1.Descriptive Mineralogy

8/7/2019 1.Descriptive Mineralogy

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Classification of Minerals byClassification of Minerals by Anionic Species Anionic Species

(Anions are negative ions)(Anions are negative ions)

Ulva Ria Irfan

April 2011


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SilicatesSilicatesNon silicatesNon silicates


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Anions are Negative Ions Anions are Negative Ions

May be single species May be single speciesOO 22--, F, F --, Cl, Cl--, S, S 22--

May be anionic group (polyanion): May be anionic group (polyanion):COCO 33

22--, SO, SO 44

22--, PO, PO 44

33--

Silicates are classified by Silicates are classified by polymerization of thepolymerization of thesilicatesilicate polyanion.polyanion.

Isolated tetrahedraIsolated tetrahedra ChainsChains SheetsSheets FrameworksFrameworks


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SilicatesSilicates

OrthosilicatesOrthosilicates

SorosilicatesSorosilicates CyclosilicatesCyclosilicates Chain SilicatesChain Silicates Layer SilicatesLayer Silicates TektosilicatesTektosilicates

Lih : file 8 struktur


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Orthosilicates: (SiOOrthosilicates: (SiO 44))44--

Isolated SiOIsolated SiO 44 tetrahedratetrahedra Olivine Group (Mg Olivine Group (Mg 22SiOSiO 44)) Garnet Group (Mg Garnet Group (Mg 33 Al Al22SiSi 33OO 1212 )) Aluminosilicate Group (Al Aluminosilicate Group (Al 22SiOSiO 55)) Staurolite, Zircon, Titanite Staurolite, Zircon, Titanite


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NonNon--SilicatesSilicates

Native ElementsNative Elements HalidesHalides SulfidesSulfides OxidesOxides HydroxidesHydroxides CarbonatesCarbonates SulfatesSulfates PhosphatesPhosphates


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Native ElementsNative Elements


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Native ElementsNative Elements(no anions)(no anions)

Pure elements that occur as Pure elements that occur as mineralsminerals Graphite, diamond (C)Graphite, diamond (C) Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S) Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu)Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu)

Iron (kamacite)Iron (kamacite) Nickel (taenite)Nickel (taenite) As, Te, Se, Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Ru, Rh As, Te, Se, Pt, Ir, Os, Pd, Ru, Rh


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Native Elements: MetalsNative Elements: Metals

F e, Co, Ni: MeteoritesF e, Co, Ni: MeteoritesP

latinum Group: (Ru, Rh,Pd

, Os, Ir,P

t):P

latinum Group: (Ru, Rh,Pd

, Os, Ir,P

t):Mafic Igneous RocksMafic Igneous Rocks

Coinage metals: Cu, Ag, AuCoinage metals: Cu, Ag, Au Cu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfi d eCu, Ag: Supergene Enrichments (Sulfi d eOxi d ation)Oxi d ation)

Au: Low Temperature Hy d rothermal, P lacer Au: Low Temperature Hy d rothermal, P lacer


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Platinum Group MetalsPlatinum Group Metals

Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, PtRu, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt Strongly siderophile elements Strongly siderophile elements Enriched in Fe meteorites Enriched in Fe meteorites Found in layered mafic intrusions Found in layered mafic intrusions

Bushvelt Complex (South Africa)Bushvelt Complex (South Africa) Stillwater Complex (Montana)Stillwater Complex (Montana)

Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)Skaergaard Complex (Greenland)


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Native Elements: Cu, Ag, AuNative Elements: Cu, Ag, Au

Cu and Ag: Supergene EnrichmentCu and Ag: Supergene Enrichment Oxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides inOxidation of Cu, Ag sulfides in unsaturated zoneunsaturated zone

Precipitation of metal, oxides andPrecipitation of metal, oxides and carbonates atcarbonates atwater tablewater table Ag and Au: hydrothermal Ag and Au: hydrothermal

Native metals and telluridesNative metals and tellurides Au: placer Au: placer

oxidized hydrothermaloxidized hydrothermal


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Native Elements: non metalsNative Elements: non metals

Carbon: Carbon: Graphite: Metamorphic RocksGraphite: Metamorphic Rocks

Diamond: KimberlitesDiamond: Kimberlites Sulfur (+Se): Sulfur (+Se): Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction),Salt Domes (Sulfate reduction),

Volcanos (H2S oxidation)Volcanos (H2S oxidation) Tellurium (Te) Telluride Tellurium (Te) Tellurideoxidationoxidation


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Native Elements: CarbonNative Elements: Carbon

Graