ybeen
hit
37.
sev
era
lti
mes
an
dtw
oo
fhis
fingers
were
bro
ken
as
he
covere
dA
ndre
his
face
toshie
ldhim
self
fro
mth
eb
low
s.B
oyer
took
the
Can
din
,w
ou
nd
edm
anto
Duck
Lak
e.
This
,F
ath
er
Andre
wro
te,
“is
an
oth
er
matt
er
wh
ich
isa
cred
itt
the
half
—bre
eds.”
37
R.A
.\i
bert
a.
The
latt
er
incid
en
tm
ust
be
unders
tood
inth
eco
nte
xt
of
experi
ence
wh
ich
the
Sio
ux
had
inth
eU
nit
ed
Sta
tes.
There
they
had
been
cru
ell
ypers
ecu
ted
and
hunte
dli
ke
gam
e.M
any
of
their
rela
tiv
es
had
been
kil
led
and
it
isli
kely
that
they
wis
hed
to
rev
enge
the
bruta
lity
their
next-
of-
kin
had
suff
ere
d.
Th
epri
soners
were
moved
toC
arl
ton
whic
hby
then
had
been
vacate
db
yth
eM
ounte
dP
oli
ce.
Ad
eta
ch
men
to
fh
alf
-bre
ed
s
rem
ain
ed
toguard
the
pre
mis
es
and
am
anand
aw
oman
were
assig
ned
toth
ecare
of
guard
sand
pri
so
ners
.
Aft
er
the
batt
leo
fD
uck
Lak
eR
iel
urg
ed
Cro
zie
rto
com
ean
dta
ke
away
his
dead.
The
Meti
sco
un
cil
met
pro
mptl
yafte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
eengage
men
tto
dis
cu
ss
the
sit
uati
on
at
han
dan
dd
ecid
ed
that
the
fir
st
an
dm
ost
pre
ssin
gn
eed
was
the
rem
oval
of
the
dead
on
the
battle
fie
ld.
Apri
sonet
was
rele
ased
and
giv
en
ale
tter
toth
eco
mm
and
.134
—34
—
ing
off
icer
at
Fort
Canto
nu
rgin
gh
imto
com
eta
ke
away
the
bod
ies
of
the
unfo
rtunate
and
that
those
inch
arg
eof
this
task
wo
uld
no
tb
em
ole
sted
.T
hom
asS
anders
on
off
ere
dto
carr
y
the
mess
age
toS
upt.
Cro
zie
ran
dth
en
retu
rnagain
tog
ive
him
self
up
as
apri
soner.
“To
Rie
lth
isse
emed
too
ffer
anopport
unit
yto
corn
rnuni
cate
wit
hth
ose
who
had
backed
the
agit
ati
on...a
nd
topla
ce
his
case
befo
reth
emonce
more
...h
eth
ere
fore
wro
tea
lett
er
add
ress
&
toC
rozie
r,w
hic
hhe
han
ded
toS
an
ders
on
,at
the
sam
eti
me
ask
inL
Sanders
on
tote
llth
ep
eo
ple
(the
volu
nte
ers
)th
at
he
did
not
wis
hto
fig
ht
them
...T
he
lett
er
toC
rozie
rre
ad
,in
part
as
foll
ow
s:
“Acala
mit
yhas
fall
en
upon
the
countr
yyeste
rday.
You
are
responsib
lefo
rit
befo
reG
odan
dm
an.
Your
men
can
no
tcl
am
that
their
inte
nti
on
sw
ere
peaceable
and
sin
ce
they
wer
ebri
ngin
alo
ng
can
no
ns.
And
they
fire
dm
any
shots
fir
st.
God
has
been
38
.p
leased
togra
nt
us
the
vic
tory
;an
das
our
movem
ent
isto
save
ou
rli
ves,
our
vic
tory
isgood;
and
we
off
er
itto
the
Alm
igh
ty.
p.32
0M
ajo
r,w
eare
Ch
risti
an
sin
war
and
inpeace.
We
wri
teyou
in
the
nam
eo
fG
odan
do
fhum
anit
yto
com
ean
dta
ke
away
yo
ur
dead
,
who
mw
erespect....”
38
-34a
—
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Volu
nte
ers
had
felt
that
“th
ey
could
eat
tho
se
bre
ed
s,
mo
ccass
ins
and
all
,”re
late
done
of
Rie
l’s
pri
so
ners
.
Jim
Bra
dy,
twenti
eth
-cen
tury
org
aniz
er
of
tho
Meti
sin
Alb
ert
aar
idS
ask
atc
hew
an
,o
utl
ined
parti
cula
rs
of
the
batt
le
at
Duck
Lak
ein
ale
tter
toM
r.R
.B
.S
wan
key
of
Ed
mo
nto
n.
Bra
dy
’ssto
ryis
base
do
na
firs
t—p
ers
on
account
by
Pete
r
Tom
pkin
s,w
how
ascaptu
red
by
aM
eti
ssco
ut
on
Mar
ch1
8,
1885,
wh
ile
try
ing
tore
pair
ate
legra
ph
lin
e.
To
mp
kin
sw
asco
nfi
ned
wit
ho
ther
pri
soners
ina
house
at
Duck
Lak
eand
watc
hed
Gabri
el
Du
ino
nt’
satt
em
pt
toorg
aniz
ea
sm
all
Meti
sfo
rce.
Th
isgro
uo
mp
os
of
25M
eti
san
d5
Sio
ux,
then
met
and
defe
ate
dth
eM
ou
nte
d
Poli
ce
under
Cro
zie
r.
Jim
Bra
dy
rela
ted
the
foll
ow
ing
about
Pete
rT
om
pkin
s.
“In
the
earl
ym
orn
ing
hours
of
Mar
ch2
6th
he
was
aro
used
by
aco
mm
oti
on
ou
tsid
eth
ehouse
inw
hic
hhe
was
imp
riso
nn
ed.
Ric
heli
the
Meti
sguard
cap
tain
,all
ow
ed
him
tosta
nd
at”
up
per
sto
ryw
ind
ow
.
Dir
ectl
yb
elo
wh
imw
asD
um
ont
and
an
um
ber
of
mounte
dm
en.
Scouts
had
rep
ort
ed
that
the
po
lice
fro
mC
an
ton
were
movin
go
nD
uck
Lak
e.
The
part
yw
hic
hhad
hasti
lyass
em
ble
dm
oved
out
tom
eet
them
.H
eco
un
ted
25M
eti
sand
5S
iou
xIn
dia
ns.
It
was
this
part
y
wh
ich
met
an
ddefe
ate
dC
rozie
r.D
uin
ont
had
despatc
hed
mess
en
gers
sum
mo
nin
gth
em
enfr
om
the
low
er
sett
lem
en
tsto
join
them
.I-
Iow
ever
wh
enth
ese
rein
forc
em
en
tsre
ached
Duck
Lak
ev
illa
ge
they
were
info
rmed
that
Cro
zie
rw
asin
retr
eat.
To
mk
ins
was
extr
em
ely
crit
ical
of
the
blu
nders
of
the
att
ackin
gfo
rce.
The
Meti
ssc
ou
ts.
had
rep
ort
ed
that
Cro
zie
r’s
forc
ehad
cannon.
He
sp
en
ta
few
uncom
fort
able
min
ute
sex
pecti
ng
tobe
shell
ed
as
the
house
inw
hic
l
the
pri
soners
were
con
fined
sto
od
on
apro
min
ent
ris
eo
fg
rou
nd
,
clo
se
toth
ela
ke
shore
,and
pre
sente
dan
excell
ent
arti
llery
target.
He
full
yex
pecte
dth
at
Cro
zie
rw
ould
ad
van
ce
acro
ss
the
ice,
lau
nch
ing
afr
onta
lassault
,in
wh
ich
case,
the
Meti
sac
know
—
led
ge
Duck
Lak
ew
ou
ldhave
fall
en
.C
rozie
r’s
movem
ent
was
tacti
call
yu
nreali
sti
c.
The
Meti
scla
imC
rozie
rw
asle
dto
Duck
Lak
e
ag
ain
st
his
bett
er
Judg
em
en
t.W
hil
eat
Can
ton
he
was
join
ed
by
the
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Vo
lun
teers
.T
his
gro
up
were
inth
em
ain
Pro
testa
nt
Ora
ngem
en
from
Onta
rio
wit
han
accre
tio
no
f“Q
uis
lin
g”
loyali
sts
fro
mam
ong
the
En
gli
sh
half
-bre
eds.
Cro
zie
rhad
sen
t
Serg
ean
tS
tew
art
wit
ha
sm
all
deta
ilto
retr
ieve
the
pers
onal
effects
of
Hil
lyard
Mit
ch
ell
who
had
fled
from
Duck
Lake.
This
part
yhad
been
warn
ed
and
turn
ed
back
by
the
Meti
s.
Poli
ce
scouts
rep
ort
ed
this
develo
pm
ent
toC
rozie
r.T
he
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Vo
lunte
ers
were
for
anim
media
tem
ov
emen
tagain
st
Duck
Lake.
Cro
zie
rsu
gg
este
ddela
yunti
lS
tew
art
’sre
turn
.W
her
eupon
the
volu
nte
er
com
man
der
told
Cro
zie
rh
ew
ou
ldb
ran
dhim
as
ap
lotr
oo
n
and
cow
ard
ifh
edid
not
advance
imm
ed
iate
ly.
He
als
oadded
they
\
-34b
-
had
suffic
ient
forc
e‘t
oeat
tho
se
bre
eds
moccasi
ns
and
a11.
Cro
zie
rre
pli
ed
that
he
would
lead
him
toD
uck
Lake.
It
is
no
tew
ort
hy
tore
co
rdth
at
this
conte
mptu
ous
exponent
of
the
mil
itary
min
dw
aspro
mptl
ydespatc
hod
duri
ng
tha
fir
st
min
ute
s
of
the
en
gag
em
en
t.T
he
Nort
hW
est
Mo
un
ted
Poli
ce
wit
hlo
ng
39experi
ence
inth
ecountr
yand
man
ypers
onal
acquain
tances
amo
ng
the
Meti
sre
co
gn
ized
inth
em
ad
vers
ari
es
of
pro
ven
coura
ge
and
Jim
Bra
dyre
so
urc
efu
lness
and
were
an
xio
us
toavert
adir
ect
arm
ed
encounte
r.
BR
Th
eP
rince
Alb
ert
Volu
nte
ers
were
co
nfi
den
tth
at
am
ere
dis
pla
y
Sw
anke
y,of
forc
ew
ou
ldo
vera
we
Du
nio
nt
and
dis
pers
eh
isfo
llow
ers
.T
om
kin
sE
dmon
ton.
recall
ed
that
the
Meti
sheld
ala
rge
gath
eri
ng
tocele
brate
their
Co
rres
ponden
ce,
vic
tory.
Cro
zie
rab
an
do
ned
Canto
nand
Meti
ssco
uts
ranged
up
toG
abri
el
the
envir
ons
toP
rince
Alb
ert
.O
none
occasio
n,
anote
dsco
ut
Dum
ont
Insti
-Ji
mus
Short
co
nceale
dh
imself
for
aday
inth
echurc
hto
wer
at
tute
,P
rince
Alb
ert
,observ
ing
enem
ydis
posit
ions
and
at
dusk
dro
ve
Reg
ina
away
ah
erd
of
catt
lew
ithin
sig
ht
of
the
garris
on.’
9
Rie
lh
ad
hoped
tocre
ate
ahaven
inw
hic
hall
the
op
pre
ssed
people
s
would
find
refu
ge.
Tom
pkin
srela
ted
toB
rady
that
du
rin
gth
eir
confi
nem
ent
at
Du
ckL
ak
eth
epri
soners
were
vis
ited
by
Rie
l.H
erecall
ed
that
Rie
lsp
ok
eexcell
ent
Eng
lish
wit
ha
decid
ed
Fre
nch
accent,
sta
ting:
“‘
Gentl
em
en,
the
fort
unes
of
war
have
mad
eyou
our
pri
soners
but
you
hav
eevery
assura
nce
your
life
and
pro
pert
yw
ill
be
respecte
dand
yo
uw
ill
be
treate
daccord
ing
toth
ere
cogniz
ed
rule
s
of
warf
are
.If
at
anyti
me
yo
uhave
any
co
mp
lain
tslo
dg
eth
emw
ith
Monsi
eur
Ric
heli
eu,
the
Capta
ino
fth
eG
uard
,and
he
wil
ltr
ansm
it
them
toour
Council
’.
Lash
,th
eIn
dia
nA
gent
and
oth
er
wh
ite
pri
soners
refu
sed
tota
lkto
Rie
lbut
Lash
did
thre
ate
nR
iel
wit
h
the
word
s‘I
wil
lli
ve
tose
eyou
and
yo
ur
Council
han
ged
’.
Rie
l
ask
ed
Tom
kin
sif
he
had
any
questi
ons
toask.
There
upon,
To
mk
ins
en
qu
ired
wh
at
Rie
lp
urp
ose
dto
do
ifth
ere
bel
effo
rts
succeed
ed
.
Rie
ldecla
red
that
ifth
ere
bel
cause
was
successfu
lth
eM
eti
s
wo
uld
sum
mon
repre
senta
tives
of
all
the
peo
ple
so
fth
eN
ort
h-W
est
toset
up
aN
ati
on
al
Ass
em
bly
tom
eet
at
Batt
lefo
rdw
hic
hw
ould
bec
om
eth
ecap
ital
of
anew
fed
era
ted
rep
ub
lic
base
du
po
nth
e
div
isio
no
fth
ecountr
yin
ton
ati
on
al
reg
ion
shavin
ga
com
mon
cen
ter
wit
hth
eb
ou
nd
ari
es
rad
iati
ng
there
from
toth
eoute
rcir
cu
m
fere
nce
of
the
rep
ub
lic,
exclu
din
g,
ho
wev
er,
the
no
rth
ern
and
Arc
tic
reg
ion
sw
hic
hw
ere
tobe
all
ocate
dto
the
India
ns
and
Esk
imo
and
oth
ers
foll
ow
ing
that
mode
of
life.
To
mk
ins
poin
ted
ou
tth
at
inth
ishypoth
eti
cal
sta
teth
eM
eti
sw
ould
be
am
inori
ty.
Rie
l
acknow
ledged
this
but
av
err
ed
there
wo
uld
be
acom
munit
yo
fin
terest
inw
hic
hall
would
sia
re.
To
mk
iris
quote
dhis
wo
rds
‘In
this
new
nati
on
all
the
op
pre
ssed
peo
ple
so
fth
eeart
hw
ill
fin
da
hav
en
an
da
refu
ge.’
Accozdin
gly
each
imm
igra
nt
gro
up
would
be
ap
po
r
tioned
toth
eir
nati
on
al
regio
n.
All
regio
ns
wo
uld
en
joy
local
au
ton
om
yw
ith
dir
ect
fed
era
lre
pre
sen
tati
on
at
Batt
lefo
rd.
In
matt
ers
of
exte
rnal
affair
s,
cust
om
sand
defe
nce
the
federa
l
po
wer
wo
uld
be
supre
me.
To
mk
ins
enquir
ed
ab
ou
tla
nd
ow
ners
hip
.
Rie
lco
nfi
rmed
the
pri
ncip
leo
fp
riv
ate
ow
ners
hip
of
land
wit
han
inali
enable
rig
ht
inheri
tance.
This
led
To
mk
ins
tosa
y‘M
r.R
iel,
Ican
full
yunders
tand
yo
ur
pla
ns
for
are
pu
bli
cand
Iagre
ew
ith
your
ideas
of
lan
dow
ners
hip
but
Ican
fore
see
apro
ble
mari
sin
g
out
of
yo
ur
pro
po
sed
syst
em
of
pro
pert
yrig
hts
.A
syou
note
d,
these
vari
ous
racia
lg
rou
ps
wil
lb
earib
traril
yconfi
ned
wit
hin
their
nati
on
al
bo
un
dari
es.
We
have
the
hum
anp
rob
lem
.E
very
where
men
look
they
see
the
dau
gh
ters
of
Eve
are
fair
tolo
ok
up
on
and
love
laughs
at
bo
un
dari
es.
Fro
mth
eyouth
wil
lco
me
new
cit
izen
s
wh
oh
av
ea
loy
alt
yto
two
races
and
this
wil
lb
ere
peate
dco
n
tinuo
usly
inendle
ss
co
mb
inati
on
san
dv
ari
ati
on
s.
All
these
new
hybri
dcit
izens
wil
lin
herit
pro
pert
yri
ghts
inale
nable
toth
emJi
mby
law
.If
aw
oman
marr
ies
outs
ide
her
regio
nw
ill
she
reta
inB
rady
toin
heri
ted
lan
drig
hts
wit
hin
her
ori
gin
al
reg
ion
or
wil
lsh
eB
.R.
up
on
marr
iag
esurr
ender
them
toth
ere
gio
nal
au
tho
rity
.I
can
Sw
anke
y.Ib
id.
fore
see
where
people
wil
lfi
nd
these
mult
iple
boundari
es
not
on
lyconfu
sin
gbut
actu
all
yd
ep
riv
ing
them
of
their
pro
pert
y
rig
hts
.H
oww
ill
you
deal
wit
hth
at
pro
ble
m,
Mr.
Rie
l?’
For
ci
mom
ent
Rie
lw
asvis
ibly
sun
kin
thought.
He
repli
ed,
‘Mr.
Tom
kin
s,
you
have
po
sed
avery
pen
etr
ati
ng
questi
on.
To
be
frank
Ih
av
e
never
giv
en
it
an
yth
ought.
How
ever,
Ish
all
giv
eit
my
seri
ous
consid
era
tion
and
nex
tti
me
we
meet
Ih
op
eI
wil
lb
eable
to
answ
er
yo
ur
qu
esti
on
’.A
tth
isju
nctu
reR
ich
eli
eu
ente
red
and
co
nfe
rred
inC
ree
wit
hR
iel
who
then
hu
rrie
dly
left
the
room
.”40
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
TH
RE
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
Marc
h20
Govern
ment
info
rms
C.P
.R.
that
no
more
pub
lic
mo
ney
tofi
nance
corp
ora
tion
wil
lb
efo
rth
co
min
g.
Marc
h24
Afo
rce
of
400
so
ldie
rs
transport
ed
fro
mO
ttaw
ato
the
West
.
Marc
h27
Afe
whours
afte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
eb
att
le,
Nort
hW
est
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
Co
mm
issi
on
ers
Irv
ine
arriv
es
wit
ha
forc
eo
f100
men
from
Regin
a.
Marc
h27
700
more
sold
iers
dis
patc
hed
fro
mE
aste
rnC
an
ad
ato
N.W
.T.
Van
Ho
me,
Vic
e-P
resid
en
tof
the
C.P
.R.
pro
mis
es
toget
troops
inle
ss
than
sev
en
day
sto
their
desti
nati
on.
Marc
h28
Mid
dle
ton
arriv
es
inF
ort
Qu’A
ppell
eand
div
ides
his
forc
ein
toth
ree
colu
mns.
1.
his
own
str
ikin
gfo
rce,
based
at
Qu’A
pp
ell
e.
2.
Co
lonel
Ott
er’s
forc
e,
based
at
Sw
ift
Curr
ent.
3.
Majo
rG
enera
lS
tran
ge’s
forc
eb
ase
dat
Calg
ary
.
Ap
ril
3M
iddle
ton
leav
es
Qu
’Ap
pell
ew
ith
part
of
his
arm
yfo
rH
um
bo
ldt.
Colo
nel
Ott
er
leaves
Sw
ift
Curr
ent
for
Batt
lefo
rd
.
Ap
ril
6D
om
inio
ng
ov
ern
men
tsett
les
Half
-Bre
ed
cla
ims.
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HP
LA
YE
DA
PR
OM
INE
NT
RO
LE
INC
HA
PT
ER
TH
RE
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
RIE
LM
eti
sle
ad
er
sta
tioned
at
Bato
ch
e.
GR
AN
DIN
(O.M
.I.)
Bis
hop
of
St.
Alb
ert
and
Superi
or
toO
bla
teM
issio
nari
es
inth
eS
t.L
au
ren
tare
a.
AN
DR
E(R
ev
.)P
ari
sh
prie
st
sta
tioned
inP
rince
Alb
ert
.
MID
DL
ET
ON
Genera
lo
fC
anadia
nD
om
inio
nM
ilit
ary
Forc
es.
IRV
INE
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
Co
mm
issi
on
er
sta
tioned
inR
eg
ina.
VA
NH
OR
NE
Vic
e—
Pre
sid
ent
of
the
Canadia
nP
acif
icR
ail
way
Co
rpo
rati
on.
WH
ITE
(Dr.
)T
oro
nto
ph
ysic
ian
.
CH
APT
ER
TH
RE
E
The
Po
lice
tran
sfer
toP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
and
the.
Canadia
ntr
oo
p—
movem
ent
from
East
toW
est
.
Intr
od
ucti
on
toC
hap
ter
3.
The
decis
ion
tom
ov
eP
oli
ce
and
Volu
nte
ers
toP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
had
been
gre
ete
dw
ith
enth
usia
sm
by
the
men
sta
tioned
at
Fo
rt
Canto
n.
The
fo
rt
was
of
little
import
ance,
eit
her
from
the
poin
tof
vie
wof
sit
uati
on
or
suppli
es.
The
evacuati
on
was
carr
ied
ou
tunder
cover
of
the
nig
ht
and
every
av
ail
ab
lev
ehic
le
load
ed
wit
hg
oo
ds.
What
could
not
be
taken
was
destr
oyed,
-
eit
her
sunk
ben
eath
the
ice
inth
eriv
er
or
em
pti
ed
inth
esn
ow
.
The
arriv
al
of
the
Po
lice
bro
ug
ht
co
nfi
den
ce
toth
ecit
izens
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ei-
tw
hoh
ad
been
thro
wn
into
apanic
when
they
heard
of
the
Meti
s’v
icto
ryov
er
the
Mo
un
ted
Poli
ce.
Man
yth
ought
that
eit
her
Half
-bre
ed
so
rIn
dia
ns
would
soon
“sw
oo
pdow
nand
bri
ng
fir
ean
db
loo
d-s
hed
toth
eto
wn,”
wro
teF
ath
er
Andre
,a
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Pari
sh
prie
st,
tohis
superi
or,
Monsi
gneur
Gra
nd
in.
Man
yof
the
resid
ents
recounte
dth
eir
experi
ences
tonew
spaper
report
ers
afe
wd
ecad
es
late
r.
These
an
ecd
ote
shave
been
pre
serv
ed
by
the
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
His
tori
cal
So
cie
tyand
are
sto
red
inth
e
local
Muse
um
at
the
pre
sent
tim
e.
Dir
ing
the
fir
st
two
weeks
of
Ap
ril
life
inP
rjn
ce
Alb
ert
resu
med
afair
lyn
orm
al
cours
e,
the
Po
lice
were
aw
ait
ing
the
arriv
al
of
govern
men
ttr
oo
ps
dis
patc
hed
from
Easte
rnC
anada.
Van
Ho
me
of
the
Can
ad
ian
Pacif
icR
ail
way
moved
clo
se
tofi
ve
tho
usa
nd
men
toth
eir
desti
nati
on
inle
ss
than
ten
day
s.
Th
is
gig
anti
cta
sk
was
well
wort
hth
eeffort
from
the
C.P
.R.’
s
poin
to
fv
iew
It
bro
ught
the
com
pany,
whic
hhad
been
on
the
po
int
of
ban
kru
ptc
y,
the
desir
ed
Dom
inio
nlo
an.
Aft
er
the
arriv
al
of
the
mil
itary
inF
ort
Qu’A
ppell
em
any
of
the
new
Volu
nte
ers
had
topra
cti
ce
the
skil
lsre
quir
ed
in
com
bat.
The
arm
yh
ad
been
call
ed
togeth
er
ingre
at
haste
and
man
ym
enh
ad
never
fire
da
rif
lebefo
re.
Fro
mF
ort
Qu’A
ppell
e
the
majo
rity
of
tro
op
sm
oved
nort
hut’
few
had
tore
turn
east
on
acco
un
to
fil
lness.
Tho
sew
hore
turn
ed
had
man
yn
eg
ati
ve
com
men
tsab
ou
tth
em
od
eo
ftr
ansport
,th
ebehavio
ur
of
off
icers
and
men
,and
the
mora
leam
ong
so
ldie
rs.
The
65
thB
att
all
ion
fro
mM
on
treal
was
sin
gle
dout
as
the
least
dis
cip
lined.
The
men
fro
mth
iscorp
sm
dti
pie
dduri
ng
transport
and
show
eda
genera
l
unw
illi
ng
ness
tofi
gh
tth
eM
eti
sin
West
ern
Can
ad
a.
/36
—36
—
Whil
epre
para
tions
for
ala
rge
mil
itary
batt
lew
ere
in
pro
gre
ss
the
gri
ev
an
ces
of
the
Half
-bre
eds,
whic
hhad
led
to
their
dis
conte
nt
and
org
aniz
ed
effort
toeffect
acti
on
from
govern
men
t,w
ere
rem
ed
ied
.T
he
Half
—bre
ed
cla
ims
were
gra
nte
d
by
Ott
aw
aon
Mar
ch3
0,
18
85
;b
ut
at
this
poin
tit
was
too
late
tohalt
the
ho
sti
liti
es
set
inm
oti
on
.B
yearl
yA
pri
lth
ousan
ds
of
tro
op
sw
ere
on
their
way
toB
ato
che
and
asm
all
but
dete
r
min
ed
Meti
sfo
rce
pre
pare
dto
defe
nd
itself
again
st
no
ver
whelm
ing
majo
rity
of
train
ed
so
ldie
rsw
how
ere
ready
tostr
ike
“th
ere
bels
”a
death
lyblo
w.
The
fore
goin
gin
troducti
on
isin
ten
ded
toh
elp
the
read
er
bec
om
eacquain
ted
wit
hth
ese
qu
en
ce
of
events
lead
ing
from
the
ev
acu
ati
on
of
Fo
rtC
an
ton
toth
earriv
al
of
te
mil
itary
in
the
Bato
che
are
a.
Th
eexcerp
tsfr
om
pri
mary
docum
ents
and
second
ary
sourc
es
have
been
sele
cte
dto
show
S.not
on
lyth
e
acti
on
san
devents
set
inm
oti
on
by
the
lead
ers
hip
of
the
opposi
ng
forc
es,
bu
tals
o,
the
gen
era
lm
ood
of
the
people
caught
up
inth
ech
ain
of
hap
penin
gs
aro
und
them
.
/37
The
evacuati
on
of
Fort
Can
ton
was
carr
ied
out
un
der
co
ver
oI
the
nig
ht.
Th
edecis
ion
tom
ove
Poli
ce
and
Vg
lun
teers
boP
rince
Alb
ert
had
been
gre
ete
dw
ith
enth
usia
sm
by
the
men
sta
tioned
at
Fo
rt
Can
ton.
Irvin
eto
ohad
been
infa
vor
of
the
move.
Canto
n
wao
flittle
imp
ort
ance
eit
her
fro
mth
epoin
to
fvie
wo
fsit
u
ati
on
or
suppli
es.
On
the
oth
er
han
dP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
was
looked
upo
nas
the
str
ate
gic
al
centr
eo
fth
ete
rrit
ory
of
Sask
atc
hew
an
.
The
tow
n,
how
ever,
su
rrounded
as
it
was
by
En
gli
sh
Half
-bre
ed
sett
lem
en
ts,
was
beli
eved
tob
ein
danger
of
att
ack
by
the
Meti
s.
Th
ere
fore
the
decis
ion
tore
locate
the
troops
for
the
pro
tecti
on
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
cit
izens
was
unanim
ousl
yap
pro
ved
by
com
mis
sio
ne
offic
ers
an
dV
olu
nte
ers
..
The
evacuati
on
of
the
fo
rt
was
tarrie
do
ut
under
co
ver
of
the
nig
ht
fro
mM
arch
27
,to
28,
and
every
av
ail
ab
leveh
icle
bad
e
wit
hg
oo
ds.
What
co
uld
not
be
taken
was
destr
oyed
-eit
her
sunk
beneath
the
ice
inth
eriy
er
or
em
pti
ed
inth
esn
ow
.
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
inhabit
ants
were
bew
ildere
dand
frig
hte
nen
d,
wro
te
Fath
er
Andre
,a
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
pari
sh
prie
st,
toM
on
sig
neu
rG
ran
di.
Thro
ugh
care
lessness
afir
eb
rok
eo
ut
áh
ile
Fbrt
Canto
nw
as
bein
gev
acu
ate
dan
dth
esecre
cy
of
the
opera
tion
destr
oy
ed
;fo
r
this
reaso
nth
em
enh
urr
ied
away
wit
hall
po
ssib
lesp
eed.
Th
earriv
al
of
the
Po
lice
forc
eb
rou
gh
tco
nfi
den
ce
toth
e
cit
izen
sof
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
who
had
lived
inte
rror
sin
ce
the
new
s
of
the
Meti
sv
icto
ryo
ver
the
Mounte
dP
oli
ce.
Fath
er
An
dr&
s
descri
pti
on
of
the
fears
whic
hperv
aded
the
tow
nw
ere
ex
pre
ssed
ina
lett
er
toM
onsi
gn
eu
rG
randin
.
Th
egovern
men
ttr
oo
ps
su
ffere
da
seri
ous
defe
at
and
were
forc
ed
tob
eat
aretr
eat
.E
leven
of
their
men
were
kil
led
and
there
were
anum
ber
of
wounded..
,th
enum
ber
of
the
dead
amo
ng
the
half
-bre
eds
isnot
know
n.
This
new
shas
sp
read
terror
1.in
the
heart
sof
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
cit
izens
who
are
bew
ildere
dan
d
frig
hte
ned.
At
an
yti
me,
it
isexpecte
dth
at
Rie
land
his
band
Mo
nsi
gneu
rof
half
-bre
eds
,fo
llow
ed
by
the
Ind
ian
s,w
ill
swo
op
dow
nand
bri
r.G
rand
ul,
fir
ean
db
loo
dsh
ed
toth
eto
wn
.P
eo
ple
are
ab
an
do
nin
gth
eir
P.A
.C.
ho
mes
tota
ke
refu
ge
ina
kin
do
ffo
rt
that
has
been
bu
ilt
in
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
.“1
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
res..
den
tso
f1
88
5to
ldth
eir
sto
rie
sm
any
years
lat
The
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
his
toric
al
so
cie
tyis
inpossess
1ion
of
the
reco
llecti
on
sof
form
er
cit
izens
who
resid
ed
inth
eto
wn
./38
—38
—
duri
ng
the
No
rth
west
dis
turb
ances.
Foll
ow
ing
are
anum
ber
of
excerp
tsfr
om
this
coll
ecti
on.
Sto
ryof
June
Gars
on
,n
ee
Fle
tt.
2.“T
he
people
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,genera
lly
speakin
g,
were
very
Mrs
.P
.F.
ex
cit
ed;
ind
eed
man
yo
fth
em
were
scare
d.
Isa
wL
aw
rence
Cla
rke
Gar
son
,H
oey,
Sas
k.
and
alittle
cro
wd
go
past
our
house
toth
ew
est,
shouti
ng
and
Pri
nce
sin
gin
g.
Isaid
that
the
little
cro
wd
would
be
no
matc
hfo
rth
eA
lber
tH
isto
rical
Ind
ian
s.
2S
oci
ety
Georg
ina
Fre
eb
orn
,nee
Mil
ler,
had
this
tosay:
3“o
n27th
Marc
h,
asto
ckade
was
buil
tat
the
churc
hw
here
Mrs
.W
;all
the
sett
lem
ent
were
call
ed
inone
nig
ht
and
let
go
hom
eth
eM
ille
rs
Hil
l.next
day
as
they
tho
ug
ht
Rie
l’s
men
were
com
ing
toP
rince
Alb
ert
,F
ile
97but
wh
ich
turn
ed
out
tob
ea
herd
of
catt
leth
at
had
been
seen.”
3
Excerp
tsfr
om
T.
E.
Jackson’s
account.
“A
fter
the
Duck
Lak
efi
gh
ta
Fre
nch
half
—bre
ed,
nam
ed
Tousa
nt
St.
Lu
cie
nn
e,
whose
hom
ew
asn
ear
Canto
n,
cam
eto
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,and
said
that
my
bro
ther
Wil
liam
Henry
Jackson,
was
ind
an
ger.
He
had
been
secre
tary
of
the
Farm
ers
Unio
n,
and
was
inti
mate
lyassocia
ted
wit
hR
iel.
As
Ihave
alr
ead
ysta
ted,
Rie
lhad
tak
en
pri
soner,
Tom
San
ders
on
,o
fC
arr
ot
Riv
er,
and
now
Tom
was
sent
wit
ha
mess
age
afte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
efi
ght
toM
ajo
r
Cro
zie
r,head
of
the
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
inP
rince
Alb
ert
:tC
ome
and
rem
ov
eth
edead
bodie
so
fth
em
enw
hohave
been
kil
led
at
Duck
Lak
e,
and
you
wil
ln
ot
be
mole
ste
d.’
Whe
nS
anders
on
reached
Cro
zie
r,th
ere
were
pre
sen
tT
omM
acK
ay,
Law
ren
ce
Cla
rke,
an
doth
ers
who
too
kex
cepti
on
toth
em
ess
ag
e;
they
feare
da
trap,
as
they
had
lost
the
Du
ckL
ake
fig
ht.
The
conse
quences
was
that
they
refu
sed
toall
ow
Sanders
on
tore
turn
for
the
bo
die
s.
Majo
rC
rozie
rw
asca
mp
edw
ith
his
offic
ers
on
the
level
gro
un
dnear
where
Mis
sL
ucy
Bak
er
use
dto
live.
Iw
ent
and
saw
Majo
rC
rozie
rp
ers
on
all
yand
ask
ed
ifhe
co
uld
pro
vid
eS
an
ders
on
and
myself
wit
htw
ote
am
sto
go
for
the
bodie
s.
He
ag
reed
todo
so
,an
dg
av
eu
stw
opo
lice
team
s.W
in.
Dra
involu
nte
ere
dto
go
alo
ng
wit
hu
s.
Inreali
tyD
rain
was
ask
ed
togo
wit
hus
to
keep
track
of
us
an
dw
atc
hour
mo
vem
en
ts!
He
was
the
only
one
wh
oh
ad
any
fire
arm
sw
ith
him
.S
ow
ejo
urn
ey
ed
off...
We
got
all
the
bod
ies,
loaded
them
on
sle
igh
s,
and
cam
e
rig
ht
thro
ug
hto
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,S
an
ders
on
dr.
ivin
gone
team
,an
d
—39
—
my
self
anoth
er
wit
hD
rain
sit
tin
galo
ng
sid
eo
fm
e.W
ew
ere
met
inP
rince
Alb
ert
by
anin
tere
ste
dcro
wd.
The
re1.L
tvcii
oF
Lhe
ckcoase
darr
ived
and
Look
Lho
boci
.Les
away
.
Rie
lre
fused
tole
tm
yb
roth
er
go
,and
Ilo
st
all
the
rob
es
4.th
at
Ihad
tak
en
alo
ng
inth
esle
ighs.
Whe
nR
iel
wo
uld
not
let
Jcson.
my
bro
ther
go,
he
inti
mate
dth
at
ifI
retu
rned
aw
eek
or
two
Doc
.55
late
r,
he
wo
uld
let
me
take
him
.I
had
toget
aperm
itfr
om
the
Mac
do
nnel
lau
tho
rit
ies
inP
rince
Alb
ert
for
the
tow
nw
asunder
mil
itary
byru
le.
Sentr
ies
were
on
the
outs
ide
of
the
tow
n,
and
we
need
ed
dic
tati
on.
ano
rder
fro
mth
em
ilit
ary
auth
orit
ies
befo
rew
eco
uld
get
thro
ugh
the
guard.”
4
Sto
ryof
Mrs
.W
.W.
Cla
rke,
nee
McL
eod
.
“W
ith
the
reb
ell
ion
of
1885,
my
pare
nts
,no
ww
ith
two
ch
ildre
n,
myself
and
ababy
sis
ter,
too
kre
fuge
inP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
at
my
Au
nt
RO
SS
’Sif
lth
eo
ldhouse
sta
nd
ing
next
“A
dd
ie”
McB
eth
’s
house
and
opposit
eth
eo
ldlo
gM
ass
ey
Harr
isw
are
house
.L
ate
r
wh
enm
yA
unt
Ro
ssm
ov
edaw
ayfr
om
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
,G
eo
rge
Dil
l
bro
ught
his
bri
de,
Rov
en
aM
cG
reg
or,
ab
eau
tifu
l,g
low
ing
gir
l,
tohis
ho
use
.(H
ere
there
isone
page
mis
sin
gfr
om
the
do
cu
men
t.j
Th
eF
ort
was
acord
wood
barr
icade
aro
un
dth
eo
ldbri
ck
Pre
sbyte
rian
Ch
urc
habo
ut
opposit
ew
here
Cit
yH
all
now
sta
nds
an
dth
eb
rick
man
sestill
sta
nd
s.
Most
of
the
men
were
away
at
the
Duck
Lak
eaffair
and
only
afe
wle
ft
wit
hm
yfa
ther,
am
ongst
them
,half
adozen
rif
les
toguard
the
fort,
when
asco
ut
cam
e
gall
opin
gin
wit
hth
eala
rmth
at
the
rebels
were
marc
hin
gon
the
tow
n.
Alt
hough
severa
lo
fyears
late
rare
bla
nk,
this
nig
ht
isv
ivid
inm
ym
emory
.
My
baby
sis
ter
and
Iw
ere
inbed
inone
of
the
roo
ms
of
my
Aunt’
shouse
and
my
mo
ther
inh
er
nig
ht
clo
thes,
when
my
fath
er
spra
ng
into
the
room
an
d,
say
ing
som
eth
ing
tom
ym
oth
er,
gra
bb
ed
an
dp
utt
ing
my
coat
an
dsto
ckin
gs
on
me
wit
hm
yb
oo
tsin
his
pocket,
wra
pp
ed
ash
aw
laro
un
dm
ysis
ter
and
takin
gone
of
us
ineach
arm
ran
for
the
barr
icade.
My
moth
er
had
sli
pp
ed
aco
at
ov
er
her
nig
ht
clo
thes
and
put
shoes
on
her
bare
feet.
We
co
uld
have
go
ne
aro
un
dth
esq
uare
up
toth
eold
Mis
sio
n(o
pp
osit
ew
here
J.
B.
Kern
aghen’s
sto
reis
bu
ilt)
and
dow
nw
hat
isnow
Cen
tral
Av
enu
eto
the
barr
icad
e.
Inste
ad
of
whic
hw
ecu
td
iag
on
all
y
acro
ss
back
of
where
the
old
McG
regor
ho
me
sto
od
for
som
any
years
,ab
ou
tw
here
the
sit
eo
fR
obert
Cassie
’ssto
reis
now
.T
he
wate
rfr
om
the
melt
ing
snow
sto
od
afo
ot
deep
and
pain
ted
on
my
mem
ory
isth
epic
ture
of
my
moth
er
run
nin
ga
few
feet
ah
ead
in
—4U
—
the
dim
light.
Ican
still
feel
my
fath
er’
sarm
saro
und
me
and
hear
him
spla
shin
gacro
ss
and
well
rem
em
ber
at
the
deepest
part
,le
an
ing
dow
nfr
om
his
sh
ou
lder
tofe
el
inhis
pock
et
for
my
pre
cio
us
red
bo
ots
.T
hen
,in
the
old
manse
,w
ith
my
moth
er
inbed
an
dsc
ream
ing
wom
enand
chil
dre
naro
und,
arif
lew
ent
off
by
accid
en
tan
dw
omen
fain
ted
and
men
ran
wit
hb
lan
ch
ed
faces
toth
esto
ckade.
Ifo
und
two
doll
su
nd
er
my
mo
ther’
sbed
and
sta
rted
do
wn
the
sta
irto
sho
wm
yfa
ther,
bu
ta
big
gir
lm
etm
eand
sla
pped
me
and
too
kth
em
fro
mm
e.M
ym
oth
er
lost
her
fir
st
baby
son
that
tim
e,
layin
gin
bed
at
death
’sdoor
for
man
yw
eary
month
s,
an
dever
afte
rw
asa
frail
er
wo
man
,not
the
on
lyone
who
paid
her
pri
ce
for
pio
neeri
ng
the
fronti
er
wit
hher
husb
and.
It
was
po
ssib
lyth
enext
mo
rnin
gth
at
the
sle
ighs
carr
yin
g
our
dead
dre
wm
ou
rnfu
lly
into
the
barr
icade,
Capta
inM
ort
on,
5.our
good
neig
hbor
on
the
farm
,D
anM
cP
hail
,bro
ther
of
J.
R.
Reco
llec-
McP
hail
who
had
ahard
ware
sto
rein
Gosc
hen,
Dan
McK
enzie
,and
tio
ns
of
Mrs
.w.
w.m
any
oth
er
gall
an
tspir
its.
Cla
rke,
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
‘The
tum
ult
an
dth
eshouti
ng
die
d’,
and
life
shif
ted
dow
nH
isto
rical
ag
ain
for
the
pio
neers
tolo
ng
hours
of
wo
rkin
the
ineff
ab
leM
use
um
,P
rince
su
nsh
ine
an
dcle
ar
air.”
5A
lber
t
En
titl
ed,
“In
Mem
ori
am,”
apoem
by
Wil
liam
McD
ougall
of
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
.
INM
EM
OR
IAM
Th
efo
llow
ing
lines
were
com
pose
db
yM
r.W
m.
McD
ougall
in
mem
ory
of
the
anniv
ers
ary
of
the
bra
ve
hero
es
who
fell
at
Du
ckL
ak
“Com
eall
true,
loy
al
Can
ad
ian
s,
Wh
ere
’re
yo
um
ayre
sid
e
And
shed
ate
ar
inm
emory
Of
Eig
hte
en
Eig
hty
-fiv
e.
‘Tw
asth
en
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
’sh
ero
es,
who
inacti
on
at
Duck
Lak
e
On
that
ill-
fate
dtw
enty
-six
tho
fM
arc
h,
Fought
for
their
co
un
try
’ssake.
Those
drif
tsof
snow
sop
ure
and
whit
e
Wer
esta
ined
.cri
mso
nre
d
Fro
mth
ev
ein
sof
our
bra
ve
cit
izens
Who
lie
num
bere
dw
ith
the
dead.
/41
—‘4
.1.
—
No
frie
nd
tocla
sp
their
cold
wh
ite
han
d
Or
their
life
—blo
od
help
tosta
y,
Wit
hin
their
co
ld,
whit
esn
ow
ybed
Their
yo
un
gli
fe
fled
aw
ay
.
Infair
er
lan
ds
bey
on
dth
evale
,
Wh
ere
nati
on
scease
tofig
ht,
Th
eym
arc
haro
un
dth
eg
reat
wh
ite
thro
ne,
Inspotl
ess
robes
of
whit
e.
6. Pri
nce
Alb
ert
Her
itag
eG
odeck
wit
hfl
ow
ers
their
lovely
gra
ve,
Mus
eum
As
the
years
go
fle
eti
ng
by,
For
mo
uld
eri
ng
their
beneath
the
cla
y,
Lie
sa
moth
er’
ssold
ier
boy.
--W
m.
McD
ougall
.”6
Co
l.Ir
vin
eassert
ed
that
he
had
unquesti
onable
pro
of
of
the
nearl
yeq
ual
bala
nces
betw
een
loy
al
and
“tr
ait
ero
us”
ele
men
ts
inP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
.
Accord
ing
toG
ary
W.
D.
Ab
ram
sth
eP
oli
ce
were
receiv
ed
wit
h
am
ixtu
reo
freli
ef
and
bit
tern
ess.
He
ex
pla
ins:
“Th
ew
ors
tfe
ars
were
reli
eved
inth
ela
teaft
ern
oon
of
Mar
ch28
wh
enth
ev
olu
nte
ers
and
poli
ce
arr
ived
from
Canto
n.
Yet
their
co
min
gserv
ed
als
oto
cre
ate
anew
pro
ble
m.
Hu
ng
ryand
tire
d,,
the
poli
ce
occupie
dth
esto
ckade
“ra
ther
uncere
mo
nio
usly
,”
an
dth
us
rev
ived
ab
itte
rness
whic
hw
asto
feste
rm
ali
gn
antl
y
duri
ng
long
week
sof
inacti
on
.C
oo
ped
up
inth
eto
wn,
su
bje
cte
d
toall
the
pett
yrestr
icti
ons
dem
anded
by
asta
teof
war,
and
seein
gth
epoli
ce
sta
nd
idle
whil
eth
ecrit
ical
batt
les
were
fought
by
oth
ers
,th
efa
rmers
inp
arti
cu
lar
nu
rsed
anim
osit
yag
ain
their
recent
en
em
ies.
The
poli
ce
for
their
part
,re
mem
beri
ng
that
the
sett
lers
had
help
ed
tofo
ment
the
agit
ati
on
whic
hhad
en
ded
inre
bell
ion,
co
nscio
us
of
the
hatr
ed
and
conte
mpt
dir
ecte
dat
7th
em
,and
an
no
yed
by
incessant
gru
mbli
ng
beli
eved
them
selv
es
Gar
yW
.D.
surr
ounded
by
pote
nti
al
trait
ors.
Irvin
eassert
ed
late
rth
at
he
Adr
ams,
Pri
nce
had
“cle
ar
an
du
nq
uesti
onable
pro
of,
at
tim
es,
how
nearl
yequal
Alb
ert
,w
ere
the
bala
nces”
betw
een
the
loy
al
and
trait
orous
ele
men
ts.
The
Fir
st
Cen
tury
,O
nly
the
pre
sen
ce
an
dvig
ilance
of
the
po
lice,
he
beli
ev
ed
pre
p.
78
vente
dR
iel’
ssy
mp
ath
izers
from
lendin
gacti
ve
support
toth
e(M
oder
nP
ress
)M
eti
s.”
7
1966
The
Poli
ce
inP
rince
Alb
ert
were
aw
ait
ing
the
arriv
al
of
govern
men
ttr
oops.
.142
—42
—
Whil
eduri
ng
the
fir
st
two
weeks
of
Apri
l,1885
life
in
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
resu
med
afair
lynorm
al
cours
eth
eP
oli
ce
were
an
xio
usly
aw
ait
ing
the
arriv
al
of
go
vern
men
ttr
oo
ps
dis
patc
hed
from
Easte
rnC
anada.
Mid
dle
ton
arr
ived
wit
ha
larg
efo
rce
on
Apri
l12
inF
ort
Qu
’Appell
e.
The
majo
rity
of
his
men
had
been
call
ed
from
their
hom
eso
nshort
no
tice
and
had
never
fire
da
rif
le,
for
this
reaso
nth
ey
rem
ain
ed
inQ
u’A
pp
ell
efo
ra
few
days
pra
cti
cin
g,
fir
ing
bla
nk
and
ball
am
munit
ion.
The
mo
vem
ent
of
troops
was
descri
bed
by
Joh
nA
rcher
as
foll
ow
s:
“O
ttaw
ah
ad
tak
en
som
ep
recau
tio
ns.
On
Mar
ch24
afo
rce
of
40
0m
enh
ad
been
ord
ere
dto
Win
nip
eg.
On
Mar
ch2
7,
one
day
afte
r
the
Du
ckL
ake
batt
le,
780
more
men
were
on
their
way
west.
Care
was
tak
en
tose
nd
both
En
gli
sh
-sp
eak
ing
and
Fre
nch
-sp
eak
ing
un
its.
By
Apri
l22
som
e3,3
00
mil
itia
men
had
mad
eth
elo
ng
trek
toth
e
scen
eof
acti
on
.A
lthough
the
Am
eri
can
so
ffere
dfu
llco—
opera
tion-
are
vers
al
of
the
sta
nce
tak
en
in18
70—
—th
egovern
ment
decid
ed
tose
nd
tro
op
sby
CP
R.
It
ispro
bable
that
no
one
inO
ttaw
a
appre
cia
ted
the
real
hard
sh
ips
faced
by
the
sold
iers,
for
there
were
gaps
inth
era
ilro
ad
and
late
Mar
chis
no
tim
eto
be
travel
lin
gin
open
cars
thro
ugh
no
rth
ern
On
tari
o.
Van
Ho
me
was
urg
ed
8.to
transport
the
so
ldie
rsw
ith
all
haste
.H
em
et
the
ch
all
enge
Arc
her
,an
din
do
ing
so,
the
CP
Rca
me
into
its
ow
n.
Hors
e-d
raw
nsle
ighs
John.
Ibid
.m
et
the
train
san
dtr
ansport
ed
the
troops
toth
ep
oin
tw
here
the
tracks
began
again
.S
hort
er
gap
sw
ere
travers
ed
on
foo
t.It
was
aco
ldble
ak
trip
,but
on
Apri
l4
the
fir
st
deta
ch
men
tsfr
om
the
east
arr
ived
inW
innip
eg,
join
ing
troops
rais
ed
inw
este
rn
Can
ada.
8
Van
Hom
ehad
pro
mis
ed
toget
the
tro
op
sto
their
desti
nati
on
in
ele
ven
day
s.
Van
Hom
eof
the
Canadia
nP
acif
icm
oved
nearl
yfi
ve—
thousa
nd
men
toth
eir
desti
nati
on
.H
ehad
pro
mis
ed
the
go
vern
men
tth
at
he
would
get
the
tro
ops
over
the
gaps
inhis
unfi
nis
hed
rail
road
inele
ven
days.
(Th
ed
ista
nce
was
betw
een
twenty
—fi
ve
hu
ndre
dto
eig
hte
en
hu
nd
red
mil
es.)
Van
Hom
ekept
his
pro
mis
e;
infa
ct
no
ne
of
the
tro
op
sn
eeded
ele
ven
days,
som
em
ade
it
info
ur,
oth
ers
too
kn
ine
day
sto
com
ple
teth
ejo
urn
ey
.T
oacco
mpli
shth
is
gig
anti
cta
sk
the
CP
Rp
ut
rail
sdow
no
nic
eand
sno
w,
ran
train
s
ov
er
frozen
riv
ers,
use
dconstr
ucti
on
train
sand
work
engin
es,
an
dim
po
rted
Chin
ese
cooli
es
fro
mth
eU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
top
erf
orm
most
of
the
labori
ous
tasks.
Th
eir
effo
rts
were
am
ply
rew
ard
ed.
Th
ecom
pany,
rep
ort
sd
lybankru
pt
afe
ww
eeks
earli
er,
got
a
Dom
inio
nlo
an
befo
reth
efir
st
shots
at
Bato
che
were
fir
ed.
—43
—
Betw
een
Mar
ch9
to20,
the
“S
ask
atc
hew
an
Hera
ld”
had
repo
rted
the
foll
ow
ing
:
“TH
EC
.P.R
.,T
oro
nto
Mar
ch9.
Th
eM
ail
say
sth
at
the
Can
ad
ian
Pacif
icR
ail
way
Com
pan
yh
as
no
t
su
ffic
ient
fun
ds
tocom
ple
tetI
:le
undert
akin
gand
that
furt
her
assis
tance
isn
ecessary
or
the
road
must
be
abandoned...
RE
LIE
FFO
RT
HE
SY
ND
ICA
TE
.B
yte
legra
ph.
Ott
aw
a,
Mar
ch1
3.
Her
ald
Am
inis
teria
lcaucus
was
held
today
toconsid
er
the
qu
esti
on
of
Mar
ch13
,th
eP
acif
icR
ail
way.
It
isunders
tood
that
the
pre
sid
ent
for
18
85
.th
eco
mp
any
isto
conv
ert
thir
tym
illi
on
of
unuse
dsto
ck
held
by
govern
ment
into
bonds..
.”9
SA
SK
AT
CH
EW
AN
HE
RA
LD
,M
arc
h20
“Th
edem
ands
of
the
Can
ad
ian
Pacif
icR
ail
way
Com
pan
yfo
raddit
10.
ional
help
fro
mth
ep
ub
lic
treasu
ry,
as
fore
shad
ow
ed
inth
e
Sas
k.
arti
cle
inth
eM
ail
tele
gra
phed
here
last
week
,has
not
taken
M:2
0,
the
countr
ym
uch
by
surpris
e...I
tis
felt
that
the
pre
sent
1885
.dem
and
mu
stb
eth
elast...”
10
On
Apri
l30,
1885,
the
C.P
.R.
got
its
loan
.
“In
Brit
ish
Co
lum
bia
thre
eh
un
dre
darm
ed
str
ikers
.wer
e
bein
gh
eld
at
bay
ina
C.P
.R.
cam
pb
yeig
ht
Mounti
es,
and
there
was
trouble
els
ew
here
becau
seth
eco
mpan
yw
asb
rok
eand
the
men
were
unpaid
...
.the
rail
road
was
do
om
edunle
ss
aD
om
inio
nlo
an
11.
co
uld
be
obta
ined.
Th
ere
had
been
bic
keri
ng
ov
er
this
for
How
ard,
four
mo
nth
s;S
irJo
hn
was
hold
ing
out,
as
usu
al,
for
apoli
tical
Ibid
.deal.
Bu
tif
Van
Hom
eco
uld
get
the
troops
west
inti
me
top.
379
save
the
Territ
orie
s,
the
Cabin
et
would
hav
eto
com
earo
und.”
11
On
Apri
l30,
the
C.P
.R.
got
its
loan
,because,
inJo
hn
Arc
her’
sw
ord
s,“W
hen
Van
Hom
eperf
orm
ed
mir
acle
sin
mo
vin
g
12tr
oop
sfr
om
Toro
nto
toW
inn
ipeg
,in
sp
ite
of
uncom
ple
ted
secti
on
s
Arc
her
,of
the
rail
way
nort
ho
fth
eG
reat
Lak
es,
Macdonald
gauged
the
Joh
n.
publi
cm
ind
arid
push
ed
bil
lsth
rough
Parl
iam
en
tg
uara
nte
ein
gIb
id.,
.68
com
pan
ybonds.
Wit
hth
em
on
eyfo
und,
Van
Ho
me
had
the
line
com
ple
ted
by
au
tum
nof
l885.”
12
Are
turn
ing
sold
ier
said
that
the
tro
op
ssh
ou
ldh
av
ebeen
sen
t
by
the
Am
eri
can
route
.
/44
—44
—
Not
every
one
inC
anada
felt
that
the
Canadia
ng
ov
ern
men
t
had
mad
ea
wis
ed
ecis
ion
insen
din
gtr
oo
ps
via
the
C.P
.R.
Ten
volu
nte
ers
who
had
fall
en
ill
on
their
arriv
al
inth
eS
ask
atc
hew
ai
retu
rned
toW
inn
ipeg
and
air
ed
their
feeli
ng
sre
gard
ing
troop
tran
sport
ati
on,
co
nd
uct
of
so
ldie
rsand
mo
rale
amo
ng
Engli
sh
and
Fre
nch
speakin
gfo
rces
tore
port
ers
of
the
“T
oro
nto
New
s.”
“Jo
hn
Hew
itt,
am
ember
of
the
12
thB
att
all
ion,
was
among
the
num
ber
who
retu
rned..
.To
aN
ews
rep
ort
er
he
said
that.
he
was
su
fferi
ng
fro
mcongesti
on
of
the
lun
gs...H
eexpre
ssed
the
opin
ion
that
the
hard
ship
wh
ich
the
sold
iers
had
toendure
wo
uld
put
a
13.
dam
per
on
the
vo
lun
teer
syst
em
infu
ture
.H
eth
inks
the
govern
-T
oro
nto
New
sm
en
tshould
hav
esent
the
troops
by
the
Am
eri
can
route
.H
adth
at
20been
done
the
terrib
lem
arc
hacro
ss
Lak
eS
up
eri
or
wo
uld
hav
ebeen
AP
ril
avo
jded
.H
ebeli
eves
the
govern
ment’
sso
lere
ason
for
sendin
g
the
men
by
the
Can
adia
nro
ute
was
sim
ply
toput
money
inth
e
pock
ets
of
the
C.P
.R.”
13
Dr.
J.
E.
Whit
eto
ldo
fth
eft
and
dru
nk
en
ness
amo
ng
offic
ers
and
men
of
the
65th
Batt
all
ion
fro
mM
ontr
eal.
“D
r.J.
E.
Wh
ite,
who
went
up
wit
hth
eB
od
yG
uard
,an
dw
ho
retu
rned
toth
ecit
yth
ism
orn
ing
wit
hth
esic
k,
has
learn
ed
a
consid
era
ble
am
ou
nt
ab
ou
tth
eacti
on
sand
conduct
of
the
off
icers
an
dm
eno
fth
e6
5th
.T
he
su
bsta
nce
of
his
sto
ryas
told
toa
New
sre
po
rter
today
isas
foll
ow
s:
On
arr
ivin
gat
Mo
nro
eharb
or
the
men
of
the
65th
were
lod
ged
ina
larg
esc
hooner
and
som
ein
shed
s.
The
offic
ials
of
the
C.P
.R.
there
very
kin
dly
op
ened
som
e
bale
sof
bla
nkets
that
they
had
insto
re,
and
lent
one
hundre
d
pair
sto
the
men
,w
ho,
when
they
went
away
,to
ok
wit
hth
em
-th
at
is,
sto
le—
six
typair
so
fth
ese
bla
nkets
.E
very
thin
gth
at
they
could
lay
their
hands
on
they
took,
kniv
es,
fork
s,
spoon
s,etc
.
Nic
ecle
an
bunks
had
been
pro
vid
ed
for
them
,and
these
they
left
insu
ch
fil
thy
condit
ion
that
one
could
scarc
ebeli
eve
that
hu
man
bein
gs,
let
alo
ne
civ
iliz
ed
sold
iers,
had
occu
pie
dth
em
.F
rom
the
sto
res
of
the
regim
ent
they
sto
letw
obarr
els
of
whis
key
an
do
ther
liq
uo
r,all
of
whic
hth
ey
dra
nk,
makin
gth
em
up
roari
ou
s
dru
nk.
At
Monro
eH
arb
or
ala
dy
nam
edM
rs.
Macdonald
kin
dly
thre
w
open
her
house
toth
eo
ffic
ers,
and
pro
vid
ed
them
wit
hh
ot
meals
an
devery
co
mfo
rt.
Th
ese
gentl
em
anly
offic
ers,
afte
ren
joy
ing
the
meals
,pockete
dth
ekniv
es,
fork
s,
and
spoons.
They
als
o
sto
leth
eto
wels
that
Mrs
.M
acd
on
ald
had
pro
vid
ed
for
their
acco
mo
dati
on
.B
ut,
wors
to
fall
they
left
her
ho
use
inth
e
condit
ion
that
the
men
of
the
regim
ent
left
the
bunks.”
14
/45
—45
—
Lie
ut.
Col.
O’B
rian
did
not
all
ow
the
men
topart
ake
of
the
hot
meal
pro
vid
ed
for
them
.
“D
r.W
hit
eals
oco
rro
bo
rate
sth
esta
tem
ent
ab
ou
tL
ieut.
-Col.
O’B
rian
not
all
ow
ing
the
men
of
the
12th
and
35th
topart
ak
eof
the
hot
meal
pro
vid
ed
for
them
.W
hen
the
regim
ent
arr
ived
in
Toro
nto
Win
nip
eg
O’B
rian
was
info
rmed
that
the
meal
was
all
read
yin
the
New
sre
sta
ura
nt
wait
ing
for
the
men
toatt
ack
it.
O’B
rian
said
that
Ibid
.th
em
endid
n’t
need
it,
as
they
had
en
ou
gh
rati
on
sw
ith
them
,
and
refu
sed
toall
ow
them
top
art
ak
eo
fit.”
14
(They
ate
hard
tack
inste
ad.)
-
Retu
rnin
gS
old
ier
said
that
all
went
well
un
til
the
“in
fern
al
Fre
nch
men
,”fr
om
Mo
ntr
eal
spoil
ed
the
wh
ole
arr
angem
ent.
Serg
ean
tG
eo.
H.
Nels
on,
No
.4
Co
.R
oyal
Gre
nadie
rs,
report
ed
toth
Toro
nto
New
sth
at
not
asoli
tary
man
of
the
Queen’s
Ow
n
or
of
the
Gre
nadie
rsw
ould
co
mp
lain
of
food
or
hard
ship
.A
l
thoug
hit
had
been
tou
gh
,it
was
the
best
the
secti
on
could
aff
ord
and
much
bett
er
than
the
people
ord
inari
lyhad.
He
said
:
“E
very
thin
gw
en
tall
right
unti
lth
ein
fern
al
Fre
nchm
en,
the
65th
fro
mM
ontr
eal,
bau
lked
rig
ht
inth
em
iddle
of
the
gap
s
an
dsp
oil
ed
the
whole
arr
angem
ent.
”
Rep
ort
er:
“How
do
yo
um
ean
that
they
baulk
ed?”
Nels
on:
“Why
,I
mea
nth
at
they
muti
nie
d.
You
don’t
know
these
men
.T
hey
are
the
wors
t,m
ost
mu
tin
ou
s,
reck
less,
dis
ord
erl
ygang
Iev
er
met
inm
yli
fe.
They
mu
tin
ied
rig
ht
there
in
the
gaps,
kept
those
behin
dth
em
for
aday
and
ahalf
inth
.e
sno
ww
ithout
shelt
er
and
nearl
ysta
rved
those
befo
rebecause
no
pro
vis
ion
could
go
thro
ugh.
Oh
,th
ey
are
afi
ne
cro
wd
of
sold
iers
...’
We
do
n’t
want
tofig
ht,
’w
asth
ein
cessant
cry
.W
hen
15.
they
were
not
say
ing
that
they
said
,‘W
ew
an
tto
go
ho
me.’
The
Toro
nto
train
was
back
ing
dow
nto
ward
sus
and
just
as
it
arr
ived
one
of
New
sIb
id.
them
said
,‘M
ew
on
’tfig
ht,
’and
thre
wh
imself
under
the
train
.
Th
ebre
akbeam
sto
ve
inh
isscalp
,and
aw
heel
cut
off
one
of
his
feet.
We
left
him
inth
ebed
Ihad
just
left,
and
Id
on’t
kn
ow
ifh
ed
ied
or
got
better.”
15
By
Ap
ril
13,
Mid
dle
ton
and
his
troops
had
reach
ed
Hu
mb
old
t
afte
ra
treachero
us
18
0m
ile
trek
acro
ss
the
open
prair
ie.
The
weath
er
was
cold
,an
dth
ere
was
astr
ong
win
dblo
win
g.
For
days
the
men
mo
ved
ahead
again
st
flu
rrie
so
fsn
ow
,ieet
and
hail
. .14
6
——
“I
amafr
aid
the
dre
ss
of
my
Aid
e—de—
cam
pand
my
self
would
have
asto
nis
hed
ifnot
ho
rrif
ied
anA
lders
hot
Gen
era
l
an
dhis
Aid
e—de—
cam
p,”
the
genera
lw
rote
inhis
acco
un
tof
the
cam
paig
n.
“We
were
both
cla
din
short
buff
alo
skin
coats
,
sta
ff
panta
loons,
fur
serv
ice
caps,
and
long
Engli
sh.
shoo
ting
16boots
,w
ith
jack
spurs
.S
wo
rds
were
worn
under,
and
revolv
ers
Sta
nle
y,
over,
our
coats
.T
he
men
and
offic
ers
were
inth
ere
gu
lar
Ibid
.B
riti
sh
un
ifo
rm,
supple
mente
dw
ith
snow
boots
,fu
rcap
sand
p.32
5glo
ves,
and
most
of
them
wit
hhid
eous
red
com
fort
ers
round
their
necks.”
16
On
Apri
l20
the
Gen
era
land
his
troops
were
35m
iles
from
Bato
che,
at
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g.
They
were
now
inM
eti
scountr
y.
Th
eir
movem
ents
had
been
clo
sely
watc
hed
by
Half
-bre
ed
scouts
who
patr
oll
ed
the
terr
ain
onb
zth
sid
es
of
the
South
Sas
kat
chew
an.
Iro
nic
al
the
qri
evances
wh
ich
had
led
toth
edis
conte
nt
of
the
!tis
and
Half
-bre
ed
sh
adby
this
tine
been
ren
die
d.
“In
ten
days,
fro
mth
e26th
Mar
chto
the
6th
Apri
l,th
e
Go
vern
ment
had
alt
ere
dth
eir
poli
cy
and
had
giv
en
what
they
had
refu
sed
for
years
.W
hat
was
the
cause
?T
he
bull
ets
of
Duck
Lak
e...”
Bela
ted
decis
ion
togra
nt
Half
-bre
ed
cla
ims
by
go
vern
men
t.
“U
nd
er
auth
ori
tyo
fsu
bcla
use
Eo
fC
lause
81
‘th
ego
vern
ment
sta
ted
,’it
isexpedie
nt
tod
eal
wit
hh
alf
-bre
ed
cla
ims
in
N.W
.T.
by
gra
nti
ng
:
1.
To
each
half
bre
ed
head
of
fam
ily
resid
ent
inN
WT
,outs
ide
lim
its
of
Man
ito
ba,
pre
vio
us
to15
July
1870,
the
lot
or
port
ion
of
land
of
wh
ich
he
isat
pre
sent
tim
ein
bona
fid
ean
du
nd
isp
ute
doccupati
on
by
vir
tue
of
resid
ence
upon
and
cult
ivati
on
there
of,
toth
eex
ten
t
of
160
acre
s,
ifsaid
land
he
isin
bona
fide
occu
pati
on
of
isle
ss
than
160
acre
s,
the
dif
fere
nce
tobe
mad
e
up
by
an
issue
of
scri
pre
deem
ab
lein
land
at
the
rate
of
$1
per
acre
;th
ose
half
bre
ed
sn
ot
inbona
fide
occupati
on
of
any
land
sh
all
be
issued
scri
pfo
r$
16
0
redeem
able
inla
nd.
2.
To
each
chil
do
fa
half
bre
ed
head
of
afa
mil
y,
resid
ing
inN
WT
,pre
vio
us
to15
Ju
ly1870
and
bo
rnbefo
reth
at
date
,th
ela
nds
he
isat
pre
sen
tin
bona
fide
and
undis
pute
doccu
pati
on
by
vir
tue
of
resid
en
ce
upon
and
cult
ivati
o:
there
of
toth
eex
ten
to
f240
acre
s;
any ..../4
7
—47
—
17.
dif
feren
tto
be
mad
eu
pb
yan
issu
eo
fscrip
red
eem
ab
leW
aite
,in
lan
dat
rate
of
$1
per
acre
;if
not
inbona
fid
eP
ete
rB
.C
anad
aoccupati
on
of
any
land,
such
chil
dto
be
issued
scrip
1847-1
896
redeem
able
inla
nd
for
$240.”
McL
ella
nd
and
17S
tew
art
Lim
ited
1971
,p.
157
By
now
it
was
too
late
toh
alt
the
hosti
liti
es
set
inm
oti
on
.E
igh
th
un
dre
dgovern
ment
troops
ho
vere
din
the
vic
init
yo
fB
ato
che
and
anoth
er
fou
rth
ou
san
dw
ere
on
their
way
toth
eS
askatc
hew
an.
Asm
all
but
dete
rmin
ed
Meti
sfo
rce
pre
pare
dto
defe
nd
them
selv
es
again
st
the
overw
helm
ing
majo
rity
of
go
vern
men
tso
ldie
rs
ready
tostr
ike
ablo
wto
the
“re
bels
.”
BA
TO
CII
EP
RO
JEC
T
PAJ{
’ltl’
WO
cHA
p’r
ER
sF
’flt
JRA
ND
FIV
E
Chri
ste
lB
arb
er
Gabri
el
Dum
ont
Insti
tute
Sep
tem
ber
l92
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HP
LA
YE
DA
PR
OM
INE
NT
RO
LE
INC
HA
PT
ER
FO
UR
OF
TH
EP
RO
JEC
T
?.IE
LM
eti
sle
ader
sta
tioned
atB
ato
che.
)UM
ON
TG
enera
lof
Meti
sarm
y,
sta
tioned
at
Bato
che,
DEW
DN
EYL
ieute
nant-
Govern
or
of
N.W
.T.
and
India
n
Com
mis
sioner,
sta
tioned
inR
egin
a,
CR
OZ
IER
Superi
nte
ndent
of
N.W
.M.P
.,sta
tioned
at
Fort
Canto
n,
GA
RN
OT
Secre
tary
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
.
NO
LIN
Rie
l’s
bro
ther-
in-l
aw
who
did
not
support
the
Meti
sresort
toarm
s.H
ew
as,
for
ashort
tim
e,
Rie
l’s
pris
oner.
MA
CD
ON
AL
DP
rim
eM
inis
ter
of
Canadia
nD
om
inio
n,
sta
tioned
inO
ttaw
a,
MO
UL
IN(R
ev.)
Pari
sh
prie
st,
sta
tioned
inB
ato
che.
LA
CO
MB
E(R
ev.)
Mis
sio
nary
of
mix
ed,
whit
e—
India
n,
herit
age.
He
was
the
founder
of
the
St.
Alb
ert
mis
sio
n.
Lacom
be
was
aw
ell
-know
nand
wid
ely
-tra
vell
ed
mem
ber
of
the
Obla
teO
rder.
CR
OW
FOO
TB
lackfo
ot
chie
fw
ho
did
not
take
part
inth
e
upri
sin
g.
VA
NH
OE
Vic
e—
Pre
sid
ent
of
the
Canadia
nP
acif
ic
Rail
way
Corp
ora
tion.
QU
INN
India
nA
gent
at
the
India
ncom
munit
yof
Fro
g
Lake.
BIG
BE
AR
Cre
eC
hie
fw
hose
band
took
part
inth
ekil
lings
at
Fro
gL
ake
and
the
take—
over
of
Fort
Pit
t,
FA
FA
RD
(Rev.)
Pari
sh
prie
st
at
the
India
ncom
munit
yof
Fro
g
Lake.
MA
RC
HA
ND
(Rev.)
Pari
sh
prie
st
at
the
India
ncom
munit
yof
Fro
g
Lake.
WA
ND
ER
ING
SP
IRIT
War
chie
fof
the
Cre
es
at
Fro
gL
ake.
GO
WA
NL
OC
KO
pera
tor
of
Go
vern
men
tF
lour
Mil
lsat
Fro
gL
ak
e
DE
LA
NE
YF
arm
instr
ucto
rat
Fro
gL
ak
e
GO
tJIN
Half
-bre
ed
carp
ente
rat
Fro
gL
ake
PE
AU
India
nw
om
anm
arr
ied
toW
an
deri
ng
Spir
it’s
nephew
DIC
KE
NS
Cap
tain
inco
mm
and
at
Fort
Pit
t.H
ew
as
a
son
of
the
no
veli
st
Ch
arl
es
Dic
ken
s
MA
CL
EA
NH
udso
n’s
Bay
Com
pan
yoffic
er
at
Fort
Pit
t
BR
AD
Y20th
cen
tury
org
aniz
er
of
the
Meti
sin
Alb
ert
aan
dS
ask
atc
hew
an
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
FOU
RO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
Mar
ch30
Meti
skil
led
inD
uck
Lak
ebatt
leare
buri
ed
inS
t.L
au
ren
t
Mar
ch31
Meti
sfr
om
Duck
Lak
eg
oto
Bato
che
top
rep
are
for
po
ssib
learm
ed
en
co
un
ter
wit
hth
epoli
cern
ent
of
wh
ich
they
were
warn
ed
by
L.
Cla
rke.
(Meti
sesti
mate
the
num
ber
of
poli
ce
as
31
5,
acco
rdin
gto
min
ute
so
fC
ou
ncil
meeti
ng
on
Mar
ch31.)
Apri
l2
Nin
esett
lers
inth
eF
rog
Lak
eare
aare
kil
led
by
India
ns
from
Big
Bear’
sband.
Apri
l2
Ind
ian
sfr
om
Beard
y’s
Rese
rve
and
the
Sio
ux
from
Ro
un
dP
lain
are
pro
vid
ed
wit
hfo
od
rati
on
s,
hors
es
and
catt
le.
Apri
l188
5E
arl
yin
Ap
ril
of
1885,
Rie
land
his
Council
sen
dle
tters
toth
eIn
dia
ns
at
Batt
lefo
rdu
rgin
gth
em
tod
estr
oy
the
fo
rt,
tota
ke
the
am
mun
itio
nan
dto
assis
tth
eM
eti
sat
Bato
che.
Ap
ril
12F
ath
er
Lac
om
be
who
has
been
giv
en
asp
ecia
ltr
ain
totr
avel
toIn
dia
nsett
lem
en
ts,
and
top
ers
uad
eth
eN
ati
ve
People
sto
refrain
fro
massis
ting
Rie
l,re
po
rts
toM
acdonald
that
the
Bla
ck
foo
tn
ati
on
wil
lre
main
loy
al
toth
eQ
ueen.
Ap
ril
15
Macle
an
,H
ud
son
’sB
ayfa
cto
rat
Fort
Pit
tis
taken
pri
soner
by
Big
Bear.
Big
Bear
negoti
ate
sth
esu
rren
der
of
civ
ilia
ns
at
Fort
Pit
t.T
he
N.W
.M.P
.usin
ga
scow
esc
ap
eat
nig
ht
by
the
riv
er.
Pheasan
I
Hil
l4.’
%•
I,
11//hi,,
S
MO
OS
I,
4.
H-
LL
S•C•
Fro
gL
ake
jI
II
Verm
illi
on
Riv
—1.
Bla
c2.E
’oot
Jrrt
Ie
Lak
e
C
F1iI
!I’.
.7j”
Batt
le.
MA
PSH
oWIN
GB
AT
TL
EFO
RD
,FO
RT
PIT
TA
ND
FRO
GL
AK
E.
(1S
85)
(%*
CH
APT
ER
FOU
R
The
Meti
sA
ttem
pt
toO
rganiz
eA
rmed
Resis
tance
and
the
India
n
Involv
em
ent
inth
eN
ort
hW
est
Dis
turb
ances
Intr
oducti
on
toC
hapte
rF
OU
R:
The
vic
tory
at
Duck
Lak
ehad
ela
ted
the
Meti
s.H
ow
ever
,
the
confr
onati
on
betw
een
the
Meti
sand
the
poli
ce
had
spoil
ed
Rie
l’s
pla
nof
captu
ring
Cro
zie
r’s
forc
ean
dhold
ing
them
as
hosta
ges
topre
ss
the
Canadia
nG
overn
ment
into
abarg
ain
ing
posit
ion.
Garn
ot,
the
secre
tary
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
,expla
ined
in
his
mem
oir
sth
at
Rie
l’s
pri
me
moti
ve
had
not
been
todri
ve
the
Dom
inio
ngovern
ment
out
of
the
countr
y,
but
rath
er
toget
the
govern
ment
topay
att
enti
on
toth
eM
eti
sand
Half
-bre
ed
grie
v
ances.
The
min
ute
san
dre
solu
tions
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
whic
h
have
been
pre
serv
ed
indic
ate
that
arm
edconfr
onta
tion
was
seri
ously
consid
ere
donly
afte
rth
efi
rst’
batt
lew
ith
the
Mounte
d
Poli
ce,
On
Mar
ch31,
the
Council
expre
ssed
concern
over
the
new
spass
ed
by
Law
rence
Cla
rkth
at
apoli
ce
forc
ew
asm
arc
hin
g
tow
ard
Bato
che.
Are
solu
tion
on
Apri
l16,
requir
ed
every
able
man
topre
sent
him
self
toth
eC
ouncil
soth
at
asm
all
Meti
sar
my
mig
ht
be
esta
bli
shed.
Appeals
for
help
went
toIn
dia
ns
and
to
Half
—bre
ed
com
munit
ies
afte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
ebatt
leurg
ing
their
assis
tance
indis
arm
ing
the
poli
ce
and
inth
egath
eri
ng
of
pro
vis
ions
for
dif
fic
ult
tim
es
ahead,
Not
all
Meti
sw
ere
infa
vor
of
takin
gup
arm
s.T
he
infl
uence
of
the
cle
rgy,
who
oppose
dR
iel’
sre
sort
toar
med
resis
tance,’
mad
em
any
Meti
suncert
ain
of
Rie
l’s
leaders
hip
.R
iel
finall
y
pla
ced
the
prie
sts
under
house
arrest
when
they
refu
sed
reli
gio
us
serv
ices
toth
epari
shio
ners
who
took
up
arm
s.S
ensi
ng
the
seri
ous
loss
of
spir
itual
dir
ecti
on
that
his
impri
sonm
ent
would
cre
ate
,he
adm
inis
tere
dth
ere
ligio
us
serv
ices
him
self
,
as
best
he
could
.H
ow
ever
,m
any
pari
shio
ners
were
unable
to
accept
Rie
las
aspir
itual
guid
ean
dbec
ame
uncert
ain
about
their
all
egia
nce
tohim
.
Sir
John
A.
Macdonald
,fe
arf
ul
over
the
thre
at
of
India
n
involv
ment
inth
eN
ort
hW
est
dis
turb
ances,
pro
vid
ed
the
well
-
know
nF
ath
er
Lac
om
be
wit
ha
locom
oti
ve
soth
at
the
prie
st
could
travel
toconsult
wit
hth
echie
fsof
Nati
ve
trib
es
and
dis
suade
them
from
support
ing
the
Meti
s.
Lac
om
be
convin
ced
the
Bla
ckfo
ot,
the
Pie
gan
and
the
Sarc
inot
togo
tow
ar,
there
by
rem
ovin
g
about
two—
thousa
nd
warr
iors
from
pote
nti
al
involv
em
ent
inth
e
confl
ict.
Rie
l’s
lett
er
of
appeal
for
help
were
an
swere
dpro
mptl
y
by
the
Cre
es
fro
mP
oundrn
aker’
sband.
The
ban
dre
sen
ted
the
str
ain
sof
reserv
eli
fe,
and
govern
ment
restr
icti
ons
on
food
rati
ons
kept
them
ina
sta
teof
sem
i—st
arv
ati
on.
Whe
nth
ey
heard
of
the
Meti
sv
icto
ryover
the
poli
ce
at
Duck
Lake,
the
ban
dm
oved
at
once
toB
att
lefo
rdan
dra
nsa
ck
ed
the
tow
n.
The
sett
lers
inth
esurr
oundin
gare
as
had
ample
warn
ing
of
the
Ind
ian
’sappro
ach.
They
fled
toth
efo
rtan
dre
main
ed
there
unti
lth
eblo
ckade
was
lifte
d.
Aft
er
one
mo
nth
,P
ou
nd
inak
er’
s
ban
dw
ithdre
wfr
om
Batt
lefo
rd.
The
Cre
echie
fdid
not
appro
ve
the
raid
on
the
tow
n,
bu
tw
asu
nab
leto
restr
ain
his
hu
ng
ry
warr
iors
.
New
spaper
report
sof
the
month
spre
cedin
gth
ere
sis
tan
ce
were
str
on
gly
bia
sed
ag
ain
st
the
Nati
ve
Peo
ple
san
dre
flecte
d
the
en
mit
yof
the
sett
lers.
Ind
ian
ag
en
ts,
farm
instr
ucto
rs
and
mis
sio
nari
es,
though
man
yh
av
eb
een
port
rayed
as
well
-meanin
g,
oft
en
sup
port
ed
go
vern
men
tp
oli
cie
sof
keepin
gN
ati
ve
Peo
ple
s
under
str
ict
co
ntr
ol.
This
led
tom
any
dis
pute
sbetw
een
sett
lers
and
Ind
ian
s;
som
eti
mes
wit
htr
ag
icresult
s.
Such
was
the
case
at
Fro
gL
ake
where
eig
ht
people
fro
mth
en
on
-Nati
ve
com
mu
nit
yw
ere
kil
led
by
mem
ber
sof
Big
Bear’
sband.
Big
Bear
late
radm
itte
dth
at
he,
lik
eP
oundm
aker,
had
been
un
ab
le
topre
vent
the
ou
tbu
rst
of
vio
lence,
and
that
he
was
gre
atl
y
saddened
by
the
kil
lings.
He
was,
ho
wev
er,
able
topre
vent
furt
her
blo
odsh
ed
by
arr
angin
gfo
rth
eevacuati
on
of
civ
ilia
ns
at
Fo
rtP
itt
befo
reit
was
tak
en
by
the
young
warr
iors
of
his
ban
d.
The
evacuati
on
of
the
fort
took
pla
ce
short
lyaft
er
the
Fro
gL
ake
incid
ent,
on
Ap
ril
15.
Th
efo
reg
oin
gacco
un
tsu
ms
up
the
events
afte
rth
ebatt
le
of
Duck
Lake.
The
pages
wh
ich
foll
ow
all
ow
the
reader
tob
ecom
e
acq
uain
ted
wit
hth
em
ore
inti
mate
deta
ils
surr
oundin
gth
eev
ents
.
Anum
ber
of
pri
mary
docum
en
tsand
pri
mary
sou
rces
were
sele
cte
d
for
the
pu
rpose
of
pro
vid
ing
avari
ety
of
read
ing
sto
illu
str
ate
the
com
ple
xit
yof
sit
uati
ons
wh
ich
are
oft
en
port
rayed
fro
ma
sim
pli
sti
cpoin
to
fv
iew
.A
case
inpoin
tw
ere
the
kil
lings
at
Fro
gL
ake—
—an
incid
ent
wit
ho
ut
appare
nt
pro
vo
cati
on
.Y
et
the
tap
ed
inte
rvie
ww
ith
the
form
er
Meti
sorg
aniz
er
Jam
esB
rady
pro
vid
es
new
ev
iden
ce
of
beh
ind
—th
e—
scen
es
acti
on.
This
evid
ence
shed
sne
wli
ght
on
the
moti
vati
on
for
the
vio
lence
inth
esm
all
nort
hern
com
munit
y.
The
fir
st
part
of
this
chapte
rconta
ins
afair
lyle
ngth
y
sele
cti
on
of
min
ute
san
dre
so
luti
on
spass
ed
by
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
duri
ng
the
tim
ew
hic
hela
psed
betw
een
the
batt
les
of
Du
ckL
ake
(Mar
ch26)
and
Fis
hC
reek
(Apri
l24).
The
Council
rep
ort
scom
pensate
for
the
lack
of
wri
tten
mate
rial
from
the
Meti
scom
munit
y.
Th
eydem
onst
rate
aneffort
on
the
part
of
the
Meti
sto
deal
wit
h
what
was
beli
eved
tobe
arela
tively
small
forc
eof
315
poli
ce
men
.R
eaders
anxio
us
tosi
mply
foll
ow
the
chain
of
acti
on
con
necte
dw
ith
the
batt
les
may
wis
hto
skip
this
secti
on.
How
ever
,
for
those
who
take
anin
terest
inth
eli
ves
of
ord
inary
people
whic
happli
ed
them
selv
es
wit
hsin
ceri
tyto
aconfl
ict
that
thre
ate
ned
tota
ke
away
their
modest
possessio
ns,
this
secti
on
isa
rich
sourc
eof
info
rmati
on.
Not
only
wil
lth
ere
ader
be
impre
ssed
by
the
dem
ocra
tic
pro
cesses
thro
ugh
whic
hth
eM
eti
s
reached
agre
em
ent
but
s/h
ew
ill
be
all
ow
ed
anopport
unit
yto
unders
tand
the
ord
er,
the
concern
s,
and
the
fears
of
asi
mple
livin
gyet
inte
llig
ent
people
.T
he
reader
wil
lse
eth
at
the
Meti
svalu
ed
and
wis
hed
topro
tect
their
fam
ilie
s,
that
they
care
dfo
rth
eem
emy’s
dead
and
wounded,
that
they
had
firm
reli
gio
us
goals
,an
dth
at
they
had
astr
ong
posit
ive
rela
tion
ship
wit
hth
eIn
dia
ns
inth
esurr
oundin
gare
as.
One
lett
er
to
the.
Council
dem
onstr
ate
sa
concern
for
the
uphold
ing
of
mora
l
valu
es,
gri
evances
over
quarr
ell
ing
and
dri
nkin
galc
ohol,
vexati
on
wit
htr
ouble
makers
,an
da
fear
of
agenera
ldis
hearte
n
ing
and
weakenin
gam
ong
Meti
sm
ember
s.
This
secti
on
more
than
any
oth
er
all
ow
sth
ere
ader
agli
mpse
of
the
life
inth
evil
lages
aro
und
Bato
che.
It
captu
res
the
vie
ws
of
those
who
were
involv
ed
most
dir
ectl
yin
the
events
;
people
who
have
oft
en
been
port
rayed
as
ruth
less
vil
lain
s.
I‘
..“
81G
BE
AR
.
Rie
lhad
Hoped
toF
ore
sta
llH
osti
liti
es
by
Captu
ring
Cro
zie
r
And
His
Forc
e
The
vic
tory
at
Duck
Lak
ehad
ela
ted
the
Meti
s;how
ever,
the
confr
onta
tion
betw
een
the
Meti
san
dpoli
ce
had
spoil
ed
Rie
l’s
pla
nof
captu
ring
Cro
zie
ran
dhis
forc
ean
dhold
ing
them
as
hosta
ges.
The
fore
goin
gpoin
t,m
ade
by
G.
F.
Sta
nle
y,
was
base
don
asta
tem
ent
mad
eby
Rie
laft
er
the
batt
leof
Bato
che.
Rie
].appare
ntl
yexpla
ined
toC
apta
inY
oung
that,
“...h
isobje
ct
had
been
tocaptu
reM
ajo
rC
rozie
ran
dhis
forc
ean
dth
en
say
toth
eC
anadia
ngovern
ment,
consid
er
the
sit
uati
on...
Garn
ot,
the
Secre
tary
of
the
Pro
vis
ional
Govern
ment,
agre
ed...t
hat
there
had
been
no
‘seri
ous
expecta
tion
todri
ve
the
Dom
inio
nG
over
nm
ent
out
of
the
countr
y,’
but
that
they
rose
to‘f
orc
eth
eD
om
inio
nG
over
nm
ent
toatt
end
toth
em’
and
expecte
ddail
yth
at
‘som
eone
would
com
efr
om
the
Gover
nm
ent
to
treat
wit
hth
em
.’
The
Meti
sw
ere
inno
posit
ion
toconduct
asuccessfu
l
rebell
ion.
At
the
most
Rie
lcould
only
call
upon
four
or
five
hundre
dM
eti
s,m
any
of
who
mw
ere
defi
nit
ely
oppose
dto
fighti
ng
and
took
up
arm
sonly
under
pressure.”
1
Phil
ipp
eG
arn
ot
wro
tein
his
Mem
oir
sth
at
Rie
lhad
hoped
the
Du
ckL
ake
batt
lew
ould
have
been
the
fir
st
and
last
acti
on
the
Meti
sengaged
in;
(see
Chapte
r2)
bu
tw
hen
Rie
lheard
of
the
troop
mov
emen
tto
the
Terr
itory
,he
conse
nte
dto
conti
nued
arm
ed
resis
tan
ce.
Th
eC
ouncil
met
frequentl
yto
decid
ew
hat
ste
ps
mig
ht
be
tak
en
invie
wof
the
sit
uati
on
at
hand.
The
min
ute
sof
these
meeti
ngs
rev
eal
the
dern
ocra
cti
cp
rocesses
by
wh
ich
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
resolv
ed
majo
ran
dm
inor
matt
ers
.T
he
foll
ow
ing
are
exam
ple
sof
min
ute
sfr
om
these
meeti
ngs.
Exam
ple
sof
Resolu
tions
and
Min
ute
sof
Meti
sC
ouncil
Concern
ing
the
Dea
dan
dW
ound
edof
the
Duck
Lak
eB
att
le
No.
51
:R
eso
luti
on
of
Co
un
cil
tob
yth
edead
(tra
nsla
tio
n)
(27
thM
arch
18
85
)
Min
ute
sof
Council
,p
rep
are
db
yM
r.L
epin
e,
seco
nd
ed
by
Mr.
Carr
iere
that
apart
ybe
sent
who
(put)
the
dead
who
were
left
on
the
batt
lefi
eld
under
the
shelt
er
of
anneig
hbori
ng
house
and
that
it
be
do
ne
imm
edia
tely
.C
arr
ied
unanim
ousl
y.
7fo
rto
day
,3
for
tom
orr
ow
.
No.
56:
Min
ute
sof
Council
of
29
thM
arch
1885
(tra
nsla
tio
n)
Ord
er-
in—
Council
29th
Mar
ch1885.
Pro
po
sed
by
Mr.
Lepin
e
seconded
by
Mr.
Boucher
that
the
man
kil
led
inth
efi
gh
tof
the
26th
be
carr
ied
toS
t.L
au
ren
t,to
morr
ow
,th
ere
tobe
buri
ed
and
that
the
prie
sts
be
requeste
dto
chant
afu
nera
lserv
ice.
Carr
ied
un
an
imo
usl
y.
Ord
er-
inC
ouncil
of
29th
Mar
ch1885.
Pro
po
sed
by
Mr.
-L
ep
ine
.M.P
.se
conded
by
Mr.
Dum
ont
that
the
wounded
man
C.
A.
Nevil
lem
ade
C.
pri
soner
afte
rth
ebatt
leof
the
20
th,
be
set
free.
Carr
ied
un
an
imo
usl
y.
Th
eD
ecis
ion
toT
ake
up
Arm
san
dA
wait
Arr
ival
of
Po
lice
was
Mad
eafte
rth
eD
uck
Lak
eB
att
le
“M
inute
sof
the
Council
of
31
stM
arc
h,
1885.
Pro
pose
dby
Ex
ov
ede
Gab
riel
Du
mo
nt,
seco
nd
ed
by
Exoved
eM
axim
eL
ep
ine,
that
we
abando
nfo
ra
tim
eD
uck
Lake,
and
go
and
take
up
posit
ion
again
at
St.
Anth
ony,
toaw
ait
there
firm
lyth
e31
5poli
cem
en
who
are
on
the
way
,it
wo
uld
appear,
and
are
marc
hin
gagain
st
us.
Ad
op
ted
un
an
imo
usl
y.
Glo
ryto
Jesu
sC
hri
st,
ho
no
ran
dp
rais
eto
Mar
y,
to
Jose
ph
,to
St.
John
the
Bap
tist,
and
toS
t.A
nth
ony
of
Padua.
Min
ute
so
fth
eC
ouncil
,th
e6
thA
pri
l,1885.
Pro
pose
dby
Mr.
Lep
ine
and
seconded
by
Mr.
Bo
uch
er,
that
the
sold
iers
beg
in
the
wo
rkof
mak
ing
roads
thro
ug
hth
eic
ean
dp
lacin
gth
efe
rry
bo
at
inpo
sit
ion
toesta
bli
sh
the
ferr
y.
Ad
op
ted
unanim
ousl
y.
Pro
pose
dby
Mr.
Boucher,
seco
nd
ed
by
Mr.
Pare
nte
au
that
an
Ord
er-
in-C
ouncil
be
publi
cly
read
req
uir
ing
every
man
capable
of
beari
ng
arm
sto
be
pre
sen
ted
here
tom
orr
ow
duri
ng
the
fore
noon.
Ad
op
ted
un
an
imo
usl
y.
Pro
po
sed
by
Mr.
Ou
lett
e,
seco
nd
ed
by
Mr.
Lepin
eth
at
aio
nal
ho
rse
guard
be
org
aniz
ed,
and
that
acap
tain
,w
ith
his
com
pan
y
be
appoin
ted
toth
isd
uty
,and
that
Mr.
Lafo
nd
be
appoin
ted.
Ad
op
ted
un
an
imo
usl
y.
Ord
ers
-in—
Council
Dete
rmin
ed
the
Rig
ht
toT
ake
Meals
inC
oun
cil
Hall
an
dth
eP
rosp
ecti
ve
Ow
ner
of
aC
aptu
red
Ho
rse
“O
rder-
in—
Co
un
cil
of
Ap
ril
11,
1885.
Pro
pose
db
yM
r.;i
onal
Boucher,
seconded
by
Mr.
Dum
ont,
that
Mr.
Cham
berl
ain
be
43fu
rnis
hed
wit
ha
list
of
people
who
have
the
rig
ht
of
tak
ing
their
meals
here
and
of
en
teri
ng
the
Council
Hall
.”:0
ria
Exam
ple
so
fL
ett
ers
Sen
dand
Receiv
ed
by
the
Meti
sC
ou
ncil
No.
58:
J.
P.
Boucher
toD
um
on
t(t
ran
sla
tio
n)
St.
Louis
de
Lan
gev
in,
NW
.30
Mar
ch1
88
5.
To
Mess
rs.
the
Ad
juta
nt
Gen
era
land
Council
lors
.
Gen
tlem
en
:
Ile
ft
Duck
Lak
ew
ith
the
inte
nti
on
of
co
min
gto
fetc
hm
y
hors
e.
Als
oto
assis
tth
ein
dis
pensable
need
sof
my
fam
ily.
Ale
xM
acdo
ug
all
the
man
wh
ow
asto
have
seen
toth
eir
wan
ts
left
four
days
ago,
soth
at
yo
um
ayse
eth
eim
port
ance
of
uy
bein
gh
ere
.T
ruly
ev
ery
thin
gis
incrit
ical
po
sit
ion
.If
yo
u
can
possib
lydo
wit
ho
ut
me
for
ati
me.
.M.P
.as
Iam
wit
hperf
ect
con
sid
era
tion,
(Sig
ned
)J.
Bap
tiste
Bo
uch
er
P.S
.It
ism
yd
uty
tom
ake
my
wif
em
ake
her
Easte
rD
uty
.”*
5
*“E
aste
rduty
”re
fers
tore
cepti
on
of
sacra
ments
duri
ng
the
Easte
rp
eri
od
.
Lett
er
from
P.
H.
Garn
ot,
Secre
tary
toA
.M
onkm
an,
reg
ard
ing
Tre
atm
en
tof
the
Sio
ux
Ind
ian
sand
Half
—bre
eds,
&c.
Bato
ch
e,
2n
dA
pri
l,1
88
5
Dear
Bro
thers
,-
Wil
ly
ou
receiv
eall
India
ns
from
Beard
y’s
Ban
dand
see
ab
ou
tra
tions
for
them
?
We
are
receiv
ing
today,
all
the
Sio
ux
from
Round
Pla
in,
and
the
half
—bre
eds,
and
we
sh
all
be
str
ong
en
ou
gh
,and
we
are
afr
aid
toru
nsh
ort
of
rati
on
s,
sow
eex
pect
that
yo
uw
ill
treat
them
kin
dly
and
keep
them
under
your
ord
er,
and
giv
era
tio
ns
to
every
one,
and
tohis
fam
ily
as
long
as
he
or
they
wil
lbe
under
your
contr
ol
at
the
fort.
Len
dth
emh
ors
es
and
catt
le,
ifpossib
le,
toh
elp
them
to
get
toC
anto
n.
Tak
ecoura
ge,
and
we
would
ad
vis
eth
ek
eep
ing
of
guard
so
n
top
of
the
hil
ls.
Beli
ev
eus,
dear
bro
ther,
yo
ur
bro
thers
inJesus
Chri
st.
;ional
rs
For
the
Council
,43 :ori
aP
.H
.G
arn
ot,
Secre
tary
.
‘N.
Nault
and
Oth
ers
toC
ou
ncil
,re
gard
ing
Into
xic
ati
ng
Liq
uo
rs.
(Tra
nsla
tion).
Bato
che,
P.O
.,9th
Apri
l,1885
St.
An
toin
ede
Padoue.
To
the
Mem
ber
sof
the
Co
un
cil
:
Gen
tlem
en
,—
Sev
era
lru
mors
havin
gre
ached
this
sid
eo
fth
e
riv
er,
we
dee
mit
ou
rduty
tose
nd
you
afe
ww
ord
sanent
the
sam
e;
we
mea
nas
toth
em
att
er
of
dri
nk
.W
eh
av
efa
ult
tofi
nd
wit
hy
ou
gentl
em
en,
mem
ber
so
fth
eco
un
cil
.W
efi
nd
dru
nken
men
on
every
sid
ealo
ng
the
riv
er.
It
seem
sto
me
itis
the
du
tyo
f
all
of
you
tose
eto
this
matt
er.
It
seem
sto
us
that
yo
uare
inacti
ve.
What
gri
ev
es
us
isto
see
yo
uo
nth
eo
ther
han
d
quarr
ell
ing
am
ongst
yours
elv
es
and
giv
ing
tro
ub
leto
tho
se
who
act
rig
ht.
Fro
mth
ew
ayy
ou
are
acti
ng
we
fear
gre
atl
yth
at
yo
u
wil
ld
ish
eart
en
man
yam
on
gst
us.
The
best
cours
eto
take
isto
com
eto
acle
ar
unders
tand
ing
am
on
gst
yo
urs
elv
es,
once
for
all
.
We
pro
mis
ed
tokeep
tem
pera
nce
inti
mes
of
the
hard
est
str
uggle
,
and
now
that
thin
gs
do
not
look
qu
ite
sobad
as
they
were
we
wan
tto
fall
back
.W
ere
lyon
yo
uto
set
matt
ers
rig
ht.
Yours
truly
,
Napole
on
Nau
lt3io
nal
rs
Jose
ph
Del
orm
e
43P
atr
ior
To
uro
nd
:ori
aB
apti
ste
Ouel1
ett
e
•C.
Patr
ice
Flu
ri&
’7
Pra
yer
of
the
Meti
sC
ou
ncil
fro
mth
eC
ou
ncil
Book
“0L
ord
,o
ur
God,
Tho
uW
hoare
the
Fath
er
of
merc
yan
d
consola
tion,
we
are
sev
era
lF
ren
ch
—C
an
ad
ian
Meti
s,gath
ere
d
tog
eth
er
inco
un
cil
who
pu
tco
nfi
den
ce
inT
hee;
gra
nt
that
we
may
not
be
covere
dw
ith
co
nfu
sio
n,
ev
er
defe
nd
us
fro
mth
is;
lon
al
rsen
lig
hte
nus
ino
ur
dark
ness
of
do
ub
t,en
co
ura
ge
us
ino
ur
tria
ls,
str
ength
en
us
inour
weakness
es,
and
succor
us
inth
e
tim
eof
pre
ssin
gneed.”
8
Aw
are
of
the
Weakness
of
his
Po
sit
ion
Rie
lA
ppeale
dto
the
Reli
gio
us
Myst
icis
mo
fth
eM
eti
s
Duri
ng
the
earl
yp
art
of
Apri
l,R
iel
felt
that
his
fir
st
task
was
tostr
ength
en
his
own
posit
ion
among
the
Meti
s.
Wit
h
the
fli
ght
of
his
bro
ther—
in—
law
,C
harl
es
Noun,
toP
rince
Alb
ert
,h
ispri
ncip
al
oppon
en
tam
on
gth
eM
eti
shad
been
rem
oved.
Noun
had
no
tsupport
ed
Rie
l’s
decis
ion
tota
ke
up
arm
sand
had
succeed
ed
inp
ers
uad
ing
oth
ers
tore
main
neu
tral.
“F
red
Fid
ler,
Lo
uis
Mari
on
,R
oger
Go
ule
t,B
apti
ste
Boyer,
Louis
Reig
uid
el,
Gabri
el
Pare
nte
au
,Jean
Bap
tiste
Bo
uch
er,
Jean
onal
dL
apla
nte
,O
cta
ve
Reg
nie
rand
Jose
ph
Bre
mn
er
were
amo
ng
tho
se
who
110
fell
away
fro
mth
eir
all
egia
nce
toR
iel
or
refu
sed
tofi
ght
for
C•him
.”9
Ph
ilip
pe
Garn
ot,
wro
tein
his
Mem
oir
sth
at
he,
him
self
,
pers
iste
din
refu
sin
gto
take
up
arm
s.O
fN
oun’s
esc
ap
ehe
wro
te,
ho
wev
er,
“I
forg
ot
tom
en
tio
nth
at
Cro
zie
rw
aso
nth
ev
erg
eof
pro—
cla
imin
gth
at
all
pers
ons
reta
ined
by
forc
eb
yth
ere
bels
could
find
pro
tecti
on
at
Fort
Canto
nor
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
by
ap
ply
ing
to
the
com
man
din
goffic
er.
No
un
truste
dth
ispro
cla
mati
on
and
went
toP
rince
Alb
ert
toask
for
pro
tecti
on;
but
he
was
receiv
ed
and
pro
tecte
din
an
od
dw
ay.
They
thre
wh
imin
pri
so
nand
held
him
lippe
for
the
gre
ate
st
part
of
the
tim
e.
We
heard
als
oth
at
Tom
Scott
,•O
t10
irs
Jam
es
Isbis
ter
and
oth
ers
were
treate
din
the
sam
ew
ay
.”
Rie
lw
asaw
are
of
the
weakness
of
his
posit
ion
and
from
tim
eto
tim
elo
st
pati
ence
wit
hh
isfo
llow
ers
.A
to
ther
tim
es
he
appeale
dto
the
reli
gio
us
mysti
cis
mo
fth
eM
eti
s.
Rie
lP
rocla
imed
Him
self
as
aP
rophet
of
the
Lord
Afo
rmal
decis
ion
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
recogniz
ed
Rie
l’s
cla
imas
Pro
ph
et
inth
eS
erv
ice
of
Jesus
Chri
st.
On
oth
er
occasio
ns
the
Exovedate
spen
tit
sti
me
ch
an
gin
gth
enam
eso
fth
e
week.
Th
efo
llo
win
gdocum
en
tsfo
und
inR
iel’
sp
ossessio
ndem
on
str
ate
that
these
decis
ions
were
not
un
an
imo
usl
yaccepte
d.
“D
ecis
ion
of
the
Cou
ncil
—R
iel
aP
rophet.
(Tra
nsla
tion)
Mo
ved
by
M.
Boucher,
seco
nd
ed
by
M.
Touro
nd,
that
the
Can
ad
ian
half
—b
reed
Exovid
at
ack
no
wle
dg
es
Lo
uis
David
Rie
las
apro
phet
inth
eserv
ice
of
Jesus
Chri
st,
and
So
nof
God
and
only
Red
eem
er
of
the
worl
d;
etc
.
Sig
ned
by
9m
emb
ers
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
.
The
Opposi
tion
of
the
Cle
rgy
Pro
mpte
dR
iel
toT
ake
Over
the
Reli
gio
us
Leaders
hip
The
gre
ate
st
thre
at
toR
iel’
sle
aders
hip
,re
main
ed
the
pri
ests
who
would
have
noth
ing
todo
wit
hhim
and
call
ed
him
ahere
tic.
Accord
ing
toP
.C
harl
ebois
,F
rs.
Vegre
vil
lean
dL
acozu
be
were
the
most
crit
ical
and
outs
poken.
Sir
John
A.
Macdonald
,re
cogniz
ing
the
danger
of
agenera
lIn
dia
nupri
sin
gan
dL
acom
be’s
posit
ive
rapport
wit
hth
eN
ati
ve
People
spers
uaded
the
prie
st
touse
his
infl
uence
tokeep
them
out
of
the
confl
ict.
Fath
er
Vegre
vil
le,
who
cam
eto
see
Fath
er
Mouli
n,
inearl
yA
pri
l,w
asarr
este
dby
Rie
lan
dfo
rced
tosig
na
sta
tem
ent
say
ing
that
he
would
obse
rve
str
ict
neutr
ali
ty.
The
oth
er
prie
sts
were
obli
ged
tosig
nsim
ilar
sta
tem
ents
.A
ccord
ing
toC
harl
ebois
:“T
he
opposit
ion
of
the
cle
rgy
mad
eth
eavera
ge
Meti
svery
uncert
ain
of
his
cause
because
he
respecte
dan
dhad
been
dir
ecte
dby
them
for
years
.R
iel
finall
yre
sort
ed
topla
cin
gth
epri
ests
O1S
,under
house
arr
est
and
tota
kin
gover,
as
well
as
he
was
able
,th
eadvis
ory
and
reli
gio
us
duti
es
of
the
cle
rgy.
This
was
quit
eaccepta
ble
toth
eM
eti
san
dth
eir
confi
dence
retu
rned.”
11
Sir
John
all
ow
ed
Lac
om
be
unre
str
icte
dtr
avel
thro
ughout
the
Terr
itory
by
pla
cin
ga
locom
oti
ve
at
his
dis
posal,
soth
at
he
mig
ht
dis
suade
inpart
icula
rth
eB
lackfo
ot
trib
efr
om
join
ing
the
Meti
sfo
rces.
“Lac
om
be
succeeded
appare
ntl
yon
the
gro
unds
that
warf
are
wit
hC
anada
would
be
futi
lean
dw
ould
bri
ng
even
more
hard
ship
son
the
nati
ve
people
s.
Aspecia
llo
com
oti
ve
was
pla
ced
at
his
dis
posal
day
and
nig
ht
on
the
ord
ers
of
Macdonald
and
Van
Hom
e,
head
of
the
C.P
.R.,
toenable
him
toquic
kly
conta
ct
any
Nati
ves
who
mhe
mig
ht
infl
uence.
Rid
ing
inth
ecab
of
the
engin
e,
Fr.
Lac
om
be
travell
ed
all
nig
ht
from
Calg
ary
toB
lackfo
ot
Crossin
g.”
2C
hie
fC
row
foot
of
the
Bla
ckfo
ot
trib
ew
asth
eso
nof
the
gre
at
warr
ior
“S
itti
ng
Bull
”,
who
had
fought
Genera
lC
uste
rin
the
batt
leof
the
Lit
tle
Big
Horn
.L
acom
be
arr
ived
toconsult
wit
hth
egre
at
Chie
fvery
earl
yone
morn
ing
and
had
asuccessfu
lta
lkw
ith
him
.T
he
prie
st
was
able
tote
legra
ph
Macdonald
soon
aft
erw
ard
sth
at
the
Bla
ckfo
ot
trib
ew
ould
keep
the
peace.
Fath
er
Lac
om
be
was
successfu
lals
oin
convin
cin
gth
eB
lood,
the
Pie
gan
and
Sarc
inot
togo
tow
ar.
On
Apri
l12th
,he
forw
ard
ed
the
foll
ow
ing
mess
age
from
the
Bla
ckfo
ot
Chie
f:“O
nbehalf
of
myse
lfan
dpeople
Iw
ish
tose
nd
thro
ugh
you
toth
eG
reat
Moth
er
the
word
sI
have
giv
en
toth
eG
overn
or
at
aC
ouncil
held
,at
whic
hm
ym
iflo
rC
hie
fsan
dyour
men
were
pre
sent.
We
are
agre
ed
and
dete
rmin
ed
tore
main
loyal
toth
eQ
uee
n.
Ou
r
yo
un
gm
enw
ill
go
tow
ork
on
their
reserv
e,
and
wil
lra
ise
all
the
cro
ps
we
can,
and
we
ho
pe
the
Go
vern
men
tw
ill
help
us
sell
wh
at
we
cannot
use.
Conti
nu
ed
report
sare
bro
ug
ht
tous,
and
we
do
no
tknow
what
tobeli
eve,
bu
tno
wth
at
we
hav
ese
en
the
Govern
or
and
heard
him
speak
,w
ew
ill
shut
our
ears
and
on
lyli
ste
nto
and
beli
eve
what
isto
ldu
sth
rough
the
Gov
ern
or.
Should
any
India
ns
com
eto
ou
rre
serv
es
and
ask
us
tojo
in
them
inw
arw
ew
ill
send
them
away
.I
have
sent
mess
en
gers
to
the
Blo
ods
and
Pie
gans
who
belo
ng
toour
treaty
tote
llth
em
what
we
are
do
ing
,an
dw
hat
we
inte
nd
tod
oabout
the
tro
ub
le.
Iw
an
tM
r.D
ewd
ney
tobe
wit
hu
san
dall
my
men
are
of
the
sam
e
min
d.
The
word
sI
sen
tby
Fath
er
Lac
om
be
Iagain
sen
d.
We
wil
l
be
loyal
toth
eQ
uee
nw
hate
ver
happens.
Ih
av
ea
copy
of
this
,
and
wh
enth
etr
ou
ble
isov
er
wil
lh
av
eit
wit
hpri
de
tosh
ow
the
Queen’s
off
icers
,and
we
leave
ou
rfu
ture
in.y
ou
rh
an
ds.
We
have
ask
ed
for
noth
ing
,b
ut
the
Go
vern
or
has
giv
en
us
a(n
eyt
litt
lepre
sent
of
tea
and
tob
acco
.H
ew
ill
tell
yo
uw
hat
oth
er
ton
ald
13.1
12,
talk
we
had
at
our.
Council
;it
was
all
good,
not
one
bad
word
.”
Iney
trs,
Th
eF
irst
toR
esp
ond
toR
iel’
sA
ppeal
for
help
were
Poundm
ak
er’
sC
rees
Whil
eF
ath
er
Lac
oin
be
was
on
his
mis
sio
n,
Rie
lan
dh
isC
ou
ncil
sen
tle
tters
toth
eIn
dia
ns
inth
ev
icin
ity
of
Batt
lefo
rd.
Th
e
lett
er
con
tain
ed
new
so
fth
ev
icto
ryat
Duck
Lake:
“...t
hir
tyH
alf
-bre
ed
san
dC
rees
fought
again
st
one-h
un
dre
d
an
dtw
en
tym
en.
Aft
er
afi
ght
of
thir
ty—
fiv
eto
fort
ym
inute
s
the
enem
yto
ok
fli
gh
t.B
less
God
for
the
success
he
has
sok
ind
ly
gra
nte
du
s..
.Take
Fo
rtB
att
lefo
rd.
Dest
roy
it.
Sav
eall
the
goods
and
am
unit
ion
and
com
eto
us...A
l1th
at
yo
ud
o,
do
it
for
the
lov
eof
God...B
ecert
ain
that
fait
hw
ork
sw
on
ders
.;i
onal
rs
Lo
uis
“D
avid
”R
iel
,C.
Ex
od
ed
e”
14
(Th
ele
tter
was
signed
by
eig
ht
co
un
sell
ors
).
“The
fir
st
tore
spond
toR
iel’
sap
peal
were
the
Cre
es
of
Poundm
aker’
sband.
Po
un
din
aker
was
one
of
the
fore
mo
stC
hie
fs
of
the
trib
e.
..H
ism
oth
er
was
ahalf
-sis
ter
of
the
gre
at
Bla
ck
foo
t
Ch
ief
Cro
wfo
ot,
who
adopte
dP
oundin
aker
as
aso
n...P
oun&
naker
was
respecte
dby
t)ie
wh
ites,
bu
this
trib
ehad
been
trouble
som
eat
tim
es
and
was
now
rip
efo
ra
rebell
ion.
It
resente
dth
ene
w
str
ain
so
fre
serv
ati
on
life
and
the
Go
vern
men
td
ecre
eth
at
ird,
rati
ons,
whic
hhad
been
insuff
icie
nt
anyw
ay,
were
tobe
issued
O6.
on
lyto
those
who
did
.arx
nw
ork.”
15
New
spaper
Report
sof
Earl
ier
Tim
esP
ort
ray
ed
Sett
ler’s
Enm
ity
wit
hIn
dia
ns
“Th
eS
ask
atc
hew
an
Hera
ld”,
aB
att
lefo
rdn
ew
spap
er
whic
h
cate
red
toth
esett
lers
of
the
Wes
thad
fanned
the
man
ym
iscon
cepti
ons
that
exis
ted
amon
gth
enon-N
ati
ve
people
inth
e
Sask
atc
hew
an
dis
tric
t.R
ep
ort
sof
India
nfi
re—
sett
ing
,u
nw
ill
ingness
tow
ork
and
dis
co
nte
nt
wit
hre
serv
eli
fe
perp
etu
ate
dth
e
imag
eo
fth
ela
zy
,m
ischie
vous
malc
onte
nt.
Duri
ng
the
sum
mer
of
1884,
the
pap
er’
sg
en
era
lai
map
pears
toh
av
ebeen
toassu
rep
ro
specti
ve
sett
lers
that
rum
ors
of
anIn
dia
nu
pri
sin
gw
ere
unfo
unded
and
treate
dm
ost
matt
ers
concern
ing
Nati
ve
Peo
ple
sw
ith
am
ixtu
re
of
iro
ny
and
sarc
asm
.O
nth
efo
llow
ing
pages
are
excerp
tsfr
om
such
repo
rts.
“F
als
ere
port
s.
Acon
sid
era
ble
degre
eof
excit
em
ent
was
occasi
oned
inth
e
Easte
rnP
rovin
ces
late
lyby
ate
legra
mfr
om
Qu
’Ap
pell
esent
out
on
the
18
thof
Ap
ril,
toth
eeff
ect
that
there
had
been
anIn
dia
n
up
risin
gat
Batt
lefo
rd,
and
that
the
opera
tor
here
report
ed
two
thousa
nd
India
ns
marc
hin
gon
the
tow
n,
and
mo
reco
min
g...
Th
ere
isn
otr
uth
inth
ere
po
rtof
ap
ast
or
pro
bab
leri
sin
g
of
the
Ind
ian
sin
the
dis
tric
t,n
or
any
oth
er
that
we
kn
ow
of.
Th
en
ob
lere
dm
anm
aytr
yto
inti
mid
ate
ano
dd
sto
reh
ou
se
keeper,
anin
anem
erg
ency
captu
rea
bag
of
flour
or
asid
eof
baco
n;
but
as
toa
gen
era
lupri
sin
g,
he
has
str
ong
reasons
for
lett
ing
that
job
out.
He
has
neit
her
hors
es,
wit
hout
whic
hhe
can
no
tm
ov
e;nor
arm
san
dam
munit
ion,
or
the
mea
ns
of
bu
yin
gth
em
;nor
has
he
any
pro
vis
ion
sw
hic
hto
carr
yo
na
cam
paig
n;
and
above
all
,th
ere
is
anabse
nce
of
unanim
ity
amo
ng
the
bands
such
as
isnecessary
to
insure
success
incase
of
aco
nfl
ict
wit
hth
ew
hit
es.
As
far
as
we
can
un
ders
tand
the
Batt
lefo
rdopera
tor’
s
connecti
on
wit
hth
ere
port
it
issi
mply
this
:In
answ
er
toth
e
dir
ect
qu
esti
on
,“H
owm
any
Ind
ian
sare
there
aro
und
Batt
lefo
rd?”
he
rep
lied
“Ab
ou
ttw
oth
ou
sand”;
and
there
the
co
nv
ers
ati
on
ceased.
The
lin
ew
en
tdow
nshort
lyaft
erw
ard
s,
wh
enu
nfo
un
ded
surm
ises
were
giv
en
as
facts
.
Report
sof
Ind
ian
trouble
are
calc
ula
ted
tod
om
uch
har
mto
idth
ecountr
y,
and
the
part
ies
gu
ilty
of
sp
read
ing
them
should
be
gre
ss”
cauti
oned
ag
ain
st
the
pra
cti
ce,
especia
lly
ifth
ey
occupy
offic
ial
lefo
rdposit
ions.
Fort
unate
lyno
gre
at
har
maro
se
inth
iscase,
as
the
rday
,sto
ryw
asin
itself
imp
robab
lean
dw
asp
rom
ptl
ycontr
adic
ted.”
6
“May
17
,1
88
4,
rep
rinte
dfr
om
TE
NO
RO
FT
HE
TIM
ES
.
Jo
s.
H.
Pri
ce
had
anarr
ow
esc
ape
from
losin
ghis
ho
rse
and
pre
mis
es
last
wee
kb
ya
fir
eth
at
had
.been
sta
rted
by
anIn
dia
n.”
7
“T
his
spri
ng
fir
es
have
run
over
the
countr
yto
anunpre
cedente
dexte
nt,
and
anin
calc
ula
ble
amount
of
dam
age
has
result
ed
idin
the
wood
edd
istr
icts
...T
he
India
ns
are
bla
med
for
sett
ing
out
uost
of
the
fir
es,
especia
lly
those
inE
agle
Hills.”
18
“May
31,
1884
TH
EL
T.
-G
OV
ER
NO
R’S
VIS
IT
...W
hen
the
Govern
or
retu
rned
fro
mF
ort
Pit
the
fou
nd
a
num
ber
of
Eagle
Hil
lsS
tone’s
wait
ing
tose
ehim
.T
hey
had
no
busin
ess
tola
ybefo
rehim
but
mere
ly“w
an
ted
tohave
ata
lk.!
’
Th
e“ta
lk”
was
very
short
.T
hey
were
ord
ere
dback
toth
eir
reserv
es
and
tohave
eig
ht
days
rati
ons
stopped
for
leavin
g
work
wit
hout
the
instr
ucto
r’s
perm
issio
n...
...t
he
India
ns
genera
lly
are
conte
nte
dan
danxio
us
tow
ork
,
especia
lly
as
they
find
that
wh
enth
espri
ng
isover
rati
ons
wil
lbe
dis
conti
nued
except
where
oth
er
work
isfu
rnis
hed
them
.
No
pro
vis
ions
wil
lhere
aft
er
be
giv
en
except
inre
turn
for
wo
rk
perf
orm
ed...
Pre
para
tions
are
bein
gm
ade
ashort
tim
eag
oto
have
a
gra
nd
thir
st
dance,
but
sub-a
gent
Qu
inn
took
such
asta
nd
again
st
it
that
it
was
abandoned...H
isconduct
inth
isre
spect
isw
ort
hy
of
imit
ati
on
inoth
er
pla
ces.
(Quin
nw
askil
led
inF
rog
Lak
e
mass
acre
,1885).
Mr.
Dew
dn
eynoti
ces
wit
hsati
sfa
cti
on
that
whenever
he
has
met
the
repre
senta
tive
men
of
any
of
the
bands,
except
the
two
trouble
som
eB
att
leR
iver
ones,
they
have
taken
anearl
yoccasio
n
toassure
him
that
all
the
rum
ors
of
anin
tended
upri
sin
gare
unfo
unded
and
that
they
are
due
enti
rely
to“th
ebad
Batt
le
Riv
er
talk
.”
“T
here
are
som
eti
mes
dif
fere
nces
of
opin
ion
betw
een
the
agents
and
instr
ucto
rs,
but
noth
ing
soseri
ous
as
tocause
any
uneasin
ess.
(This
arti
cle
als
ote
lls
about
rem
oval
of
Lu
cky
Man
fro
mC
hie
ftain
ship
and
the
genera
lm
eddli
ng
of
India
n
Depart
ment.
)”
“Th
ed
ud
eis
repre
sente
dhere
by
Big
Bear’
sso
ns,
who
have
been
dri
vin
garo
und
ina
buckboard
all
spri
ng.
They
are
got
up
inth
eheig
ht
of
fashio
nas
they
vie
wit,
regard
less
of
expense
,
but
still
cli
ngin
gto
the
bla
nket
as
apri
ncip
al
garm
ent.
One
day
last
week
,how
ever,
they
fair
lyoutd
idth
em
selv
es
by
turn
ing
out
wit
ha
fine
um
bre
lla
tosa
ve
their
bro
nzed
vic
ages
fro
m
furt
her
tannin
g.
The
absurd
ity
of
the
thin
gis
the
gre
ate
r
fro
mth
efa
ct
that
their
genera
lcost
um
ew
asth
esa
me
as
they
wo
reduri
ng
the
most
incle
ment
weath
er
of
last
win
ter.”
19
Duri
ng
the
Mo
nth
of
June
New
spaper
Art
icle
sO
utl
ined
the
Poli
cie
s
Ad
op
ted
toD
eal
wit
hth
e“In
dia
nT
rouble
s”
“B
att
lefo
rd,
Sask
atc
hew
an
Terr
itory
,S
atu
rday,
June
28,
18
84
.
Th
eIn
dia
nT
rouble
s.
It
has
oft
en
been
said
that
this
sum
mer
would
see
aconte
st
betw
een
the
India
ns
and
whit
es
for
supre
macy,
and
those
who
thought
of
itas
pro
bable
looked
forw
ard
toa
coll
isio
nin
wh
ich
pre
cio
us
lives
would
be
lost,
pro
pert
ydestr
oyed,
and
the
pro
gre
ss
of
the
countr
yarr
este
d.
The
str
uggle
has
taken
pla
ce,
and
has
result
ed
ina
com
ple
tem
ast
ery
of
the
India
ns-
—a
decid
ed
vic
tory
,blo
odle
ss,
but
no
ne
the
less
com
ple
te.
How
long
itw
ill
be
main
tain
ed
lies
wit
hth
ose
who
have
the
contr
ol
inIn
dia
n
affair
s.”
“Th
eF
utu
reIn
dia
nP
oli
cy.
Th
eevents
of
last
wee
km
ust
result
inth
eenfo
rcem
ent
of
aunif
orm
poli
cy
on
the
part
of
the
Gover
nm
ent’
.M
ost
of
the
trouble
sin
the
past
have
ari
sen
fro
ma
clo
se
adhere
nce
by
subord
inate
off
icers
tocast
—ir
on
regula
tions
laid
dow
nb
yth
e
Depart
ment.
Inevery
investi
gati
on
that
has
taken
pla
ce
a
poli
cy
of
concil
iati
on
has
been
adopte
dand
concessio
ns
mad
eto
the
India
ns;
and
this
has
giv
en
them
the
idea
that
all
their
hard
ship
san
dtr
ouble
sare
cause
db
yth
ein
str
ucto
rsan
doth
er
local
offic
ers,
wh
o,
they
say,
have
no
sym
path
yw
ith
them
.
Wit
hout
ente
ring
on
adis
cussio
nof
the
pro
per
poli
cy
tobe
adopte
d,
it
isevid
ent
that
ifit
isto
be
concil
iati
on
and
a
yie
ldin
gto
the
ever-
incre
asin
gdem
ands
of
the
India
ns,
adis
cre
tionary
pow
erm
ust
be
veste
din
the
local
off
icers
.If,
on
the
oth
er
hand,
it
isto
apoli
cy
of
astr
ict
obedie
nce
toord
ers
,
they
must
at
all
hazard
sbe
susta
ined
incarr
yin
gout
their
instr
ucti
ons.
To
do
oth
erw
ise
isto
impair
the
usefu
lness
of
the
men
who
are
indail
yconta
ct
wit
hth
eIn
dia
ns,
betw
een
who
m
and
their
instr
ucto
rsth
eutm
ost
confi
dence
should
exis
t.
One
of
the
puzzle
sth
at
vexes
the
India
nis
,th
at
when
he
isto
ldb
yan
instr
ucto
rin
answ
er
toso
me
dem
and
that
it
is
contr
ary
toin
str
ucti
ons,
yet
the
fir
st
hig
hoff
icer
that
com
es
alo
ng
com
pli
es
wit
hhis
dem
ands.
The
India
nth
en
natu
rall
y
looks
upo
nth
ein
str
ucto
ras
ali
ar,
hard
heart
ed
and
unkin
d,
and
his
usefu
lness
isgone.
Th
esit
uati
on
sim
ply
resolv
es
itself
into
this
,th
at
the
local
off
icers
must
eit
her
be
all
ow
ed
som
e
dis
cre
tion,
or
they
must
be
backed
up
by
suff
icie
nt
forc
eto
enfo
rce
their
ord
ers
,an
dto
ensu
reth
ism
ore
men
and
hors
es
must
be
sent
toth
ispost.
The
Go
vern
men
tw
ent
toa
gre
at
deal
:lefo
rdof
trouble
tose
nd
the
offs
couri
ngs
of
the
pla
ins
over
here
,
wh
ere
they
would
be
out
of
the
way
;th
ey
mu
stno
wconti
nue
their
irday
,eff
ort
sto
pre
vent
their
conti
nuin
gto
be
an
uis
an
ce.”
2°
*(T
he
wri
ter’
sopenin
gre
mark
s,“T
he
events
of
last
week,”
refe
rs
toa
dis
pute
betw
een
anIn
dia
nan
da
farm
instr
ucto
rw
hic
hw
as
resolv
ed
thro
ugh
the
inte
rventi
on
of
Supt.
Cro
zie
r.)
“H
era
ld”
Wri
ter
Cla
ims
that
Duri
ng
the
Month
of
July
1884
Big
Bear”
Begged”
the
Govern
ment
toT
each
His
People
Farm
ing
Skil
ls
“Big
Bear
-T
his
Chie
f,w
hose
naue
has
for
alo
ng
tim
e
occupie
dan
undue
pre
min
ence
inth
eannals
of
the
day,
has
ente
red
on
ane
wcare
er,
and
one
whic
his
likely
topro
ve
more
usefu
lto
all
concern
ed
than
the
unsett
led
one
he
has
solo
ng
foll
ow
ed.
At
anin
terv
iew
wit
hM
ajo
rC
rozie
ran
dIn
dia
nA
gen
t
Rae
afe
wdays
ago
he
announced
it
as
his
inte
nti
on
tosele
ct
his
reserv
eat
once
and
tom
ove
on
toit.
He
ple
aded
inex
ten
nati
on
of
his
form
er
cours
eth
at
he
was
labori
ng
under
afa
lse
impre
ssio
nan
ddid
not
unders
tand
thin
gs
as
they
reall
yw
ere
,
and
had
consequentl
yall
ow
ed
him
self
tobe
too
much
infl
uenced
by
his
young
men
.H
ecould
now
see
that
the
govern
ment
had
done
more
for
him
than
they
were
requir
ed
todo
by
the
treaty
.H
e
was
ready
togo
on
toa
reserv
ew
ith
such
of
his
people
as
would
foll
ow
him
.H
esaid
they
were
all
very
ignora
nt
of
farm
ing
and
the
modes
of
sett
led
life,
and
begged
that
the
govern
ment
would
send
am
anto
teach
them
who
would
have
som
epati
ence
wit
hth
eir
ignora
nce
and
not
get
angry
and
abuse
them
because
they
could
not
do
thin
gs
at
once.
He
spoke
most
reasonably
and
wit
happare
nt
candor
thro
ughout,
and
conclu
ded
by
ask
ing
for
pro
vis
ions
tokeep
him
whil
ehe
gath
ere
dhis
men
togeth
er
and
went
toP
itt.
If
he
went
there
as
he
agre
ed,
the
agent
would
know
that
he
was
inearn
est,
and
then
he
would
ask
for
som
eth
ing
els
ew
hen
he
had
got
tow
ork
.H
egot
what
he
ask
ed
inth
ew
ay
of
pro
vis
ions
and
left
tow
n,
and
there
isevery
reaso
nto
beli
eve
idhe
isin
earn
est,
and
that
wit
hhis
sett
lem
ent
on
his
reserv
e
.rday
,one
of
the
few
dis
turb
ing
ele
ments
inth
eIn
dia
nquesti
on
wil
l
12,
,,21
be
quie
ted.
The
Cre
es
of
Poundm
aker’
sB
and
Att
acked
Batt
lefo
rd
Wit
hout
His
Appro
val
Whe
nP
oundm
aker’
shungry
Cre
es
learn
ed
of
the
Duck
Lak
e
batt
lefr
om
the
Meti
sm
ess
engers
they
.dete
rmin
ed
at
once
tom
ove
on
toB
att
lefo
rdan
dlo
ot
its
sto
res,
despit
eth
eC
hie
f’s
dis
appro
val,
cla
ims
the
his
tori
an
J.
How
ard.
“The
people
of
the
vil
lage
and
sett
lers
inth
evic
init
y
had
np
lew
arn
ing
of
the
India
ns’
appro
ach
and
fled
toth
efo
rt.
Fiv
ehundre
dan
dtw
elv
epers
ons,
about
thre
ehundre
dof
them
wom
enan
dchil
dre
n,
were
bro
ught
insid
eth
esto
ckade.
The
tow
n
was
som
edis
tance
away
,b
ey
on
dth
era
ng
eof
the
fo
rt’
scannon,
and
could
not
be
defe
nded;
on
the
oth
er
hand
the
hil
ltop
stock
ad
e
was
inv
uln
era
ble
toIn
dia
natt
ack.
Th
en
igh
to
fth
eir
arriv
al
the
India
ns
began
sack
ing
the
vil
lag
ean
dconti
nued
this
for
days,
un
til
ev
ery
house
and
.rd
sto
re,
inclu
din
gth
eH
udso
n’s
Bay
post,
had
been
em
pti
ed
and
07destr
oyed.
,,22
Th
eB
ell
evil
le,
On
tari
onew
spaper,
“D
ail
yIn
tell
igen
cer”
,
bro
ug
ht
the
foll
ow
ing
repo
rto
nA
pri
l1
7:
“E
very
house
and
sto
reo
nth
eso
uth
sid
eof
Batt
leR
iver
has
been
ransa
cked
and
all
the
good
no
tappro
pri
ate
ddestr
oyed.
All
pers
on
so
ther
than
those
occupyin
gth
eto
wn
on
the
nort
hsid
e
are
hom
ele
ssan
dm
any
are
desti
tute
.If
com
munic
ati
on
conti
nu
es
severe
dw
ith
the
fro
nt,
choke_dog*
and
bacon
wil
lbec
om
eth
e
sta
ple
food
inth
enear
futu
re.
It
isesti
mate
dth
at
one—
thousa
nd
head
of
catt
lean
dsix
hu
nd
red
hors
es
were
dri
ven
off
by
the
India
ns.
Agri
cult
ura
len
terp
rises
hav
eb
een
thoro
ughly
ch
eck
ed
and
all
seed
inth
eco
un
try
isd
estr
oy
ed
and
farm
ers
gen
era
lly
ruin
ed
.T
he
seaso
nis
pro
pit
iou
s,
bu
tall
wo
rkis
susp
en
ded.
Sev
era
lhalf
-bre
ed
fam
ilie
sare
incust
ody
for
thie
vin
gan
ddestr
oyin
gpro
pert
yafte
rth
era
id.
It
isfe
are
d
that
the
India
ns
have
mate
riall
yin
jure
dO
liver’
ssa
wm
ill
at
er
Turt
leR
iver.
It
isre
port
ed
that
Instr
ucto
rP
ayne’s
body
was
.ev
ille
ch
op
ped
up
and
thro
wn
abou
tth
ebarn
yard
.In
str
ucto
rJeff
ers
on
.118
:is
apri
son
er
wit
hP
ou
nd
inaker.
The
pers
ons
wit
hin
the
sto
ck
ade
nu
mb
erfi
ve
hundre
dan
dsix.”
23
ILIO
N*
(Ch
ok
e...dog
refe
rsto
hard
Dors
et
ch
eese.)
Th
eC
rees
ran
ged
bey
on
dth
eto
wn
als
o,
bu
rnin
gevery
thin
g
that
would
ign
ite.
Fle
ein
gh
om
est
ead
ers
report
ed
that
their
way
was
lighte
dat
nig
ht
by
the
flam
es
fro
mburn
ing
hom
est
eads.
A
few
farm
ers
,unable
toget
away
inti
me
were
report
edly
murd
ere
d.
Batt
lefo
rd’s
inhabit
ants
,safe
insid
eth
est
ock
ad
ehad
enough
food
(in
sid
eth
efo
rt)
tola
st
them
for
thre
em
on
ths,
bu
tth
e
sie
ge,
imp
ose
dby
the
Cre
es,
was
lifte
dafte
rone
month
.
Retu
rnin
gS
co
ut
Bri
ngs
New
sof
Fro
gL
ake
Tra
gedy
toM
eti
sC
om
munit
y
Whil
eB
att
lefo
rdw
asu
nd
er
sie
ge,
are
turn
ing
Meti
sscou
t,
Isadore
McK
ay,
bro
ught
the
mess
age
that
two
pri
ests
had
been
mu
rdere
dby
Ind
ian
sin
the
tiny
vil
lag
eof
Fro
gL
ake.
Th
escout
seem
edunaw
are
that
not
on
lyth
eprie
sts
bu
tnearl
yall
the
whit
es
had
been
kil
led.
He
told
the
council
that
every
one
had
fled
and
that
Cla
rke
had
suppli
ed
arm
sto
India
ns
tofi
gh
tth
e
Meti
s.T
he
sco
ut
explr
iined:
“I
cam
efr
om
Lak
eA
ssin
ibo
ia.
Ica
me
by
the
win
ter
road
.
cro
ssed
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
at
Can
ton
.E
very
one
had
fled
...T
he
Ind
ian
sat
San
dy
Lak
ean
dat
Snak
ep
rair
iefl
ed
toL
ake
Pech
e,
and
Iheard
that
they
were
equip
ped
and
all
again
st
us.
They
were
equip
ped
by
Cla
rke.
Isa
wa
man
from
Batt
leR
iver,
Phil
ipM
usk
ego
n,
8days
ago.
He
said
it
was
his
seco
nd
jou
rney
,th
at
he
was
carr
yin
g
lett
ers;
...P
auJ.
Laro
nde
read
the
lett
ers
whic
hhe
show
ed,
the
itin
grt
lett
ers
were
inth
eli
nin
gof
his
vest.
..T
he
lett
ers
conta
ined
Lore
the
new
sof
Fath
er
Fafa
rdand
Marchand...”
24
Ly C•
On
Apri
l2
,F
ath
er
Fafa
rdan
dM
arc
han
dw
ere
cele
bra
tin
gm
ass
.
India
ns
cain
ean
dw
en
tduri
ng
the
serv
ice
bu
tth
epri
ests
man
aged
tore
main
com
pose
d.
Big
Bear
sto
od
by
the
door
fro
wn
ing
upon
the
mem
ber
sof
his
trib
ew
hoin
terr
up
ted
the
sole
mn
ity
of
the
cele
bra
tion
.
“P
ere
Fafa
rdpra
yed.
‘May
the
Bo
dy
of
Our
Lo
rdJesus
Ch
rist
keep
my
so
ul
un
toli
fe
ev
erla
sti
ng
...’
Th
eey
es
of
the
pri
ests
flic
kere
db
riefl
yto
the
ais
leof
the
churc
has
an
oth
er
India
nen
tere
d,
str
ode
alm
ost
toth
ealt
ar
rail
,lo
were
dhim
self
slow
lyto
one
knee,
and
sta
rd
at
them
un
bli
nk
ingly
.
Fath
er
Fafa
rdgasp
ed
and
reddened
wit
han
ger.
The
new
com
er
was
L’E
sp
irt
Err
an
t,W
an
deri
ng
Spir
it,
War
Ch
ief
of
the
Cre
es,
and
he
was
infull
regali
a...
The
mas
sd
ron
ed
on
.A
fter
the
fir
st
gla
nce
Fath
er
Fafa
rd
paid
no
att
en
tio
nto
the
pag
an
chie
fkneeli
ng
mo
ck
ing
lyb
efo
re
the
alt
ar,
his
impla
cable
eyes
foll
ow
ing
ev
ery
mo
vem
ent
of
the
prie
sts
...
Th
econgre
gati
on
was
fascin
ate
db
yth
eim
mobil
efi
gure
of
ird
the
war
chie
fin
the
isle
and
the
responses
gra
du
all
ygre
w,,2
509,
fain
ter
and
die
d.
10
.A
fter
the
serv
ice
Wan
deri
ng
Spir
itto
ldQ
uin
n,
the
India
n
agent,
togo
toth
eIn
dia
nca
mp
.Q
uin
nre
fused
.H
ew
asa
pro
ud
and
indepen
den
tm
anw
hohad
lived
long
among
the
Nati
ve
People
s
and
was
marr
ied
toa
Cre
ew
om
an.
Feeli
ng
him
self
safe
amo
ng
his
wif
e’s
rela
tiv
es
he
op
po
sed
the
war
chie
f’s
com
man
d‘N
ea’,
(Go
,)
ase
cond
tim
e.
Wit
hout
furt
her
hesit
ati
on,
Wanderi
ng
Spir
it
shot
Quin
nin
the
face.
He
dro
pped
dead
at
Wanderi
ng
Spir
it’s
feet.
Wit
hin
the
nex
tfe
who
urs
,se
ven
more
people
were
sh
ot
seem
ing
lyw
ith
ou
tseri
ous
pro
vocati
on:
Charl
es
Go
uin
,a
half
bre
ed
carp
ente
r,Jo
hn
Wil
liscra
ft,
am
ech
an
ic,
Joh
nG
ow
anlo
ck,
opera
tor
of
ag
ov
ern
men
t—b
uil
tfl
our
mil
l,D
ela
ney,
the
farm
advis
or
and
the
prie
sts
Marc
han
dan
dF
afa
rd.
Geo
rge
Dil
l,a
trader
and
Wil
lG
ilchri
st,
an
em
plo
yee
of
the
flour
mil
l,ra
n
for
cover
but
were
chaie
dan
dgunned
do
wn
afe
wm
iles
away
fom
the
sett
lem
ent.
Only
thre
ew
hit
es
surv
ived
the
kil
lin
gs,
nam
ely
the
wid
ow
sD
ela
ney
and
Go
wan
lock
and
Wil
liam
B.
Cam
ero
n,
a
young
Hud
son’s
Bay
Com
pan
ycle
rk.
Ch
arl
eb
ois
att
em
pts
toex
pla
inth
em
urd
ers
at
Fro
gL
ake
as
foll
ow
s:
“The
Fro
gL
ake
incid
ent
was
the
culm
inati
on
of
aseri
es
of
ev
en
ts.
For
years
Big
Bear’
sband
had
been
ina
sta
teof
sem
i-
sta
rvati
on.
They
had
been
harr
assed
by
the
govern
ment
agents
att
em
pti
ng
tofo
rce
them
onto
land
reserv
es
whic
hth
ey
knew
were
inad
eq
uate
toth
eir
needs.
They
had
reached
the
bre
akin
g
po
int
and
were
go
ing
tofo
llo
wL
ou
isR
iel’
sad
vic
eto
take
cap
tiv
es
an
du
seth
emto
barg
ain
wit
hG
ov
ern
men
tauth
ori
ties.
rleb
ois
How
ever
,th
eir
pla
nw
asu
pset
by
aconfr
onta
tion
betw
een
Quin
n
161.
and
Wan
deri
ng
Spirit.”
26
Th
ew
idow
sD
ela
ney
and
Gow
anlo
ckre
main
ed
as
capti
ves
of
Big
Bear’
sb
an
dand
wro
tea
small
book,
enti
tled,
“Tw
om
onth
s
inth
eca
mp
of
Big
Bear”
,afte
rth
eir
rele
ase.
The
Batt
lefo
rd
new
spaper
pri
nte
dth
eir
sto
ries
inA
pri
l1885.
An
excerp
tfr
om
Mrs
.D
ela
ney’s
acco
un
tre
ads
as
foll
ow
s:
“Mrs
.D
ela
ney’s
account.
...W
ew
ere
foll
ow
ed
and
surr
ounded
by
the
India
ns.
Th
e
two
prie
sts
,M
r.an
dM
rs.
Gow
anlo
ck,
Mr.
Wil
liscra
ft,
Mr.
Dil
l,
Mr.
Gouin
,M
r.Q
uin
n,
my
husb
and
and
myse
lffo
rmed
the
part
yof
whit
es.
My
hu
sban
dand
Iw
alk
ed
ahead.
Whe
nw
ehad
got
about
on
eacre
from
the
ho
use
we
heard
shots
,w
hic
hw
eth
ou
gh
tw
ere
fire
din
the
air
.W
epaid
little
or
no
att
en
tio
nto
them
.I
had
my
hu
sban
dby
the
arm
.W
ew
ere
thus
linked
wh
enold
Mr.
Wil
liscra
ftru
shed
past,
bare
—h
ead
ed
.I
turn
ed
my
head
to
see
what
was
the
cau
seof
his
ex
cit
em
en
t,w
hen
Isa
wM
r.G
ow
anlo
ck
fall
.I
was
about
tosp
eak
wh
enI
felt
my
hu
sban
d’s
arm
dro
p
from
min
e——
and
he
said
,‘I
amshot
too’.
Just
then
the
pri
ests
rush
ed
up
and
Fath
er
Fafa
rdw
assa
yin
gso
meth
ing
inF
rench,
wh
ich
Icould
not
catc
h.
My
hu
sband
sta
gg
ere
dover
about
twenty
feet
from
me
and
then
back
again
,an
dfell
dow
nbesid
em
e.I
bent
do
wn
and
rais
ed
his
head
upon
my
lap.
Ith
ink
over
fort
ysh
ots
mu
sth
av
eb
een
fire
d,
but
Ico
uld
no
tte
llw
hat
sid
eth
eshot
cam
efr
om
that
hit
my
husb
and.
Icall
Fath
er
Fafa
rdan
dhe
cam
e
over
and
ask
ed
my
hu
sban
dif
he
say
the
‘Co
nfi
teo
r’.
My
husb
and
said
‘yes’,
and
then
repeate
dth
epra
yer
fro
men
dto
en
d.
As
he
fin
ished
the
pra
yer,
the
prie
st
said
:-—
‘My
po
or
bro
ther,
I
thin
kyou
are
safe
wit
hG
od’,
and
as
the
wo
rds
die
dupon
his
lip
sh
ere
ceiv
ed
his
death
wound,
and
fell
pro
str
ate
acro
ss
my
husb
and..
Id
idnot
see
who
fire
dth
eshot.
Io
nly
saw
one
shot
fire
d;
Ith
ought
it
was
for
myself
,but
it
was
for
my
husb
and,
and
it
fin
ish
ed
him
.In
aco
up
leof
min
ute
san
India
n,
fro
m
the
opposit
esid
e,
ran
up
,caught
me
by
the
wri
st
and
told
me
togo
wit
hhim
.I
refu
sed,
bu
tI
saw
anoth
er
India
nsh
ak
ehis
head
at
me
and
tell
me
tog
oo
n.
He
dra
gged
me
by
forc
eaw
ay.
Igot
on
eg
lan
ce
-—
the
last
--
at
my
poor
husb
and’s
body,
and
Iw
asta
ken
off
.A
fter
we
had
gone
ap
iece
Itr
ied
tolo
ok
back,
but
the
Ind
ian
gave
me
afe
wshakes,
pre
tty
roughly
,an
d
then
dra
gged
me
thro
ugh
the
cre
ek
up
tom
yw
ais
tin
wate
r,th
en
ov
er
path
sfu
llof
tho
rns
and
bria
rs,
and
fin
all
yfl
ung
me
do
wn
inh
iste
nt.
Iw
ill
not
now
sta
yto
descri
be
my
feeli
ng
sor
att
em
pt
togiv
ein
lan
gu
ag
ean
idea
of
the
mil
lio
nphanto
ms
of
dre
ad
and
terror;
mem
ory
seem
edb
ut
too
keen
,an
donly
too
viv
idly
could
Ibehold
the
repeti
tion
of
the
scen
es
that
had
just
pass
ed
befo
rem
e.
Th
ere
isn
opossib
ilit
yo
fg
ivin
gan
idea
of
our
suff
eri
ng
s.
Th
ephysic
al
pain
,ex
po
sure
s,
dangers
,cold
s,
heats
,sle
eple
ss
idnig
hts
,lo
ng
marc
hes,
scan
tfo
od,
po
or
raim
ent,
etc
.,w
ou
ldb
e
122
,bad
enough
,but
we
mu
stnot
lose
sig
ht
of
the
menta
languis
h
that
mem
ory
,o
nly
too
fait
hfu
l,could
infli
ct
up
on
us,
and
the
rste
rror
that
alt
um
ate
hope
and
despair
would
com
pel
us
toundergo.”
27
(The
latt
er
sente
nces
po
rtra
yth
eso
mew
hat
exaggera
ted
sty
le
of
wri
ting
po
pu
lar
at
that
tim
e.)
Fro
gL
ake
Incid
ent
Co
uld
Als
obe
Ex
pla
ined
as
the
Result
of
a
Cla
ndesti
ne
Lia
iso
n
Whe
nJi
mB
rady,
form
er
Pre
sid
ent
of
the
Meti
sS
ocie
ty,
was
inte
rvie
wed
in1
96
0,
he
shed
new
lig
ht
on
the
behin
d-t
he-s
cenes
incid
en
tsw
hic
hco
uld
have
cause
dth
ek
illi
ng
sat
Fro
gL
ak
e.
Bra
dy
was
info
rmed
that
acla
ndesti
ne
rela
tionship
betw
een
an
India
nw
oman
and
the
local
farm
instr
ucto
rp
lay
ed
asig
nif
ican
t
role
inth
em
urd
ers
.T
his
info
rmati
on
was
pass
ed
alo
ng
toJa
mes
Bra
dy
by
anold
frie
nd
.W
hil
eth
esto
ryw
asto
ldto
him
the
India
nw
oman
was
avis
itor
toth
ehouse
inw
hic
hB
rady
sta
yed.
Bra
dy
late
rre
late
dth
ein
cid
ent
toA
rtD
avis
,pro
fessor
at
the
Un
ivers
ity
of
Sask
atc
hew
an.
Dav
is:
“Som
ey
ears
back
you
had
atr
ue
sto
ryof
the
Fro
gL
ake
mass
acre
,d
oyou
rem
ember
that?
Bra
dy
:Y
es,
Ire
mem
ber
that.
Davis
:W
ell
,w
hydon’t
you
tell
me
what
the
tru
esto
ryw
as...
Bra
dy
:In
the
year
l88
4...t
he
Cre
es
had
been
dri
ven
and
forc
ed
onto
their
reserv
es..
.th
ere
was
anum
ber
of
Big
Bear’
sband
who
had
been
all
ocate
dth
isre
serv
eat
Fro
gL
ake
and
anagent
had
been
sent
up
and
the
enti
repara
phern
ali
aof
the
Ind
ian
Dep
art
men
t...
At
that
tim
eth
eC
ath
o.l
icm
issio
nari
es
had
esta
bli
shed
them
selv
es
als
oat
Fro
gL
ake
wh
ere
they
were
bu
sypro
sely
ting
(sic
)th
e.C
ree
Ind
ian
s.
Sta
tioned
there
were
the
tw.
mis
sio
nari
es...F
ath
ers
(Fafa
rd)
and
Marc
han
d.
At
that
tim
eam
on
gth
ep
ers
on
nel
of
the
Unio
nA
gen
cyw
asth
eIn
dia
n.
Ag
en
tT
hom
asQ
uin
n.
Qu
inn
him
self
was
of
Sio
ux
descen
tand
aC
ath
oli
cand
it
cert
ain
lyd
idn’t
sho
wg
oo
dju
dgem
ent
on
the
part
of
the
Ind
ian
Depart
men
tto
pla
ce
him
as
asu
perv
isor
over
the
Cre
e..
.
Am
ong
them
was
the
farm
ing
instr
ucto
rD
ela
ney
,w
how
asm
arr
ied
and
his
wif
ere
sid
ed
wit
hh
imo
nth
ere
serv
e.
(Jim
Bra
dy
then
descri
bed
ayoung
Cre
ew
om
an,
by
the
nam
eof
Mrs
.P
eau—
-”th
ebell
eof
the
trib
e”—
—w
ho
was
marr
ied
toth
en
eph
ewof
Wan
deri
ng
Spir
it.
The
nep
hew
had
been
am
emb
erof
the
“C
hic
ken
Lo
dg
e”,
asold
ier
so
cie
tysim
ilar
toth
edog
so
ldie
rsocie
tyam
ong
the
Chero
kee.
Th
issocie
tyw
asa
yo
un
gm
en’s
org
an
izati
on
whic
hhad
the
duty
of
po
licin
gm
emb
ers
of
the
trib
e,
on
the
hu
nti
ng
cam
por
at
import
ant
festi
vit
ies.
Wro
ng
do
ers
were
severe
lypunis
hed.)
...b
ut
due
toth
ehard
tim
es,
yo
usee,
the
India
ns
they
were
sta
rvin
gso
consequentl
ym
any
of
them
bec
ame
convert
sto
Cath
oli
cis
m...
Dav
is:
They
had
food
tohand
out
toconvert
s
Bra
dy
:A
ndnatu
rall
yth
ey
use
dth
isyou
mig
ht
alm
ost
say
as
apoli
tical
weapon,
because
Qu
inn
him
self
was
aC
ath
oli
can
dso
was
Dela
ney
and
betw
een
the
two
of
them
they
would
be
infl
uen
ced
by
the
pri
ests
inth
ed
istr
ibu
tio
nof
these
suppli
es.
These
su
pp
lies
were
held
ov
er
the
head
sof
the
Ind
ian
sas
aclu
b..
.but
Wan
deri
ng
Spir
it’s
nep
hew
had
desert
çd
the
chic
ken
lodge
so
cie
tyan
dhe
had
bec
om
ea
convert
toC
ath
oli
cis
m...
He
work
ed
aro
un
dth
em
issio
nan
dgot
his
food
ou
tof
this
.W
ell
,he
marr
ied
this
gir
l.O
rig
inall
yhe
had
marr
ied
her
accord
ing
toth
epagan
reli
gio
nb
ut
afte
rhe
bec
ame
aco
nvert
he
was
law
full
ym
arr
ied
acco
rdin
gto
the
rit
es
of
the
Rom
anC
ath
oli
cC
hurc
h.
Inth
esu
mm
erof
1884,
Dela
ney
,th
efa
rmin
gin
str
ucto
r,he
hap
pen
ed
tolo
ok
at
this
gir
l,an
dsh
ew
asab
out
the
most
att
racti
ve
one
on
the
reserv
e,
sonatu
rall
yh
em
ade
apla
yfo
rh
er,
wit
hth
eresult
,you
see,
there
was
aso
rtof
cla
nd
esti
ne
liais
on
goin
gon...D
uri
ng
the
hay
ing
seaso
n,
in1884,
Dela
ney
took
her
away
wit
hh
imfr
om
her
hu
sban
d,
and
he
took
her
out
toth
ecam
p...a
nd
ev
ery
Ind
ian
on
the
reserv
eknew
that
Dela
ney
was
shackin
gu
pw
ith
this
wom
anan
dher
husb
and
resente
dit
.H
ew
en
tto
the
mis
sio
nari
es
and
told
them
,‘T
hat
whit
em
anis
runnin
garo
und
wit
hm
yw
ife
tell
him
tosto
p.
You
peo
ple
say
yo
uhave
ala
wagain
st
this
.’W
ell
,no
one
know
sw
heth
er
the
mis
sio
nari
es
inte
rvened
or
not;
bu
tD
ela
ney,
he
was
Iris
han
da
rath
er
ex
cit
ab
lech
ara
cte
r,an
dn
odoubt
it
would
n’t
hav
ed
on
ean
ygood
ifth
eprie
sts
did
n’t
seem
tobe
ab
leto
ex
erc
ise
any
mo
ral
restr
ain
ton
him
.A
fter
all
,he
was
one
of
the
most
responsib
leof
the
Ind
ian
Dep
art
men
tem
plo
yees
because
he
assis
ted
wit
hgiv
ing
ou
tth
era
tio
ns.”
(The
young
man
then
pu
this
vie
ws
toth
ep
riests
inth
isw
ay
:)
“Now
,th
at
nev
er
hap
pen
sam
ong
us
India
ns
because
when
aw
oman
co
mm
itte
dadult
ery
itw
ould
be
anaff
ron
tto
her
fam
ily
.H
erbro
thers
wo
uld
pu
th
er
tod
eath
or
her
own
fam
ily
would
.B
esi
des
that,
the
Ind
ian
hu
sband
alw
ays
had
the
right
topunis
hhis
wif
e.
So
he
gets
pre
tty
fed
up
wit
hth
isone
day
soafte
rsh
ere
turn
sfr
om
one
of
her
esc
apad
es
he
just
gra
bs
her
and
he
beats
the
dayli
ghts
ou
tof
her.
As
are
su
lthe
found
him
self
up
on
charg
es
befo
reth
eR
.C.M
.P.
becau
seth
ew
hit
em
anto
ldher,
under
ou
rli
wy
ou
rhusb
and
can
’tto
uch
you.
It
isw
rong
for
him
tod
oth
at.
So
he
was
taken
and
pro
secute
dan
dth
ey
pu
thim
inth
ecell
s,
at
Fort
Pit
t
just
as
asort
of
punis
hm
ent
toim
pre
ssupon
him
that
he
mustn
’tbeat
his
wif
e.
It
was
at
Fort
Pit
t
that
he
serv
ed
this
very
short
peri
od
of
impri
sonm
ent,
about
30days
was
the
usual
thin
g.
One
of
the
thin
gs
that
infu
riate
dth
eC
rees
was
that
when
they
had
him
inth
ecell
sat
Fort
Pit
tone
of
the
mounti
es
use
dconsid
era
ble
vio
lence
on
him
...
Whe
nth
eyoung
fell
ow
cain
eback
toth
ere
serv
ean
d
he
att
em
pte
dto
pic
kth
ings
up
again
wit
hhis
wif
e,
well
,it
just
went
from
bad
tow
ors
e.
He
was
pow
er
less
because
he
had
no
mea
ns
•by
whic
hhe
could
punis
hher
or
restr
ain
her.
He
had
lost
face.
Well
he
reali
zed
then
that
there
was
som
eth
ing
wro
ng
wit
h
this
Chri
sti
an
reli
gio
nw
hopre
ached
one
thin
gan
d
then
pra
cti
sed
anoth
er.
Conse
quentl
yyou
see
he
bec
ame
are
negade,
he
went
back
from
Chri
sti
anit
y
then.
He
went
tohis
old
bro
thers
inth
echic
ken
lodge.
Well
the
Chic
ken
lodge
isa
warr
ior’
ssocie
tyan
d
anaff
ront
again
st
one
isan
aff
ront
again
st
all
and
it
isa
matt
er
of
blo
od
vengeance.
...Q
uin
ndid
n’t
inte
rfere.
The
India
nA
gent
he
did
n’t
mak
ean
yatt
em
pt
todis
cip
line
his
em
plo
yee
and
poin
tout
tohim
the
seri
ousness
of
his
acti
ons
...W
hen
the
(Fro
gL
ake)
rebell
ion
began...t
hey
surr
ounded
the
whit
es
inth
echurc
h.
Wanderi
ng
Spir
itsent
acm
eIn
dia
ns
tobri
ng
Quin
n,
because
Quin
nw
asnot
pre
sent
at
the
actu
al
mass
acre
.
Quin
nre
fused
toco
me.
He
was
ast
ubborn
man
so
they
shot
him
.W
ell
,th
ey
als
osh
ot
the
prie
sts
because
they
felt
it
was
the
only
way
they
ou1d
-get
rid
of
this
undesir
able
sit
uati
on.”
Davis
:H
ave
you
ever
seen
any
account
of
this
inpri
nt
anyw
here
?...
Bra
dy:
Ihave
never
seen
itin
prin
t...
Davis
:I
suppose
this
show
sth
at
there
isalw
ays
more
under
neath
the
surf
ace
than
appears
inprin
t.
Bra
dy:
Well
,m
ost
his
toric
al
accounts
of
any
event
dif
fer
ervie
wbecause
its
alw
ays
the
ruli
ng
cla
ss
that
wri
te
Art
Dav
ishistories.”
2°
534
The
Arc
hbis
hop
of
St.
Bonif
ace
Wro
teT
hat
the
Fro
gL
ake
Murd
ers
Wer
eN
ot
Com
mit
ted
wit
hout
Pro
vocati
on
Severa
lm
onth
safte
rth
eF
rog
Lak
etr
agedy,
the
“M
ontr
eal
Hera
ldan
dD
ail
yC
om
merc
ial
Gazett
e”,
pri
nte
da
“M
anif
est
o”,
wri
tten
by
Tache,
the
Arc
hbis
hop
of
St.
Bonif
ace,
whic
hpoin
ted
out
that
cert
ain
non-N
ati
ve
indiv
iduals
inth
eF
rog
Lak
esettle
ment
had
bru
tali
zed
India
ns.
The
pers
ons
who
kept
these
bruta
liti
es
from
genera
lknow
ledge,
nam
ely
the
Fath
ers
Marc
hand,
Fafa
rd,
were
kil
led
alo
ng
wit
hth
ose
who
mth
ey
were
str
ivin
gto
pro
tect.
Such
poor
treatm
ent
was
not
excepti
onal,
the
Arc
h
bis
hop
added.
The
foll
ow
ing
excerp
tfr
om
the
Arc
hbis
hop’s
Manif
est
obears
pain
ful
testi
mony
of
cru
etl
yto
India
ns:
-“1
,th
ere
fore
,d
onot
inan
yw
ayw
ish
toju
sti
fy
the
Ind
ian
s,
but
as
it
isri
ght
that
the
truth
should
be
kn
ow
n,
and
at
the
risk
of
ex
cit
ing
gre
at
su
rpri
se,
Iaff
irm
that
the
mass
acre
sw
ere
not
co
mm
itte
dw
ithout
pre
vio
us
pro
vocati
on.
I
here
en
vo
ke
the
testi
mo
ny
of
one
of
the
vic
tim
sh
imself
.T
he
Rev
ere
nd
Fath
er
Fafa
rdsaid
inconvers
ati
on
wit
hanoth
er
mis
sio
nary
,w
hoin
turn
rela
ted
it
tom
e:‘S
uch
aone
acts
wit
h
sham
efu
lbruta
lity
tow
ard
sth
eIn
dia
ns.
He
wil
lbe
kil
led
som
e
day.’
The
pers
on
all
uded
tow
ask
ille
d,
and
two
dev
ote
dm
is
sio
nari
es
incre
ased
the
nu
mb
erof
vic
tim
sth
ey
were
str
ivin
gto
pro
tect.
Agentl
em
an,
wh
ose
vera
cit
yI
can
no
tq
uesti
on
assu
red
me
•th
at
som
eIn
dia
ns
had
told
him
in1
88
4th
at
such
anin
div
idu
al,
u.f
est
orc
h-
who
mh
em
enti
oned,
‘tre
ate
dth
em
like
dogs’,
and
the
sam
eop
ind
ivid
ual
was
als
ok
ille
db
yth
eIn
dia
ns
who
had
lodged
the
Bon
i—co
mp
lain
tag
ain
st
him
.I
sta
teth
ese
part
icu
lars
sop
ain
ful
rea1
torela
te,
because
the
ab
ov
eare
not
the
only
excepti
ons
‘to
nerc
ial
the
consid
era
tetr
eatm
ent
tow
hic
hth
ep
oo
rIn
dia
ns
have
mo
ral
3tt
ecla
im’,
and
because
Ihave
invie
wth
efu
ture
agre
at
deal
mo
resd
ay,
29
15,
than
the
past.
”) 7(
4392
8)•C
.T
he
Cre
eC
hie
fB
igB
ear
Arr
an
ged
the
Evacuati
on
of
Fo
rtP
itt
toA
void
Blo
od
shed
Aft
er
the
murd
ers
at
Fro
gL
ak
e,
the
people
of
Fort
Pit
t
were
indre
ad
of
att
ack
and
took
imm
ed
iate
ste
ps
tostr
ength
en
their
po
sit
ion.
The
fort
shelt
ere
dabout
22p
oli
cem
en
and
28
civ
ilia
ns.
The
po
lice
were
under
the
com
man
dof
Cap
t.F
rancis
Dic
ken
s,so
nof
the
noveli
st.
Dic
ken
str
ied
toim
pro
ve
the
defe
nce
of
the
fort
by
pla
cin
gcart
san
dco
rdw
ood
betw
een
the
bu
ild
ing
san
dth
en
form
ing
ram
part
sw
ith
sack
sof
gra
inan
d
trad
eg
oods;
but
the
fort’
sm
ain
pro
ble
mw
asit
sin
accessib
ilit
y
toa
wate
rsu
pply
.
Big
Bear’
sb
an
dhad
been
join
ed
by
an
oth
er
band
of
Pla
in’s
Cre
ean
dto
geth
er
they
ap
pro
ached
the
Fort
on
Ap
ril
10.
The
Cre
es
were
ben
ton
assau
ltin
gth
est
ockade
desp
ite
Big
Bear’
s
att
em
pts
topre
vent
anatt
ack.
Ch
arl
eb
ois
told
the
sto
ryof
the
Chie
f’s
solu
tion
toth
edil
em
ma.
“B
igB
ear
could
no
tp
ers
uade
Wan
deri
ng
Spir
it,
or
the
Pla
ins
and
Woo
dC
ree
warr
iors
,n
ot
toatt
ack
Fort
Pit
t-
anact
whic
hw
ou
ldundoubte
dly
result
inth
eannih
ilati
on
of
the
No
rth
Wes
tM
ou
nte
dP
oli
ce.
Big
Bear,
ho
wev
er,
fou
nd
aso
luti
on
by
whic
hno
lives
were
lost.
Big
Bear
off
ere
da
deal
where
by
the
civ
ilia
ns
would
leave
Fort
Pit
tan
dco
me
into
the
Cre
eca
mp
under
his
gu
ara
nte
eof
pro
tecti
on.
And,
ifth
epoli
ce
wo
uld
leav
eth
eir
arm
sat
Fort
Pit
t,th
ey
wo
uld
be
all
ow
ed
todep
art
.
The
Cre
es
co
uld
cla
ima
blo
od
less
vic
tory
and
the
conte
nts
of
Fort
Pit
t.
Dic
ken
sagre
ed.
How
ever,
as
the
Cre
es
su
perv
ised
the
civ
ilia
ns’
evacuati
on,
Dic
kens
hit
ch
ed
ate
am
of
hors
es
toa
pre
vio
usly
pre
pare
dsc
ow
and
quic
kly
tow
ed
it
toth
eic
e—
fill
ed
riv
er.
All
the
poli
ce,
wit
hth
eir
arm
s,ju
mped
into
the
scow
and
sta
rte
dth
eir
slow
drif
ting
journ
ey
dow
nriv
er.
The
Cre
es
o.w
ere
com
ple
tely
su
rpri
sed
and
fire
donly
afe
wsh
ots
,b
ein
gm
ore
harl
ebois
inte
reste
din
takin
gth
eciv
ilia
ns
pri
so
ner
and
looti
ng
Fo
rt
•16
7P
itt.
” No
men
tio
nof
Big
Bear’
scom
pro
mis
ew
asm
ade
inA
.B
eg
g’s
account
of
Fort
Pit
tev
acuati
on.
He
descri
bed
the
parl
ay
betw
een
the
Hudso
n’s
Bay
Com
pan
yo
ffic
er
Mac
Lea
nand
the
Cre
es,
whic
h
1.ended
inM
acL
ean’s
arrest
by
the
India
ns.
InB
eg
g’s
vers
ion,
egg,
the
“sa
vages”
were
bent
on
mis
chie
f,and
Mac
Lea
n“sent
wo
rdto
lexan
der
isto
ryo
fD
ick
en
sto
get
away
wit
hh
isfo
rce
as
qu
ick
lyas
possib
le.”
Mac
Lea
nth
en
sent
for
his
fam
ily
tojo
inh
imin
the
Cre
eca
mp.
un
ter
&T
he
dia
ryof
Corp
ora
lS
leig
h,
repri
nte
das
part
of
Beg
g’s
chapte
rose
Co.
on
the
Fro
gL
ake
Mass
acre
,ex
pla
ins
that,
“B
igB
ear
sent
lett
er
895,
31
•21
1.d
ow
n.
Sen
tw
ord
for
every
bo
dy
toevacuate
fo
rt.
..”
Th
eP
oli
ce
Esc
ap
ed
from
Fo
rtP
itt
ina
Leaky
Sco
w.
Man
yw
ere
Fro
stb
itte
n.
Clo
thin
gF
rozen
on
their
Backs.
Entr
ies
inC
orp
ora
lS
leig
h’s
dia
ryb
etw
een
Ap
ril
14to
22,
were
as
foll
ow
s:
“A
pri
l14
-N
oreli
ef,
and
thin
gs
look
blu
e.
Every
bo
dy
in4
good
sp
irit
s.
H.
Quin
n,
D.
Co
wan
and
Cl.
Loasb
y,
wit
hth
ree
saddle
hors
es,
went
out
scouti
ng
toF
rog
Lak
e.
Bo
dy
of
India
ns
at
top
of
hil
l,8
00
yard
sfr
om
fo
rt.
Tw
ohundre
dand
fif
ty
Ind
ian
s,
arm
ed
and
mo
un
ted.
Had
Dufr
esne,
Sr.,
and
Hapli
n,
Hu
dso
n’s
Bay
Com
pan
y,
pri
so
ners
.B
igB
ear
sent
lett
er
do
wn
.
Sen
tw
ord
for
every
body
toevacuate
fort
and
giv
eu
parm
s.D
oors
barr
icaded,
and
men
inp
laces.
Ind
ian
shad
big
war
dan
ce
on
hil
l.
India
ns
skulk
ing
thro
ugh
wo
od
sin
every
dir
ecti
on.
Mr.
Mac
Lea
n,
of
Hid
son’s
Bay
Com
pan
y,
had
parl
ey
wit
hth
em
on
hil
l.-
Double
sen
trie
sin
barr
acks.
Tw
ohundre
dand
fif
tyIn
dia
ns,
on
war
path
,su
rro
un
du
s.
Apri
l15
—M
r.M
acL
ean,
at
noon,
wen
to
nhil
lto
parl
ey.
Th
ree
scouts
cam
egall
op
ing
thro
ugh
tow
ard
sP
itt.
Co
nsta
ble
Co
wan
sh
ot
dead,
Lo
asb
ybadly
wounded,
and
hors
ekil
led.
Sh
ots
fire
dfr
om
loop
hole
s;
two
India
ns
kil
led,
Quin
nm
issin
g,
and
two
wounded.
Mr.
Mac
Lea
nand
Fra
nco
isD
ufr
esn
eta
ken
pri
so
ners
.
Mr.
Mac
Lea
nw
rote
dow
nto
his
wif
eto
com
eo
ut
and
giv
ehers
elf
up
,an
dall
the
Hudso
n’s
Bay
Com
pan
yem
plo
yees
tod
oth
esa
me.
Th
eH
udso
n’s
Bay
em
plo
yees,
twen
ty-t
wo
innum
ber,
gave
them
selv
es
up
toB
igB
ear.
Impossib
leto
hold
fort
.n
ow
,so
we
had
tograce
full
yreti
re
acro
ss
the
riv
er
ina
scow
,and
cam
ped
for
nig
ht,
not
forg
ett
ing
tobri
ng
colo
rsalo
ng
.N
earl
ysw
amped
cro
ssin
g,
river
bein
gro
ug
hand
sco
wle
ad
ing
bad
ly.
Genera
lid
ea
prev
ail
ing
that
we
would
be
att
acked
go
ing
do
wn
river.
To
ok
Loasb
y
alo
ng
.T
hus
ended
the
sie
ge
of
Fort
Pit
t.
Apri
l16
-U
pat
4:3
0afte
rp
assin
ga
wre
tch
ed
nig
ht.
Sn
ow
ing
fast,
and
very
win
dy.
Movin
gsl
ow
.S
evera
lm
enfro
st-
bit
ten.
Clo
thin
gfr
ozen
on
ou
rb
ack
s.H
adso
me
narr
ow
esc
apes
inic
e
jam
s.C
amped
at
nin
efo
rd
inn
er.
Res
um
edtr
ipat
no
on
.
Ap
ril
18-
Sta
rted
at
seven
a.m
.D
aydull
and
cold
.M
uch
ice
run
nin
g.
Ap
ril
19—
Su
nd
ay
.L
eft
Sla
pJa
ck
Isla
nd
at
7:1
3a.m
.R
an
for
fiv
eh
ou
rs.
Cam
ped
on
Beav
er
Isla
nd
,n
um
ber
35.
Ran
on
thre
ehours
,and
cam
ped
on
Pin
eIs
lan
dfo
rnig
ht.
Apri
l20
-H
ere
all
day.
Barr
icaded
the
scow
.In
sp
ecte
d
arm
s.R
ou
gh
-lo
ok
ing
para
de.
Wounded
man
bett
er.
Apri
l2
1-
Left
isla
nd
at
7a.m
.E
leven
a.m
.hai1
din
ter
pre
ter
Jose
ph
Ale
xan
der
and
two
poli
cem
en
on
sou
thb
an
k.
They
had
desp
atc
hes
for
us.
They
rep
ort
ed
Batt
lefo
rdsafe
,an
dtr
oo
ps
ex
pecte
ddail
y.
Ran
all
day
and
stopped
on
small
isla
nd
for
the
nig
ht.
Riv
er
fall
ing
rap
idly
.S
truck
on
sand—
bars
.A
llsle
pt
on
board
scow
.T
wo
men
on
pic
ket.
Lar
yo
f)r
p.
R.B
.A
pri
l22
-S
tart
ed
at
5:4
5a.m
.,re
ach
ed
Batt
lefo
rdat
nin
e
a.m
.G
arr
iso
ntu
rned
ou
tan
dpre
sente
darm
s.P
oli
ce
ban
dpla
yed
iper
su
sin
tofort.
Enth
usia
sti
cgre
eti
ng.
Lad
ies
gave
us
ag
ran
d5
cit
ed
32din
ner.
”
•Beg
g,
To
ron
toN
ew
spap
er
Cla
imed
that
Go
vern
men
tw
as“M
isle
d”
Abo
ut
Tru
e
Feeli
ngs
of
Nati
ve
People
sB
efo
reN
ort
h—
Wes
tT
rouble
s
Sev
era
lm
on
ths
afte
rth
eN
ort
h—
Wes
td
istu
rban
ces,
the
To
ron
toD
ail
yM
ail
cla
imed
that
the
offic
ials
inth
eT
err
ito
ries
must
have
“gro
ssly
mis
led”
the
Ott
aw
aG
ov
ern
men
tab
ou
tth
efeel
ings
wh
ich
ex
iste
dam
ong
Meti
sand
Ind
ian
s,
becau
seth
e“upri
sin
g.
cam
eli
ke
ab
olt
from
the
blu
eupon
the
agents
”in
thedis
affecte
d
dis
tric
ts.
The
paper
menti
oned
the
nam
esof
Pay
ne,
afa
rm
instr
ucto
rm
urd
ere
din
the
Batt
lefo
rddis
tric
t,Q
uin
n,
Dela
ney
and
Fath
er
Fafa
rdand
Marc
han
d.
Pete
rB
all
en
din
e’s
role
as
go
vern
men
tsp
yw
asoutl
ined
inth
isarti
cle
als
o.
Excerp
tsfr
om
this
arti
cle
are
pri
nte
dh
ere
wit
h:
“It
has
oft
en
been
all
eged
by
the
Opposi
tion
pre
ss
that
the
offic
ials
of
the
Nort
h—
Wes
tm
ust
have
gro
ssly
mis
led
the
Ott
aw
a
Govern
ment
tou
ch
ing
the
feeli
ng
whic
hex
iste
dam
ong
the
Meti
san
d
Ind
ian
sju
st
befo
reth
eo
utb
reak
last
srp
ing
.It
isevid
ent,
ho
wev
er,
from
report
squote
db
yM
r.D
ewdney
inth
eN
ort
h-W
est
Council
the
oth
er
day
,th
at
the
up
risin
gca
me
lik
ea
bo
ltfr
om
the
blu
eu
po
nth
eagents
resid
ing
inth
ed
isaff
ecte
dd
istr
icts
.
...I
nstr
ucto
rP
ay
ne,
Mr.
Dela
ney
and
agent
Qui:
rn,
who
were
mu
rdere
d,
had
sen
tdow
nm
ost
favora
ble
report
so
fth
ebands
at
Fro
gL
ake
and
the
Eagle
Hil
ls.
Pete
rB
all
an
din
e,
am
anbro
ug
ht
up
among
the
Ind
ian
san
dem
plo
yed
tom
ake
aconfi
denti
al
repo
rt
reg
ard
ing
Big
Bear’
ssenti
ments
tow
ard
sth
egoverr
unent,
..Q
uin
n,
lik
eB
all
an
din
e,
had
sp
en
this
life
amo
ng
the
Ban
ds,
had
Ind
ian
blo
od
inh
isv
ein
s,
and
was
marr
ied
toan
India
nw
ife.
He
had
not
been
appoin
ted
for
any
poli
tical
serv
ice,
bu
tsole
lybecau
se
of
his
fitn
ess.
It
issafe
tosa
y,
there
fore
,th
at
wh
enh
isk
no
w
ledge
of
the
India
nch
ara
cte
rfa
iled
tore
veal
toh
imany
sig
n
of
the
plo
tth
at
was
on
foot,
no
ord
inary
wh
ite
off
ice-h
old
er,
ho
wev
er,
pro
ficie
nt
inhis
duti
es,
co
uld
have
fore
seen
it.
Dela
ney
and
Pay
ne
were
als
ofi
rst—
cla
ss
off
icers
and
it
goes
wit
hout
sayin
gth
at
Rev
.F
ath
ers
Fafa
rdan
dM
arch
and
en
joy
ed
the
confi
dence
of
the
savages
toso
me
exte
nt,
yet
we
know
how
terrib
lyth
ey
were
deceiv
ed
.T
he
tru
this
the
In
din
can
keep
asecre
t.W
hen
he
isp
lann
ing
an
up
risin
g,
he
does
not
ad
opt
O’D
on
ov
anR
oss
a’s
meth
od
of
pro
cla
imin
ghis
inte
nti
ons
from
the
ho
useto
ps,
bu
tw
ork
sin
the
dark
,se
nd
ing
and
receiv
ing
mess
ag
es
ina
man
ner
that
aro
use
sn
osuspic
ion.
The
Hin
doo
po
ssesses
the
sam
efa
cult
yo
fsil
en
to
rgan
izati
on
,w
itn
ess
the
sud
den
ess
wit
hw
hic
hhe
pre
cip
itate
dth
em
uti
ny
in1
85
7.
Ina
regio
nli
ke
the
Nort
h-W
est
,it
isn
ev
er
safe
toassert
that
the
Ind
ian
popu
lati
on
islo
yal.
No
savage
can
be
loy
al
too
ur
civ
iliz
ati
on,
for
he
know
sth
at
it
mea
ns
the
exti
ncti
on
of
his
race.”
33
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HP
LA
YE
DA
PR
OM
INE
NT
RO
LE
INC
HA
PT
ER
SIX
OF
TH
EP
RO
JEC
T
MID
DL
ET
ON
Genera
lo
fC
an
ad
ian
Dom
inio
nM
ilit
ary
Forc
es.
POU
ND
MA
KE
RC
ree
ch
ief
cam
ped
at
Cu
t-K
nif
e--
Hil
l,
BIG
BE
AR
Cre
ech
ief
from
the
are
ao
fF
rog
Lak
e.
OT
TE
RL
ieute
nant-
Colo
nel
inch
arg
eo
fth
eS
eco
nd
Co
lum
nw
hic
hm
arc
hed
toth
eS
outh
Sask
atc
hew
an
fro
mS
wif
tC
urr
en
t.
HE
RS
CH
NE
RS
uperi
nte
ndent
of
the
Mo
un
ted
Poli
ce
whose
forc
ejo
ined
Ott
er’s
Seco
nd
Colu
mn.
CR
OW
FOO
TB
lackfo
ot
chie
fw
hose
ban
dd
idn
ot
tak
epart
inth
eu
pri
sin
g.
JEF
FE
RS
ON
Fed
era
lG
ov
ern
men
tagric
ult
ural
representa
tiv
e,
from
Batt
lefo
rd
,fo
ra
sh
ort
tim
eim
pri
so
ned
by
Po
undm
aker,
CH
AP
TE
RS
IX
The
Batt
leof
Cut-
Knif
e-C
reek
Intr
oducti
on
toC
hapte
rS
ix:
Whil
eG
enera
lM
iddle
ton
was
engaged
inth
efig
ht
at
Fis
h
Cre
ek,
Lt.
Col.
Ott
er
was
on
his
way
from
Sw
ift
Curr
ent
to
Batt
leford.
On
the
evenin
gof
Apri
l16,
the
Colo
nel
and
his
troops
cro
ssed
the
Saskatc
hew
an
Riv
er.
Fiv
e-a
nd-a
-half
days
late
rth
ey
reached
Batt
lefo
rdand
set
up
cam
pclo
se
toth
eto
wn.
Thre
ecom
panie
sof
sold
iers
were
sent
tooccupy
Batt
lefo
rdand
shortl
yth
ereafte
rth
ein
habit
ants
,w
hic
hw
ere
still
inth
e
poli
ce
barr
acks
sin
ce
Poundm
aker’
sca
mp
had
raid
ed
the
tow
n,
retu
rned
toth
eir
hom
es.
Chie
fP
oundm
aker
and
his
band
were
livin
gabout
thir
ty-
eig
ht
mil
es
from
Batt
lefo
rdat
Cut-
Knif
e—
Cre
ek.
Wit
hth
eC
hie
f
were
agro
up
of
Sto
ney
India
ns,a
nd
it
was
rum
ore
dth
at
Big
Bear
and
his
band
were
on
the
way
tojo
inP
oundm
aker’
scam
p.
Pound-
maker
expecte
dan
att
ack
from
govern
ment
troops
at
any
tim
e.
He
had
sent
word
toR
iel
that
he
was
inneed
of
help
,but
Rie
l
was
inno
posit
ion
tocom
ply
wit
hth
eC
hie
f’s
request
because
he
knew
that
Mid
dle
ton’s
arm
yw
assta
tioned
clo
se
toB
ato
che
and
ready
tostr
ike
at
any
mom
ent.
On
May
1st,
Ott
er
decid
ed
tole
ad
asurpris
eatt
ack
on
Pound-
maker
cam
ped
at
Cut-
Knif
e-C
reek.
He
had
heard
that
the
chie
f
was
hesit
ati
ng
betw
een
war
and
peace
and
felt
that
ifa
juncti
on
of
the
two
gre
at
Chie
fs,
Big
Bear
and
Poundm
aker,
could
be
pre
vente
d,
an
imm
inent
threat
tohis
forc
es
would
be
rem
oved.
To
Mid
dle
ton
he
wro
teth
at
he
set
out
on
a“re
connais
sance”,
but
invie
wof
the
forc
eof
thre
ehundre
dm
en,
and
thre
eguns
whic
h
accom
panie
dhim
,his
true
inte
nti
ons
can
be
readil
ydete
cte
d.
The
batt
lebetw
een
the
Cre
es
and
Ott
er’s
men
was
inte
nse.
At
one
poin
tth
em
ilit
iaw
ere
nearl
ysurr
ounded,
but
som
ehow
managed
tom
ain
tain
an
exit
thro
ugh
whic
hth
ey
retr
eate
d.
Six
hours
afte
rth
ebegin
nin
gof
the
engagem
ent,
Ott
er
and
his
men
wit
hdre
wand
retu
rned
toB
att
leford.
It
was
due
toP
oundm
aker’
s
and
Fin
e—
Day’s
restr
ain
tth
at
not
man
ym
ore
mil
itia
men
were
kil
led
or
wounded
as
they
escaped
thro
ugh
the
narr
ow
bott
leneck
kept
open
duri
ng
their
retr
eat.
Aday
late
r,
Poundm
aker’
sband
journ
eyed
toB
igB
ear’
s
cam
p.
Aft
er
the
batt
leof
Bato
che,
the
Chie
fand
his
people
surr
endere
dto
Genera
lM
iddle
ton.
The
Genera
laccused
Poundm
aker
/91
PE
RS
ON
AL
ITIE
SW
HIC
HP
LA
YE
DA
PR
OM
INE
NT
RO
LE
INC
HA
PT
ER
FIV
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
RIE
LM
eti
sle
ader
sta
tioned
at
Bato
che.
DU
MO
NT
Genera
lof
Meti
sarm
ysta
tioned
at
Bato
che.
MID
DL
ET
ON
Genera
lof
Canadia
nD
om
inio
nm
ilit
ary
forces.
HO
WR
IEC
ree
inte
rprete
rfo
rth
eM
ounte
dP
oli
ce,
sta
tioned
at
carlt
on,
TR
OT
TIE
RM
eti
sfr
om
the
Bato
che
area.
LE
PIN
EM
eti
sfr
om
the
Bato
che
area.
CA
RO
NM
inis
ter
of
Defe
nce,
sta
tioned
inO
ttaw
a.
SC
HM
IDT
Secreta
ry
of
the
Meti
sC
ouncil
,sta
tioned
at
Bato
che,
BR
EL
AN
DM
eti
sof
advanced
age
who
work
ed
as
ascout
for
Dum
ont.
Bre
land
was
am
em
ber
oth
e
Nort
hW
est
Territ
oria
lC
ouncil
.
WH
ITE
CA
Pjo
ux
Chie
f.
SUM
MA
RY
OF
HIS
TO
RIC
AL
EV
EN
TS
DIS
CU
SS
ED
INC
HA
PT
ER
FIV
EO
FT
HE
PR
OJE
CT
Apri
l15
Surr
ender
of
Fort
Pit
t.
Apri
l17
Mid
dle
ton’s
arm
yarriv
es
at
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g
on
the
South
Saskatc
hew
an
Riv
er.
Apri
l(E
xact
date
unknow
n.)
Rie
lyie
lds
toD
um
ont’
s
pla
nof
am
bush
ing
Mid
dle
ton’s
troops.
Dum
ont
dis
patc
hes
messages
toB
igB
ear,
Poundm
aker,
and
the
Sio
ux
of
Whit
eC
ap’s
band
soth
at
they
may
assis
thim
wit
hth
eam
bush
.
Apri
l24
Batt
leof
Fis
hC
reek.
Meti
svic
tory
over
Mid
dle
ton’s
forces.
CH
APT
ER
FIV
E
Th
eB
att
leo
fF
ish
Cre
ek
Intr
oducti
on
toC
hapte
rF
ive:
Aft
er
the
su
rren
der
of
Fort
Pit
tm
any
India
ns
inth
eT
ern
—
tory
join
ed
Big
Bear’
sband.
The
fall
of
the
fort
had
nelt
ed
away
an
yli
ngeri
ng
doubts
ab
ou
tth
ein
vin
cib
ilit
yo
fth
eM
ou
nte
d
Poli
ce.
Report
so
fis
ola
ted
India
nra
ids
sp
read
terror
inth
e
heart
sof
the
sett
ler’s
inth
eW
est
and
man
yfl
ed
tose
ek
safe
ty
beyond
the
boundari
es
of
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
dis
tric
t.M
acdonald
had
vali
dre
asons
tofo
resee
the
po
ssib
ilit
yo
fa
genera
lIn
dia
n
up
risin
g.
It
was
for
this
reaso
nth
at
the
govern
ment
had
dis
patc
hed
the
gre
ate
st
num
ber
of
tro
op
sit
could
must
er
into
the
No
rth
—W
est.
Alt
hough
the
Meti
sfo
rces
were
esti
mate
dto
be
no
more
than
on
e—
tho
usa
nd
,th
enum
ber
of
treaty
India
ns
were
clo
se
to
twen
ty-t
hou
san
d.
Th
ere
were
als
on
um
ero
us
oth
er
Half
-bre
ed
sett
lem
ents
betw
een
Woo
dM
ou
nta
inand
St.
Alb
ert
wh
ich
sym
path
ized
wit
hth
eM
eti
sgri
evances
and
could
have
pro
vid
ed
men
and
arm
sto
su
pp
ort
an
upri
sin
g.
Th
eg
ov
ern
men
t’s
mil
itary
com
manders
had
two
pri
mary
obje
c
tives
for
their
cam
paig
nin
the
Territ
orie
s.
Th
efir
st
obje
cti
ve
was
tolo
cali
ze
the
“re
bell
ion.”
This
was
do
ne
by
the
imm
edia
tedesp
atc
ho
fguns
an
dm
ento
Fort
Qu’A
ppell
e.
The
rap
idit
yw
ith
wh
ich
these
troops
were
thro
wn
into
the
Nort
h-W
est
fro
mE
aste
rn
Canada
kep
tquie
tth
edis
aff
ecte
dIn
dia
ns
and
Meti
sin
the
Qu’A
ppell
eV
all
ey
.T
he
seco
nd
ob
jecti
ve
was
tocru
sh
the
arm
ed
resis
tance
of
Ind
ian
so
rM
eti
sb
ym
ilit
ary
forc
e.
The
ori
gin
al
inte
nti
on
of
Majo
rG
enera
lM
iddle
ton
had
been
tom
ove
ag
ain
st
St.
Anto
ine
or
Bato
ch
ew
ith
two
sep
ara
tecolu
mns
bu
tw
ith
the
ris
ing
of
Poundm
aker
and
Big
Bear
it
was
dee
med
advis
able
todespatc
hth
ree
dif
ferent
colu
mns
ag
ain
st
thre
ep
rin
cip
al
cen
tres:
Bato
ch
e,
Batt
lefo
rdand
Fort
Pit
t.
Genera
lM
idd
leto
nw
asin
ch
arg
eo
fth
ecolu
mn
again
st
Bato
che.
Aft
er
astr
en
uo
us
marc
hfr
om
Fort
Qu
’Ap
pell
eth
efo
rce
arr
ived
at
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g,
on
the
South
Sask
atc
hew
an,
on
Ap
ril
17th
.A
t
this
po
int
Mid
dle
ton
div
ided
his
troops
into
two
gro
ups
who
marc
hed
inp
arall
el
fashio
nalo
ngsid
eo
pp
osit
ebanks
of
the
river
tow
ard
s
Bato
che.
By
Apri
l24,
the
Genera
land
one
half
of
his
tro
op
shad
reach
ed
ath
ickly
wo
od
edcoule
eth
rough
whic
hra
na
little
cre
ek.
Th
isare
aw
asknow
nto
the
Meti
sas
“T
ou
ron
d’s
Coule
e,”
or
“F
ish
Cre
ek.”
/75
—75
—
Whe
nth
eC
anadia
ns
ap
pro
ached
the
coule
eth
ey
were
sur
pri
sed
by
Gab
riel
Dum
ont
an
dh
ism
enw
how
ere
well
hid
den
alo
ng
both
sid
es
of
the
cre
ek.
Afi
erc
eb
att
leen
sued
.D
uri
ng
the
fig
ht
the
Canadia
ns
had
fort
ym
enw
ounded
and
ten
kil
led.
The
Meti
slo
st
four
men
an
dh
ad
two
wo
un
ded
.G
enera
lM
iddle
ton’s
colu
mn
did
not
reach
the
sit
eo
fth
ebatt
leu
nti
lla
tein
the
evenin
g.
At
this
po
int
both
sid
es
had
been
un
der
heav
ycross-fir
e
for
man
yh
ou
rsand
were
ready
tow
ith
dra
w.
Ath
un
ders
torm
foll
ow
ed
by
sle
et
and
rain
had
soak
ed
and
chil
led
the
fig
hti
ng
men
duri
ng
the
aft
ern
oo
n.
Whe
nD
unto
nt
su
gg
este
dto
pu
rsu
eth
e
retr
eati
ng
Can
ad
ian
his
rem
ain
ing
forc
eo
f56
men
was
un
wil
ling
tocom
ply
wit
hhis
wis
hes.
Impre
ssed
by
the
ex
trao
rdin
ary
sta
min
a
and
coura
ge
dis
pla
yed
du
rin
gth
ebatt
leG
ab
riel
pre
ssed
the
Meti
s
no
furt
her
an
dre
turn
ed
wit
hth
emto
Bato
che.
Th
efo
reg
oin
gsu
mm
ary
descri
bes
the
events
befo
reand
du
rin
g
the
batt
leo
fF
ish
Cre
ek.
Th
edocum
ents
whic
hfo
llo
wp
resen
tan
account
of
the
acti
on
fro
mdiv
ers
eposit
ions.
Docum
ents
sele
cte
d
att
em
pt
toport
ray
the
inv
olv
em
en
to
fg
rou
ps
and
indiv
iduals
in
the
batt
lera
ther
than
the
batt
leit
self
.
/76
.:..
——
ittil
lI
‘ /
I;
Z1
414
11
,.
/ II I,.
f:
4/2
,‘
If
.
/
e4.
I
) ‘p.?—
I.
1itar”
I,’4,
I•••
••‘W
•
—
-
“‘:
,1
—p A-
at)
’I
—,
,/
Th
egovern
men
t’s
fir
st
obje
cti
ve
had
been
tolo
cali
ze
the
“rebel
lio
n,”
the
seco
nd
,to
cru
sh
the
Meti
sre
sis
tance
by
mil
itary
forc
e.
Aft
er
the
su
rren
der
of
Fort
Pit
tm
any
India
ns
inth
eT
err
itory
join
ed
Big
Bear’
sb
an
d.
The
fall
of
the
fort
had
melt
ed
away
any
lingeri
ng
doubts
ab
ou
tth
ein
vin
cib
ilit
yo
fth
eM
ou
nte
dP
oli
ce.
Report
so
fis
ola
ted
India
nra
ids
sp
read
terro
rin
the
heart
so
f
all
whit
esett
lers
inth
eW
est
and
man
yfl
ed
tose
ek
safe
tyb
ey
on
d
the
boun
dari
es
of
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
dis
tric
t.S
irJo
hn
A.
Macdonald
had
vali
dre
asons
tofo
resee
the
po
ssib
ilit
yo
fa
gen
era
lIn
dia
n
upri
sin
g.
It
was
for
this
reaso
nth
at
the
go
vern
men
thad
dis
patc
hed
the
gre
ate
st
num
ber
of
tro
op
sit
could
must
er
into
the
No
rth-W
est
.
Alt
hough
the
Meti
sfo
rces
were
esti
mate
dto
be
no
more
than
1,0
00,
the
num
ber
of
Tre
aty
Ind
ians
was
clo
se
to2
0,0
00
.T
here
were
als
o
num
ero
us
oth
er
Half
-bre
ed
sett
lem
ents
betw
een
Woo
dM
ounta
inand
St.
Alb
ert
whic
hsy
mp
ath
ized
wit
hth
eM
eti
sg
riev
an
ces
and
could
hav
epro
vid
ed
men
and
arm
sto
support
an
upri
sin
g.
G.
F.
Sta
nle
youtl
ined
two
pri
mary
obje
cti
ves
of
the
Canadia
n•
govern
men
t’s
cam
paig
n.
“The
fir
st
obje
ct
of
the
Go
vern
men
tw
as..
.to
locali
ze
the
reb
ell
ion
...T
his
was
acco
mpli
shed
by
the
imm
edia
tedespatc
ho
f
men
toQ
u’A
pp
ell
e,
even
pri
or
toth
efi
ght
at
Duck
Lak
e.
Th
e
rapid
ity
wit
hw
hic
hth
ese
and
su
bseq
uen
ttr
oops
were
thro
wn
into
the
Nort
h-W
est
fro
mE
aste
rnC
anada
kep
tq
uie
tth
ed
isaff
ecte
d
India
ns
an
dM
eti
sin
the
Qu’A
ppell
evall
ey...
...t
he
second
ob
ject
was
tocru
sh
the
arm
edre
sis
tan
ce
of
the
an1ey
Ind
ian
san
dM
eti
sby
mil
itary
forc
e.
Th
eori
gin
al
inte
nti
on
of
‘The
the
Majo
r-G
enera
lhad
been
tom
ove
again
st
St.
Anto
ine
or
Bato
ch
e,
...w
ith
two
separa
teco
lum
ns,
bu
tw
ith
the
risin
go
fP
ou
nd
maker
anada”
an
dB
igB
ear
itw
asdee
med
advis
able
todespatc
hth
ree
dif
feren
t
co
lum
ns
ag
ain
st
the
thre
ep
rin
cip
al
cen
tres:
Bato
ch
e,
Batt
lefo
rd
355.
and
Fo
rtP
itt.”
1
The
thre
em
enin
charg
eo
fth
ecoli
.mus,
were
Genera
lM
iddle
ton,
who
pla
nned
tota
ke
Bato
ch
e,
thus
reli
ev
ing
Pri
nce
Alb
ert
;C
olo
nel
Ott
er,
who
was
tom
arc
hfr
om
Sw
ift
Curr
ent
tore
liev
eB
att
lefo
rd;
an
dG
en
era
lS
tran
ge
who
set
ou
tfr
om
Calg
ary
via
Edm
onto
nto
mo
ve
again
st
Big
Bear.
Mid
dle
ton
and
Str
an
ge
ho
ped
toeff
ect
an
eventu
al
juncti
on
at
Fort
Pit
t.
Mid
dle
ton’s
men
marc
hed
thro
ug
hw
ind,
hail
and
sno
wto
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g.
On
Apri
l1
7,
Mid
dle
ton
had
reached
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g.
There
/77
he
div
ided
his
forc
ein
totw
ocolu
mns.
The
seco
nd
co
lum
nw
as
tran
sp
ort
ed
acro
ss
the
So
uth
Sask
atc
hew
an
Riv
er
tom
arc
hp
arall
el
wit
hth
efir
st
co
lum
nd
ow
nth
eri
ver
tow
ard
sB
ato
che.
This
move
pro
ved
tobe
.a
dis
ad
van
tage
toM
iddle
ton
on
Apri
l2
4,
when
the
Genera
lm
et
Du
mo
nt’
sm
enin
the
are
ao
fF
ish
Cre
ek,
(als
ocall
ed
“T
ou
ron
d’
SC
ou
lee.”
)
Mid
dle
ton
descri
bes
the
marc
hto
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
gas
foll
ow
s:
“We
had
ate
rrib
lem
arc
h,
inth
efa
ce
of
are
gula
rb
lizzard
of
win
dan
dh
ail
the
whole
day
,w
ith
not
atr
ee
or
bu
shto
bre
ak
the
forc
eof
the
win
d.
It
was
fearf
ull
ycold
,and
we
had
con
sta
ntl
yto
dis
mount
an
dw
alk
tore
sto
reo
ur
cir
cula
tion.
We
halt
ed
half
—w
ay,
but
could
no
tm
ake
afir
e,
and
sohad
tod
ow
itho
ut
our
hot
tea.
We
reached
the
Cro
ssin
gab
ou
t4
p.m
....
There
were
afe
w
house
son
our
sid
eof
the
riv
er,
one
of
them
bein
gin
habit
ed
by
a
Mr.
Cla
rke
and
his
wif
e..
.
Th
eso
uth
bra
nch
of
the
Sask
atc
hew
an
Riv
er
ishere
abo
ut
200
ErF
red
Eddie
-y
ard
sbro
ad
wit
ha
pow
erf
ul
curr
ent
runnin
gabout
fou
rm
iles
an
hour,
hig
hbanks,
an
da
wid
edeep
bo
rder
of
the
thic
kest
and
beii
ion
the
sti
ckie
st
mud
on
each
sid
e,
inw
hic
hw
ere
emb
edd
edla
rge
bo
uld
ers
rth
of
huge
blo
ck
sof
ice.”
st
liv.
ET
oro
nto
Asold
ier
inM
iddle
ton
’sar
my
report
ed
the
marc
hto
Cla
rke’s
tess
,C
rossin
gand
eventu
al
arriv
al
at
Fis
hC
reek.
48
.25
“A
pri
l17
—F
riday.
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g.
Marc
hed
at
7:3
0.
It
was
very
co
ldla
st
nig
ht
and
this
morn
ing.
Had
no
wood
tocook
our
bre
akfa
st.
..h
ad
no
thin
gels
eb
ut
hard
tack
toeat.
..N
ot
atr
ee
seen
all
day.
Had
topic
kall
the
wo
od
we
co
uld
find
on
the
way
.
Th
ero
ads
were
frozen
this
mo
rnin
g.
One
of
the
Capta
ins
wan
ted
to
mak
ea
fir
ela
st
nig
ht
no
tfe
eli
ng
well
and
had
topay
one
of
the
team
ste
rs$1
for
asti
ck,
every
one
dow
no
nth
ete
am
ste
r..
.1b
eli
ev
e
we
hav
em
arc
hed
20
0m
iles
sin
ce
leav
ing
Fort
Qu’A
ppelJ
.eand
are
86m
iles
fro
mP
rince
Alb
ert
by
the
sun
table
.D
on
ot
know
wh
en
we
wil
lget
acro
ss
the
riv
er.
Th
ere
are
two
or
thre
elo
ghouse
s
wit
hth
atc
hed
roofs
an
do
ne
sto
ne
ho
urs
e..
.
Apri
l1
8,
Satu
rday.
We
were
all
ow
ed
tosle
ep
un
til
7a.m
.
)id
ier’
sIt
isa
raw
sto
rmy
day
wit
hsn
ow
fall
ing
...H
ay
is$60
per
ton
,.a
ryp
ota
toes
$2
.50
per
bushel,
bre
ad
40
per
loaf
and
can
hard
lyb
e
got.
...S
ask
ato
on
is15
mil
es
away
ahd
has
ab
ou
t40
houses.”
3
Th
esa
me
dia
ryh
as
ala
ter
entr
yw
hic
hre
po
rted
asala
ryo
f
$5
0fo
rA
pri
l.T
he
sala
ryra
tepro
vid
es
acom
pari
son
for
the
co
st
..
../
78
of
hay
an
dfo
od.
Despit
efa
tigue
and
co
ldth
em
eno
fM
idd
leto
n’s
arm
yengaged
ina
tug
-of-
war.
Afe
win
div
idu
als
were
dis
cip
lin
ed
,
for
“sle
epin
go
nth
ejo
b,”
and
“sw
eari
ng”
at
the
Serg
eant
Majo
r:
The
dia
ryco
nti
nu
es:
“A
pri
l2
0,
Mo
nd
ay
...G
reat
ex
cit
em
en
to
ver
atu
go
fw
ar
bet
wee
n12
of
the
90th
and
12o
fth
ete
am
ste
rs.
Th
ete
am
ste
rsg
ot
the
best
of
it
both
inw
restl
ing
and
inth
etu
go
fw
ar.
The
10
th
Cre
nadie
rbeat
both
team
ste
rsand
the
9O
th..
..O
ne
of
4co
mpan
ym
en
was
put
inth
eguard
tent
for
sweari
ng
at
the
serg
eant
Majo
r.
Ap
ril
21
,T
uesd
ay.
Had
mil
kand
bre
ad
for
our
tea
last
nig
ht.
Th
ere
was
one
of
the
pic
ket
fro
mN
o.
1C
om
pan
yfell
asle
ep
whil
e
on
du
tyla
st
nig
ht.
He
was
pla
ced
un
der
arrest.
Apri
l22,
Wednesday...B
lake
that
was
un
der
arrest
for
sweari
ng
at
Serg
eant
Majo
rW
ats
on
was
ord
ere
dto
have
4h
rspack
dril
lto
day
.
He
would
no
td
oanyth
ing
he
was
told
sohe
was
bro
ug
ht
back
to
the
guard
ten
tand
handcuff
sp
ut
on.
Ib
eli
ev
ehe
wil
lbe
giv
en
an
oth
er
chance
tom
orr
ow
...I
tis
said
that
the
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
have
4.
changed
their
un
ifo
rmas
som
eof
the
reb
els
have
Mo
un
ted
Poli
ce
Sold
ier’
sD
iary
unif
orm
san
dit
would
be
hard
tote
llth
em
ap
art
...W
ew
ill
know
the
P.A
.C.
Mounte
dP
oli
ce
an
dP
rin
ce
Alb
ert
by
their
sig
nals
.T
hey
wil
lra
ise
thei
hands
thre
eti
mes
toth
eto
ps
of
their
heads
and
we
wil
l
rais
eour
rig
ht
band
thre
eti
mes.”
4
Apri
l24,
at
Fis
hC
reek,
the
“C
reeds”
kep
tu
pa
co
nti
nu
ou
sfir
e.
“A
pri
l2
4,
Fri
day..
.we
heard
fir
ing
infr
on
t9:3
0a.r
n.
We
had
run
inso
me
reb
els
,fir
ing
com
men
ced
imm
edia
tely
.S
ome
of
our
scou
tsan
dcavelr
y(s
ic)
were
wo
un
ded
and
Ibeli
eve
two
kil
led.
The
Cre
eds(s
ic)
kep
tu
pa
co
nti
nu
al
fir
eand
sodid
we
but
it
was
alm
ost
impossib
leto
see
them
,as
they
took
cover
inth
ebush
.
5. Sold
ier’
sW
ent
thro
ug
hso
me
of
their
ho
use
sb
ut
did
not
dis
turb
any-
Dia
ryP
.A.C
.th
ing. It
seem
ed
as
though
they
had
just
go
tu
pfr
om
breakfast.
”5
India
nS
cout
would
no
tab
an
do
nh
isrela
tive.
Meti
sS
co
uti
ng
Report
so
fth
esa
me
peri
od
giv
eacco
unts
of
two
Ind
ian
son
hors
eback
who
were
purs
ued
by
mil
itia
men,
and
of
Mr.
Bre
land
who
wen
tto
dis
cover
the
wh
ere
ab
ou
tso
fth
eP
oli
ce.
No.
2—
Sco
uti
ng
Rep
ort
.
Tra
nsla
tio
n
Report
of
We-
cha—
we—
co—
pew
in.
.179
—79
—
“Whe
nI
left
here
Iw
alk
ed
all
nig
ht.
..I
thin
kth
eir
cam
p
ison
the
hil
lon
this
sid
eo
fth
eriv
er.
On
the
hil
lare
som
e
tents
and
inth
eholl
ow
are
,I
thin
k,
most
of
the
tents
.It
isa
qu
art
er
of
am
ile
or
more
fro
mth
eriv
er.
We
saw
noth
ing
on
the
oth
er
sid
e..
.Wh
en
we
saw
the
ho
rsem
en
who
were
alr
eady
ah
ead
of
us.
Th
eypassed
ab
ou
thalf
am
ile
fro
mu
s,
betw
een
us
and
the
riv
er.
We
fled
fro
mth
ebank
toth
eo
pen
,and
as
we
were
at
the
dis
tan
ce
they
were
cu
ttin
goff
ou
rro
ad
.T
here
were
at
least
30o
fth
em
.
Those
who
purs
ued
us
were
few
innum
ber.
My
part
ner
said
to
thro
waw
ayo
ur
bla
nk
ets
,and
we
thre
wth
em
aw
ay.
He
was
neare
st
mad
eus
asig
nto
sto
pb
ut
Isaid
he
wan
tsto
catc
hu
s.
Wh
ip,
he
said
tom
ele
tus
pra
yand
Ith
ought
of
God.
Isaid
Iw
ill
try
tod
ierig
htl
yth
inkin
go
fG
od,
and
we
pra
yed
hard
,cry
ing
toG
od.
Th
eyw
ould
descen
tevery
tim
eth
ey
wante
dto
fir
eo
nus,
and
wh
enI
saw
they
wan
ted
tofir
eI
would
cry
out
tosepara
tean
dw
e
wo
uld
separa
te.
Th
ere
were
lots
of
little
old
ho
les
and
their
hors
es
stu
ck
...I
saw
that
my
part
ners
hors
ew
asgiv
ing
ou
t..
.1
alw
ay
sw
ou
nd
rou
nd
behin
dand
cri
ed:
“C
oura
ge,
co
ura
ge.”
Then
Isaid
that
Iw
ould
no
tab
an
do
nm
yrela
tiv
eali
ve
and
Isaid
to
him
that
Iw
ould
no
tle
ave
him
when
Isaid
sohe
cri
ed
out
for
joy
wh
ich
en
co
ura
ged
me
als
o..
.Isaid
toh
im“C
ou
rag
efl
ytr
yto
get
away
fro
mm
ebecause
Iw
ant
tod
efe
nd
my
self
,I
want
tofir
e
on
them
”an
dI
mad
eh
img
ofu
rther
on
and
Ica
me
back
and
fire
don
them
.W
hen
Isa
wth
at
my
part
ner
had
got
aw
ay,
Ials
ofl
ed
bala
ncin
gon
my
hors
eand
cry
ing
out
for
joy.
..a
fte
rw
efl
ed
we
saw
fir
enear..
..”
No.
96--
Sco
uti
ng
Report
Tra
nsla
tio
n
Rep
ort
of
Mr.
Gil
bert
Bre
lan
dw
how
ent
todis
cover
the
Poli
ce
at
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
g.
5“W
em
ade
for
the
Cro
ssin
gto
the
last
cow
hil
l.F
rom
there
Ses
sio
n-
we
could
see
people
walk
ing
on
fo
ot.
...T
here
seem
ed
tobe
about
al
Pap
ers
fort
yh
ors
es.
On
the
way
back
we
met
the
sam
eIn
dia
nw
hom
we
met
Doc
umen
tsfo
und
befo
re.
He
was
fasti
ng.
We
kil
led
alittle
yearl
ing
ox
belo
ngin
g
(NW
MP
toG
ou
let
perh
ap
s.
The
Ind
ian
told
us
that
he
had
left
the
mounta
ii
Fil
e)
20d
ay
sag
o,
that
the
Poli
ce
wante
dto
go
take
anIn
dia
nw
hohad
bro
ken
the
do
ors
of
ash
ed
this
win
ter.
Whe
nth
ey
cau
gh
tth
e
India
nhis
fath
er
fire
do
na
Poli
cem
an
and
kil
led
him
...”
6
Rie
lre
lucta
ntl
yagre
ed
toD
um
on
t’s
pla
no
fharr
assin
gM
idd
leto
n’s
troops.
Meti
sscouts
had
told
Du
tno
nt
that
Can
ad
ian
arm
yw
asclo
se
to
Cla
rke’s
Cro
ssin
gan
dhe
was
an
xio
us
tocarr
yo
nan
acti
ve
pla
n /80
of
gu
eril
law
arf
are
.H
isp
lan
was
tog
et
ahead
of
Mid
dle
ton
’s
troops
an
dh
arr
ass
them
by
nig
ht.
He
ho
ped
that
by
pre
venti
ng
them
fro
msle
ep
ing
the
men
would
bec
om
edem
ora
lized
and
lose
the
7.in
centi
ve
tofig
ht.
Rie
lw
ou
ldn
ot
agre
eto
Duin
ont’
spla
n.
He
Ses
sio
nal
Pap
ers
wis
hed
tohave
the
enem
ystr
ike
the
fir
st
blo
wand
the
Meti
sto
Ibid
.rall
yin
defe
nce
“u
nd
er
the
Alm
ighty
hand
of
Div
ine
Pro
vid
en
ce.”
7
Dum
ont
yie
lded
toR
iel’
spla
nan
dre
main
ed
inB
ato
ch
e,
impati
ent
under
the
restr
icti
ons
impose
du
po
nhim
.H
efin
all
y8.
bec
ame
imp
ati
en
tand
po
inte
do
ut
toR
iel
that
he
was
giv
ing
the
Du
mo
nt’
sA
ccou
nten
emy
too
man
yadvanta
ge.
“A
llri
ghts
”said
Rie
l,“d
oas
you
258
wis
h.”
8D
um
ont
quic
kly
desp
atc
hed
mess
ag
es
toB
igB
ear,
Poundm
aker
P.A
.C.
and
the
Sio
ux
of
Wh
ite
Cap’s
band.
He
then
pre
pare
dan
ambush
alo
ng
the
road
leadin
gto
Fis
hC
reek
toh
old
up
the
pro
gre
ss
of
go
vern
men
ttr
oops
unti
lth
earriv
al
of
India
nall
ies.
On
Apri
l24,
the
batt
leo
fF
ish
Cre
ek
was
fought
betw
een
the
Meti
sand
on
eof
Mid
dle
ton’s
colu
mns.
Lo
uis
Schm
idt’
saccount
of
the
Fis
hC
reek
batt
leb
eg
ins
wit
ha
descri
pti
on
of
ah
asty
bre
ak
fast
whic
hco
rro
bo
rate
sth
e
observ
ati
on
record
ed
inth
em
enti
oned
dia
ry,
“it
seem
sas
though
they
had
just
got
up
fro
mb
reak
fast.
”“T
he
Meti
s..
.Bre
ak
faste
d
hasti
lyin
the
coule
eo
fT
ou
ron
do
rF
ish
Cre
ek
,as
ithas
sin
ce
been
nam
ed.
Their
repast,
bare
lybegun
had
tobe
ab
an
do
ned
for
the
enem
yarr
ived
.
Taken
thus
by
surp
rise,
they
could
take
no
consid
ere
d
posit
ions
for
co
mb
at.
Als
oth
egre
ate
st
num
ber,
Gabri
el
wit
h
them
,h
ad
tow
ithdra
wfo
llo
win
gth
ew
ind
ing
so
fth
eco
ule
e,
un
til
they
were
out
of
sig
ht
of
Mid
dle
ton’s
sold
iers
.T
hey
met
again
at
the
house
of
Cali
xte
Touro
nd
where
they
deli
bera
ted
on
the
mea
ns
tota
ke
tore
turn
wit
hadvanta
ge
toth
ech
arg
eand
especia
lly
toaid
theie
bro
thers
that
they
had
left
inth
eco
ule
e.
Th
ose
,num
beri
ng
ab
ou
t50,
afte
rh
av
ing
tied
their
ho
rses
up
toth
etr
ees
alo
ng
the
riv
er,
found
shelt
er
near
the
top
of
the
ban
ks,
inth
ecra
gg
iness
of
the
terrain
worn
by
the
wate
r,
and
shelt
ere
dat
the
sam
eti
me
by
trees.
Th
ere
they
faced
Mid
dle
ton
and
his
en
tire
arm
yand
held
their
own
thro
ug
hall
that
lon
gand
dis
mal
and
sno
wy
day
.
Hap
pil
ya
good
num
ber
of
Rie
l’s
best
shots
,li
ke
Phil
ippe
Gari
epy,
Jam
es
Short
,B
eau—
ble
Laverd
ure
,G
ilb
ert
Bre
land
,and
oth
ers
were
there
.T
hey
did
much
har
mto
the
enem
yw
ho.co
uld
n’t
dis
lodg
eth
em
.I
don’t
know
how
man
ygunners
they
kn
ock
ed
from
...:
./81
their
guns.
One
or
two
amo
ng
the
rifl
em
en
had
taken
them
specia
lly
as
targ
ets
...
Tow
ard
sn
oo
n,
asp
ok
esm
an
advanced.
It
was
the
inte
rprete
rP
ete
rH
ouri
e..
.He
cri
ed
toth
eM
eti
sto
su
rren
der,
that
they
wo
uld
not
suff
er.
Mem
oirs
ofB
ut
Jam
es
Short
cri
ed
inh
istu
rn:
“You
wit
hd
raw
,o
rI
kil
lL
ou
isyo
u——
Ara
sski
ka
paskis
oti
nle
ave
us
alo
ne.”
And
the
batt
leS
chm
idt
P.A
.C.
resum
ed.”
9 Th
eskil
lan
dd
ete
rmin
ati
on
of
the
Meti
sin
batt
lew
asob
vio
us.
P.
Charl
ebois
wro
teth
at
the
fir
st
tofir
eupon
the
Meti
s
were
Boult
on’s
Sco
uts
whic
hw
ere
join
ed
by
the
Band
FC
ompa
n;’
of
the
90
thB
att
ali
on.
“B
esi
des
Boult
on’s
Scouts
Mid
dle
ton
had
more
than
300
men
,
makin
ga
tota
lof
524
or
who
m60
were
team
ste
rs.
Dum
ont’
s1
30
men
rap
idly
dw
ind
led
.A
few
fled
when
fir
ing
began.
Oth
ers
felt
that
they
were
usele
ss
once
they
had
fire
dall
10th
eir
po
wer
and
shot.
But
the
sk
ill
and
the
dete
rmin
ati
on
of
the
Char
le-
Meti
sis
ob
vio
us
wh
enth
eir
po
or
equip
ment
and
small
nu
mbers
are
bois
consid
ere
d.
Th
ere
were
bu
t54
rem
ain
ing
,w
hen
Ed
ou
ard
Du
mo
nt
cam
elb
id,
p.18
0w
ith
rein
forc
em
ents
fro
mB
ato
che
tod
riv
eb
ack
Mid
dle
ton
’str
oops.”
Tro
ttie
r,
aM
eti
sw
hofo
ught
at
Fis
hC
reek
,te
lls
of
the
arriv
al
of
enfo
rcem
ents
;-
“Whe
nth
ey
cam
eu
pI
shook
hands
wit
hth
emsayin
g,
‘We
are
only
fort
y—
eig
ht,
and
Ith
ink
man
yhave
been
kil
led.
As
Isp
oke,
Isa
wsix
of
our
people
com
eo
ut
of
anoth
er
wood,
bri
ng
ing
our
num
ber
up
tofi
fty
—fo
ur.
Then
when
ou
rpeople
had
com
e,th
ey
(the
Meti
s)w
ante
dto
foll
ow
them
,(t
he
go
vern
men
ttr
oops,)
but
Icall
ed
out:
‘Do
not
foll
ow
them
,w
ehave
done
enough
for
the
present.
’...I
said
toth
em
:‘W
em
ust
try
and
find
cart
sto
take
hom
eth
ew
ounded
this
ev
en
ing
’...
.Wh
en
we
go
tto
geth
er
at
Touro
nd’s
house
Ifo
und
out
that
there
had
no
tbeen
man
yo
four
peo1
ekil
led;
only
fou
rw
ere
mis
sin
g.”
Duri
ng
the
Batt
le,
Iask
ed
conti
nuously
where
my
chil
dre
nw
ere
,T
rott
ier
rep
ort
ed
.
Part
of
Tro
ttie
r’s
rep
ort
port
rays
the
co
ncern
the
Meti
sh
ad
for
the
safe
tyo
fth
eir
next-
of-
kin
duri
ng
the
fighti
ng.
He
told
Garn
ot:
/82
——
“..
.Iask
ed
conti
nuall
yw
here
my
chil
dre
nand
nephew
sw
ere
,
and
Ith
ou
gh
that
all
our
people
had
been
kil
led
ex
cep
ta
few
,
for
no
on
ean
swere
dm
ebut
two
of
my
bo
ys,
and
ev
ery
tim
ew
e
stopped
fir
ing
we
pra
yed
toG
od
...I
tw
asab
ou
t5
o’c
lock
inth
e
evenin
g,
Icall
ed
ou
t,‘W
her
eis
Johnny?’
(My
bro
ther’
sboy,)
an
d
Iheard
him
answ
er
ab
out
ahundre
dyard
sfr
om
us.
Imm
edia
tely
11afte
rh
isansw
er
they
(Mid
dle
ton’s
troops)
fire
dth
ree
cannon
Ses
sio
nal
shots
and
som
erif
leshots
inth
at
dir
ecti
on
.S
om
etim
eaft
erw
ard
s
Pap
ers
Ist
ood
up
and
went
tose
eall
the
people
...T
hen
my
yo
un
gnep
hew
p.19
said
tom
e,‘U
ncle
,co
me
here
,I
want
tosp
eak
toy
ou
.’I
answ
ere
d,
‘Do
not
sti
re
nep
hew
and
do
no
tfe
ar,
Iw
ill
no
tle
av
e
you,
Iw
ill
go
and
see
my
hors
eand
then
Iw
ill
go
toy
ou
.’”
11
“AP
oli
cem
an
spo
ke
tou
sin
the
Cre
eto
ng
ue,”
Lepin
ere
port
ed.
Max
ime
Lepin
e,
am
ember
of
the
Meti
sC
ou
ncil
engaged
inth
e
batt
le,
recounte
dth
ein
cid
ent
of
co
nta
ct
wit
ha
Po
lice
spo
kesm
an
who
spoke
the
Cre
eto
ngue,
als
o.
Louis
Sch
mid
t,in
his
descri
pti
on
of
the
Fis
hC
reek
fig
ht,
iden
tifie
dth
ispers
on
as
the
Poli
ce
inte
rprete
rH
ouri
e.
Lepin
egave
the
foll
ow
ing
acco
un
t:
“..
.all
day
the
bu
llets
seem
tofall
like
hail
.A
ndafte
r...
we
heard
am
anfr
om
amon
gth
eP
oli
ce
shout
tou
s,
speak
ing
inth
e
Cre
eto
ng
ue.
He
said
‘his
nam
eis
Bone,’
and...’
that
we
must
be
hungry
,’and
he
aked
tobe
all
ow
ed
tov
isit
us.
He
als
oask
ed
us
tote
llhim
how
man
yw
ew
ere
.A
ndso
me
of
the
oth
ers
answ
ere
d
him
.B
ut
they
would
not
let
him
com
e.I
was
incli
ned
tole
t
him
com
e,and
felt
tem
pte
dto
tell
him
toco
me,
bu
tI
thought
it
bett
er
tosa
yn
oth
ing
for
fear
of
makin
ga
mis
take
and
bein
g
bla
med
aft
erw
ard
s.
It
occurr
ed
tom
eth
at
wh
ile
he
was
wit
hu
s
12.
the
poli
ce
would
not
fir
e,
and
meanti
me
nig
ht
would
set
inand
Ses
sio
nal
Pap
ers
we
sho
uld
be
able
tog
et
aw
ay.
But
imm
edia
tely
aft
erw
ard
sour
Ibid
.people
cam
eu
pand
the
so
ldie
rsfl
ed
and
did
no
tfir
eag
ain
,and
p.18
we
cam
eaw
ay.
We
pra
yed
all
day
,and
Ith
ink
pra
yer
did
mo
reth
an
the
bu
llets
.“1
2
“I
found
alo
to
fS
iou
x,
Cre
es
and
half
bre
ed
sgoin
gu
pth
eco
ule
e
toh
ead
off
Po
lice,”
said
Gab
riel
Dum
ont.
Gabri
el
Du
mo
nt’
saccount
of
the
Batt
leo
fth
e24
Ap
ril
wen
t
as
foll
ow
s:
“Mr.
Cham
pag
ne
arr
ived.
..H
ere
port
ed
Poli
ce
com
ing
from
the
dir
ecti
on
of
Lit
tle
Mou
nta
in,
on
the
Fourc
he
Ro
ad.
He
ask
ed
for
/83
thir
tym
ento
com
e...H
eask
ed
Mr.
Rie
lif
he
wo
uld
com
ew
ith
them
.M
r.R
iel
consente
d,
ask
ing
for
fort
ym
en.
Nearl
yall
the
peo
ple
wante
dto
com
eaw
ay.
Inth
eend
som
efif
tycam
e.
Aft
er
eati
ng
at
Roger
Goule
t’s
we
sent
the
Sio
ux
ou
tas
scouts
...W
e
halt
ed
on
the
oth
er
sid
eo
fth
eco
ule
e.
..1
myse
lfro
de
out
furt
her.
Iw
ent
ou
to
fth
em
oonli
gh
tin
toa
tuft
of
trees..
.heari
ng
no
thin
g
but
the
flu
te.
Whe
nI
go
tb
ack
toour
peo
ple
they
were
on
their
knees,
pra
yin
g.
..W
ekil
led
ano
xfo
rbre
akfa
st,
and
go
th
ay
for
our
catt
le.
Befo
reeati
ng
we
sent
Mr.
Gil
bert
Bre
land
tose
e
ifth
een
emy
were
com
ing
.A
fter
we
had
eate
nhe
cain
ein.
He
said
that
the
cav
alr
yw
ere
com
ing
on
infr
ont.
We
saddle
dtw
enty
-
seven
ho
rses.
Then
we
wen
tdow
nth
ecoule
eand
po
ste
dou
rselv
es
about
ah
alf
am
ile
fro
mour
people
.M
r.B
te.
Des
cham
ps
told
us
he
saw
atr
ooper
passin
galo
nge
and
then
som
ete
no
nth
eo
ther
sid
e..
.We
then
mounte
dand
pre
pare
dfo
ra
rush
.W
hil
ew
ew
ere
watc
hin
g,
one
of
them
show
edh
imself
tom
eabout
150
yard
soff
.
His
ho
rse
turn
ed
sharp
about
and
we
rushed
str
aig
ht
for
him
.O
ur
men
fir
ed
...I
thin
kth
ey
hit
him
at
the
fir
st
sh
ot.
He
was
no
longer
able
tohandle
his
ho
rse;
then
Ifo
llo
wed
him
and
fire
d
two
sh
ots
at
hii
n...W
eex
ch
an
ged
fir
eag
ain
for
ashort
tim
e.
Th
e
poli
ce
then
cam
ed
ow
nat
once
alo
ngsid
ea
wood.
I...
.met
som
e
people
com
ing
dow
n.
Th
eyw
ere
nearl
yall
Sio
ux.
Iw
asto
lda
Teto
nhad
been
kil
led.
Iask
ed
him
,‘A
reyou
dead?;
He
answ
ere
d
me:
‘No
.‘
Napole
on
Neault
call
ed
ou
tto
me:
‘.
Dum
ont,
Ith
ink
the
India
ns
an
dth
eS
iou.x
are
goin
gto
run
,Y
oubett
er
go
an
dsto
pth
em
.’A
sI
saw
man
yo
fo
ur
peo
ple
who
were
ing
oo
d
heart
,I
an
swere
d:
‘Yes,
I’ll
foll
ow
them
.’W
hen
Ig
ot
near
the
hors
es
Ifo
und
alo
to
fpeople
there
:S
ioux,
Cre
es
rand
som
e
half
—b
reed
s,g
oin
gup
the
co
ule
eahead
of
the
poli
ce
inord
er
13.
toh
ead
them
off
...W
ith
som
eo
fth
eS
ioux
and
som
ehalf
-bre
eds
Gab
riel
Dum
ont
there
were
fif
teen
of
us...a
nIn
dia
nsaid
tom
e:‘D
on
ot
leave
Rep
ort
us;
ifyou
do
man
yw
ill
run
aw
ay.’
Ih
eld
on
for
aw
hil
eand
Batt
leth
en
said
toth
em
:‘T
ryand
fight
yours
elv
es
for
aw
hil
e;
Iof
wil
lg
oand
see
ou
rp
eo
ple
,and
Ipro
mis
eto
com
eback
toyou.
Ap
ril
24.
Ses
sio
nal
Whe
nI
hear
my
men
sh
outi
ng
stu
rdil
yI
kn
ow
they
are
ingo
od
Pap
ers
heart
.”Ib
id.
13
p.21
,(
See
Bre
.Lan
clscouti
ng
repurL
cri
pag
e7
nth
isC
tiate
r.22
“I
do
n’t
kn
ow
ifI
kil
led
man
y,
bu
tI
should
not
hav
em
isse
d
oft
en
,”said
Gab
riel
afte
rth
eb
att
leo
fF
ish
Cre
ek.
Mid
dle
ton’s
troops
at
one
poin
tn
earl
yencir
cle
dth
eM
eti
s
but
as
their
pin
cers
were
clo
sin
gth
eM
eti
ssuddentl
yatt
ack
ed
the
left
win
g,
“Whe
nth
ey
saw
that
Iw
asm
ak
ing
it
too
hot
for
them
”D
um
ont
14.
rela
ted,
“th
ey
began
top
ut
cannon
voll
eys
into
the
thic
ket
hrle
-w
here
Iw
as.
Bra
nches
bre
akin
gall
about
me
were
warn
ing
me
that
Ibid
.it
wasn’t
pru
dent
tosta
yhere
.I
don’t
know
ifI
kil
led
man
y,
p.
182
but
Ish
ould
not
have
mis
sed
often.”
14
/84
—84
—
At
on
eti
me
the
opp
osi
ng
forc
es
were
soclo
se
that
Du
mo
nt
shot
thro
ug
hM
iddle
ton’s
fur
cap
.S
evera
loth
er
sold
iers
were
15.
wounded
,am
ong
them
John
A.
Macd
on
ald
’sso
nH
ug
hJo
hn
Macdonald
.
Char
teG
abri
el
Dum
ont
fin
all
yset
fir
eto
the
prair
iegra
ss
tom
ake
the
[bid
.en
emy
back
off
,sin
ce
they
faced
the
win
d.
This
manoeuvre
pro
ved
.18
2successfu
lan
d“th
ere
d—
coats
ran
off
wit
hout
abackw
ard
loo
k,”
15
Du
mo
nt
recall
ed.
“The
Rebels
ad
van
ced
un
der
cover
of
smoke
out
of
the
ravin
e,”
rep
ort
ed
Mid
dle
ton
toh
issuperi
ors
.
Genera
lM
idd
leto
nsent
aM
ilit
iaand
Defe
nce
Report
of
the
batt
leat
Fis
hC
reek
toO
ttaw
ah
ead
qu
art
ers
on
May
1st,
1885.
Excerp
tsfr
om
this
rep
ort
are
as
foll
ow
s:
“I
had
pre
vio
usly
info
rmed
yo
uo
fth
ed
ivis
ion
so
fm
yfo
rces,
an
don
the
morn
ing
of
the
23
rdboth
colu
mns
advanced
on
the
two
sid
es
of
the
riv
er,
wit
ha
sco
wm
ov
ing
betw
een
them
.W
ehalt
ed
about
18m
iles
dow
nth
eriv
er....A
fte
ra
quie
tnig
ht
we
sta
rted
on
the
mo
rnin
go
fth
e2
4th
at
about
7a.m
.w
ith
the
usual
mil
itary
pre
cauti
on...
Though
Iw
asle
dto
beli
eve
that
the
Rebels
would
no
tco
me
sofa
rto
the
front
toatt
ack
us,
still
Iw
asaw
are
of
the
exis
t
an
ce
of
ara
ther
deep
ravin
eor
cre
ek
ab
ou
tfi
ve
or
six
mil
es
ah
ead
,...O
rie
ap
pro
ach
ing
som
eblu
ffs...w
esuddentl
yre
ceiv
ea
heavy
fir
efr
om
ablu
ffand
som
eg
rou
nd
slo
pin
gback
on
ou
rle
ft,
wh
ich
fir
ew
aslu
ckil
yto
ohig
hto
do
mis
ch
ief.
..t
he
enem
yg
rad
uall
reti
red
alo
ng
the
ravin
e,
wh
ile
ou
rm
enadvanced
slow
lyto
the
crest
of
ad
eep
lyw
oo
ded
part.
..In
this
form
er
rav
ine
asm
all
part
yo
fR
ebels
mad
ea
sta
nd,
inw
hat
we
fou
nd
aft
erw
ard
sto
be
som
ecare
full
y—
constr
ucte
dri
fle—
pit
s.
Th
ese
men
were
evid
en
tly
their
best
shots
-G
abri
el
Dum
ont
bein
gam
ongst
them
,b
ut
were
,
soto
speak,
caught
ina
trap...T
hese
men
were
gra
duall
yre
duced
innum
ber
un
til,
from
aposit
ion
of
ou
rm
en,
it
was
alm
ost
im
po
ssib
lefo
rth
em
toreti
re,
and
they
co
nti
nu
ed
tofir
eat
inte
rvals
,d
oin
ga
good
deal
of
mis
chie
f.C
ap
tain
Pete
rs,
wit
h
gre
at
plu
ck
an
ddash...g
all
antl
yatt
em
pte
dto
dis
lodge
them
,but
they
were
sow
ell
covere
dand
were
able
tob
rin
gsu
ch
heavy
fir
e
on
the
part
yadvancin
gw
ithout
bein
gseen..
.that
Ire
so
lved
to
leav
eth
em
....
co
nte
nti
ng
myse
lfw
ith
exte
ndin
gm
ore
of
the
90th
infr
ont
tow
atc
hth
em
and
sendin
gso
me
shell
sin
toth
eb
luff
now
and
then....In
the
meanti
me,
hav
ing
seen
the
part
of
the
90
thexte
nded....I
gall
op
ed
acro
ss
toth
eri
ght.
..O
narfiv
al
there
Ifo
und
that
the
enem
yw
asin
forc
e,
tryin
gto
turn
our
rig
ht
hav
ing
set
fir
eto
the
prair
ieas
the
win
dw
asblo
win
gto
ward
sus..
Th
eR
ebels
at
this
tim
ead
van
ced
under
co
ver
of
smoke
ou
to
fth
e
ravin
e....and
the
fir
ing
was
trem
en
do
usl
yh
ot,
my
A.D
.C.
Lie
ut.
/85
Doucet,
and
severa
lm
enbein
ghit
.”
Mid
dle
ton
report
ed
that
his
men
were
dri
ven
back
alittle
at
fi±
st
but
soon
rall
ied
and
advanced,
hold
ing
their
ow
n.
Mid
dle
ton
conti
nued:
ileto
n“O
ur
men
were
forc
ed
back
alittle
at
fir
st,
hut
soon
rall
ied
nce
and
advanced
ste
adil
y,
hold
ing
their
own
and
takin
gcover
well
Drt
unti
lusin
gth
eenem
y’s
own
tacti
cs,
we
fair
lydro
ve
them
back,
blu
ffby
blu
ff,
and
they
reti
red
alt
ogeth
er,
goin
goff
as
hard
die
ton
as
they
could
.1, sional
By
about
2p.m
.th
een
emy
had
dis
appeare
dand
all
fir
ing
es
ceased,
except
from
the
men
inth
era
vin
e,
who
seem
ed
by
their
..C.
voic
es
reduced
innum
ber,
and
who
mI
endevoure
dto
reach
by
mea
ns
of
the
guns
from
the
opposit
esid
eof
the
ravin
e,
Ith
ink
success
full
y,
from
the
am
ount
of
blo
od
aft
erw
ard
sfo
und
nth
epit
sand
adead
Sio
ux
found
near
there.”
16
Dum
ont:
My
sold
iers
fought
well
;to
encoura
ge
one
anoth
er
they
sang
the
Falc
on
song.
P.
Charl
ebois
cit
ed
Gabri
el’
saccount
of
the
batt
le,
as
foll
ow
s:
“I
said
toa
Sio
ux,
who
was
wit
hm
e,th
at
Iw
ould
try
togo
thro
ugh
the
bush
toco
me
out
behin
dth
een
emy,
soas
tom
ake
them
thin
kw
ew
ere
much
more
num
ero
us.
Ayoung
India
nsaid
,if
you
leave
us,
we
shall
all
run
aw
ay.
“I
reassure
dhim
by
sayin
gth
at
Iw
asgoin
gto
the
47m
enw
ho
were
still
inth
era
vin
e.
As
it
happened,
Ista
rted
togo,
but
I
could
n’t
get
there
;it
was
cir
cle
dby
enem
ysharp
shoote
rs,
who,
havin
gcro
ssed
the
ravin
elo
wer
dow
n,
had
cli
mbed
into
the
woods
on
the
oth
er
sid
e,
and
their
cannon
consta
ntl
yspat
shra
pnel.
“S
till
my
sold
iers
inth
era
vin
efo
ught
well
,encoura
gin
gone
anoth
er.
Isadore
Dum
as,
how
ever,
bec
ame
fearf
ul;
so,
tore
new
his
assura
nce,
he
began
tosin
gan
old
song
of
Napole
on
I,T
he
Song
of
Pie
rre
Falc
on.
The
oth
ers
pic
ked
itup
inchoru
s,
and
all
regain
ed
their
coura
ge.
“U
nable
tore
join
them
,I
turn
ed
back
toth
em
enI
had
left
inth
eprair
ieth
icket.
My
Sio
ux
had
gone,
and
Ihad
but
seven
men
rem
ain
ing.
Iatt
em
pte
dto
rejo
inm
ym
enin
the
ravin
e,
but
itw
asim
poosib
leto
get
there
wit
hout
facin
gcert
ain
death
.
/86
“I
too
km
yse
ven
men
for
som
eth
ing
toeat
at
Cali
xte
Touro
nd’s
pla
ce.
It
was
then
ab
ou
tsu
nset.
“I
had
hoped
tog
et
help
fro
mB
ato
ch
e.
But
Rie
ld
idnot
want
toall
ow
men
tole
av
e;
he
reassure
dth
epeople
,te
llin
gth
em
that
we
wo
uld
not
suff
er
much
harm
.
“M
eanti
me
my
bro
ther,
Edouard
,heari
ng
the
can
no
n,
had
ask
ed
Rie
lto
all
ow
him
tole
av
e.
Fin
all
yh
esaid
:w
hen
my
kin
are
indan
ger
Icannot
rem
ain
here
,and
he
raced
tou
sw
ith
80h
ors
em
en
.
“I
had
managed
toshif
tth
een
emy
lines;
the
regula
rsh
ad
backed
off
wh
ile
the
volu
nte
ers
co
nti
nu
ed
the
fig
ht.
“We
hurr
ied
into
the
thic
ket
at
their
rear,
and
on
heari
ng
our
shouts
they
ran,
leavin
gso
me
of
their
bag
gag
e.
Th
ed
octo
r
forg
ot
his
medic
ine
ch
est,
wit
htw
obott
les
of
bra
ndy.
We
dra
nk
his
healt
h.
“I
tho
ug
ht
of
purs
uit
,b
ut
my
boys
were
wet
and
chil
led
to
the
bone;
it
had
rain
ed
all
day
.It
was
now
ab
ou
teig
ht
o’c
lock
inth
eevenin
g.
17.
Qui
met
:“M
ayP
rovid
ence
be
ble
ssed,
duri
ng
the
whole
day
of
co
nti
nu
ou
sL
aQ
ues
tio
n.
Met
isse
an
dbit
ter
fighti
ng,
we
lost
bu
tfo
ur
men
;tw
oS
ioux,
my
nep
hew
As
St.
Pie
rre
azd
Jo
se
Verm
ett
e.
Tw
ooth
ers
were
wounded;
Fra
ncois
site
dB
ayer,
my
nephew
,an
dM
ich
el
Desja
rlais
,w
hod
ied
thre
edays
P.
late
r.
Char
lebois
Ibid
.p
.p.
182
“We
took
ou
rdead
and
ou
rw
ou
nd
ed
,th
en
head
ed
for
Bato
che.”
183
ii
An
eyew
itness
report
ed:
Inth
eC
anadia
nca
mp
ate
nt
flag
hid
the
bu
llet’
sw
ork
.It
was
the
most
horr
ible
sig
ht
Iever
wit
nessed
.
Bo
thfo
rces
receiv
ed
help
at
the
last
mo
men
t.A
sexpla
ined
(in
the
fore
go
ing
account)
by
Gab
riel
Dum
ont,
the
Meti
sw
ere
eventu
all
ysupport
ed
by
80hors
em
en;
among
them
Edouard
,G
ab
riel’
s
bro
ther.
Mid
dle
ton’s
help
cain
efr
om
his
seco
nd
co
lum
nw
hic
hhad
mad
eth
eir
way
acro
ss
the
riv
er;
but
the
Can
ad
ian
sd
idn
ot
pre
ss
forw
ard
toatt
ack
again
.T
he
Genera
lw
asstill
no
tcert
ain
of
the
str
ength
of
Du
mo
nt’
sfo
rce.
His
mil
itia
men
wit
hdre
wti
red,
chil
lec
and
sho
ck
ed
by
the
casualt
ies
they
had
suff
ere
d.
Dum
ont
su
gg
este
d
acoun
tera
ttack
,b
ut
his
men
were
no
longer
wil
lin
gto
su
sta
inth
e
acti
on.
Rea
dy
for
resp
ite
they
wit
hd
rew
,als
o.
Aco
rresp
on
den
tw
ith
the
govern
ment
forc
es
wro
teo
fth
ecease
fir
eat
Fis
hC
reek:
/87
“At
five
o’c
lock
the
fir
ing
from
the
enem
yhad
alm
ost
enti
rely
ceased
and
there
was
every
indic
ati
on
that
not
more
than
adozen
rem
ain
ed
inth
era
vin
e,
the
larg
est
part
of
the
forc
e
havin
gesc
aped
toth
eeastw
ard
.O
new
ould
natu
rall
yask
why
they
were
not
com
ple
tely
surr
ounded.
Icannot
answ
er
the
questi
on
any
more
than
you
can
why
the
thir
ty—
five
mounte
dre
bels
who
had
a
parl
ey
wit
hH
ow
ie,
the
inte
rpete
r,
were
all
ow
ed
tori
de
toth
e
east
out
of
their
rif
lepit
sand
jeer
at
our
troops,
who
were
ord
ere
dto
reti
re
toth
eca
mp
by
the
river
bank.
Neit
her
can
I
expla
inw
hyth
escouts
report
ed
this
morn
ing
that
these
sam
e
thir
ty—
five
were
all
ow
ed
toreti
re
toth
isra
vin
e.
The
hospit
al
tents
were
inth
ere
ar
of
the
centr
e,
and
the
accom
modati
ons
for
18.
the
wounded
were
am
ple
.E
very
com
fort
was
giv
en
toth
ose
who
were
c.p
.hit
,and
the
docto
rsw
ere
cool
and
effic
ient.
The
dead
who
mw
e
Mul
vane
yw
ere
able
tobri
ng
from
the
fie
ldw
ere
laid
besid
eone
of
the
Form
erly
of
No.
1hospit
al
tents
,and
were
all
ow
ed
tore
main
inpla
invie
w.
The
Com
pany
mora
leffect
of
cours
ew
asbad.
Late
ra
tent
flag
hid
the
Que
en’s
bull
ets
’w
ork
.T
he
chara
cte
rof
the
wounds
was
two-f
old
.W
her
e
Ow
nth
efo
rty—
five
cali
bre
Win
cheste
rhad
been
use
dth
eorif
ice
of
Rif
les,
The
the
hurt
was
cle
an
cut.
At
clo
se
quart
ers
their
(the
Meti
s)
His
tory
shot
guns
mad
every
jagged
and
terrib
lein
jurie
s.
Duck
shot,
Nort
h-
round
ball
,pie
ces
of
lead,
irregula
rin
shape,
had
been
use
din
11iori
loadin
gth
eguns,
and
inm
any
insta
nces
the
pro
be
foll
ow
ed
the
A.H
.tr
ack
of
one
bull
et,
whil
eth
em
ort
al
wound
lay
ina
tota
lly
Hov
eydif
ferent
dir
ecti
on.”
&C
o.18
Toro
nto
1885
The
sold
ier’s
dia
rycit
ed
earli
er
record
ed
anentr
yre
lati
ng
toth
edead
and
wounded,
on
Apri
l26:
19.
“Took
aw
alk
round
tose
eth
edead
and
wounded
yeste
rday
Sold
ier
saft
ern
oon.
It
was
the
most
horr
ible
sig
ht
Iever
wit
nessed.”
Dia
ry19
P.A
.C.
Of
the
Canadia
nm
ilit
ia,
ten
were
kil
led
inbatt
leor
die
dof
wounds,
and
fort
yw
ere
wounded.
Mid
dle
ton
told
Caro
nth
at
he
regre
tted
the
list
of
kil
led
and
wounded
was
sola
rge.
He
expla
ined:
“Alittle
afte
rfi
ndin
gth
efir
ing
had
cease
dand
the
enem
y
fled,
except
the
two
or
thre
ew
hom
Ile
ft
there
for
the
reason
above
menti
oned
and
as
ath
under
storm
was
com
ing
up
--
havin
g
rem
oved
the
dead,
and
sent
off
the
wounded,
we
pit
ched
cam
p
am
idst
asevere
thunders
torm
inan
open
spot
clo
se
toth
esc
ene
of
the
fig
ht,
whic
hhad
been
sele
cte
dby
Lord
Melg
und,
as
above
menti
oned.
Iappen.i
anoffic
ial
list
of
the
kil
led
and
wounded,
whic
hI
regre
tis
sola
rge,
but
whic
his
not
larg
er
than
mig
ht
/88
—uo
—
be
expecte
d,
co
nsid
eri
ng
the
cir
cum
sta
nces
under
whic
hw
ew
ere
att
ack
ed
,an
dth
efa
ct
that
not
am
anin
the
forc
ebut
my
self
20.
had
ever
befo
rebeen
under
fir
e.
More
over
Ihad
only
abo
ut
350
Car
onm
enin
acti
on
and
Iesti
mate
the
enem
yat
ab
ou
t3
00
.A
sre
gard
sP
aper
sR
eport
their
loss,
all
we
actu
all
yfo
un
do
nth
efie
ldw
asth
ree
dead
of
the
Ind
ians,
but
Iam
co
nfi
den
tth
ey
must
have
su
sta
ined
ato
lera
bly
Maj
or
Gen
eral
sev
ere
loss,
as
they
would
not
have
ab
an
do
ned
sostr
on
ga
posit
ion,
Com
man
d-an
don
e,
from
the
am
ou
nt
of
food
we
fou
nd
inth
ed
ifferent
houses,
App
endi
xth
ey
evid
entl
yexpecte
dto
occu
py
for
som
etim
e.”
20
P.A
.C.
Inclo
sin
gM
idd
leto
nm
enti
oned
the
assis
tan
ce
of
alittle
bu
gle
r,“W
illi
am
Bu
ch
an
an
,”o
fth
e9
0th
Regim
ent,
“who
mad
e21
.him
self
parti
cula
rusefu
lin
carr
yin
gam
munit
ion
toth
eri
ght
Car
onP
aper
sfr
ont
wh
enth
efir
ew
asvery
hot;
this
he
did
wit
hparti
cula
rIb
id.
nonchala
nce,
walk
ing
calm
lyabout,
cry
ing:
‘Now
bo
ys,
who’s
for
cart
ridges.
‘“21
Th
eM
eti
slo
sses
were
fou
rk
ille
dand
two
wo
un
ded
.
On
May
13,
Mid
dle
ton
rep
ort
ed
toC
aro
nth
at
the
“re
bels
”
had
inte
nd
ed
tocap
ture
and
toh
old
him
as
ho
sta
ge
soth
at
they
mig
ht
neg
oti
ate
term
sw
ith
the
Go
vern
men
t.H
eals
ore
po
rted
the
Meti
slo
sses
bu
tin
accura
tely
told
of
am
uch
hig
her
nu
mb
ero
f
casualt
ies.
“May
13
th.
Ifi
nd
fro
mp
ap
ers
cap
ture
dat
Bato
ch
ey
este
rday
that
the
num
ber
of
the
Rebels
at
Fis
hC
reek
was
25
0u
nd
er
Gabri
el
Dum
ont,
that
they
had
inte
nd
ed
tole
tm
een
ter
the
rav
ine
or
crest,
an
dth
en
destr
oy
us,
takin
gm
ep
riso
ner,
and
hold
ing
me
as
ah
osta
ge
toassis
tth
em
inm
akin
gte
rms
wit
hth
eG
overn
men
tat
22.
Ott
aw
a.
Their
schem
ew
asd
efe
ate
db
ym
yhavin
gm
yscouts
sofa
rC
aron
Pap
ers
inadvan
ce,
whic
hobli
ged
them
tofir
eo
nth
em
,and
thus
dis
clo
sed
Ibid
.th
eir
posit
ion.
Ials
ofi
nd
now
that
the
Rebels
had
11k
ille
d
or
die
dof
wounds,
an
d18
wounded
at
Fis
hC
reek.
FRE
DM
IDD
LE
TO
N
Majo
rG
en
era
l
Co
mm
and
ing
Can
ad
ian
Mil
itia
and
N.W
.
Fie
ldF
orce.”
22
Mid
dle
ton
said
late
rth
at
he
had
men
and
offic
ers
who
had
nev
er
been
under
fir
e.
Off
icers
and
men
were
“gre
en,”
he
said
.
Mid
dle
tori
was
sev
erl
ycrit
iciz
ed
for
his
decis
ion
todiv
ide
the
Canadain
afo
rces
an
dfo
r“havin
gexpose
dhim
self
unw
isely
,”
at
the
Batt
leo
fF
ish
Cre
ek
,b
ut
he
defe
nd
ed
him
self
sayin
g: ./
89
—89
—
“I
could
n’t
do
oth
erw
ise,”
Ihad
gre
en
troops,
an
d,
wo
rse
still,
gre
en
offic
ers
-—
gre
en
inth
ese
nse
that
they
had
never
been
under
fir
eb
efo
re.
They
did
well
and
bra
vely
,but
wh
ile
you
can
dril
la
man
into
aso
ldie
rin
afe
wm
onth
s,it
tak
es
years
toeducate
offic
ers
inw
hom
ag
en
era
lco
mm
andin
gcan
have
imp
licit
confi
dence.
IfI
had
been
inco
mm
and
of
regula
rs,
or,
possib
ly,
ifL
ord
Mel
gund
had
been
wit
hm
efr
om
the
fir
st,
I
wo
uld
hav
eta
ken
aposit
ion
inre
ar
of
the
line
of
batt
le,
set
up
my
flag,
an
dsen
tm
yord
ers
.I
would
hav
edone
this
,th
at
is
as
soon
as
the
troops
had
been
inspir
ed
wit
hco
nfi
den
ce.
Iv
alu
e
Mul
vane
ym
yli
fe
as
much
as
any
one
can,
and
itis
no
tn
ecessary
top
rov
eIb
id.
my
bra
very
,at
least
inE
ngla
nd
where
Iam
know
n,
but
it
was
necessary
that
Ish
ou
ldn’t
dodge.
By
the
way
,“p
oin
tin
gto
his
Astr
achan
cap
wit
ha
sm
ile,”
ifI
had
been
du
ck
ing
when
that
fell
ow
hit
me
the
bull
et
would
have
go
ne
into
the
top
of
my
head
and
my
quie
tus
made.
If
Ih
ad
n’t
expose
dm
yse
lfy
ou
wo
uld
all
have
been
scalp
ed.
Iam
inan
em
barr
assin
g,
but
not
an
ov
el
posit
ion.”
23
The
foll
ow
ing
ex
cerp
tfr
om
aM
ilit
iaco
rresp
on
den
t’s
lett
er
giv
es
anid
ea
of
the
feeli
ng
sw
ith
whic
hth
eC
an
ad
ain
tro
op
s
regard
ed
the
enem
y:
“Th
efe
eli
ng
that
the
Half
—bre
eds
have
been
wro
ng
ed
,th
at
the
Govern
ment
had
been
cri
min
all
yn
eg
lig
en
tin
its
treatm
ent
of
their
cla
ims,
and
that
the
poli
ticia
ns
should
be
held
acco
un
tab
lefo
r
the
whole
tro
ub
le,
gro
ws
more
deep
lyro
ote
dand
more
wid
ely
spre
acL
The
sig
ht
of
these
com
fort
ab
leh
om
esand
the
couple
dknow
ledge
Mul
vane
yth
at
the
men
who
reare
dth
em
,suff
ere
dth
eri
go
urs
of
fron
tier
Ibid
.li
fe
and
foste
red
alo
ve
for
the
very
soil
itself
,cannot
get
suffic
ient
title
tora
ise
$10
by
mo
rtg
ag
eo
none
tho
usa
nd
acre
s
bri
ng
shom
eto
ev
ery
man
the
reali
tyo
fth
ere
sid
en
t’s
grie
vances.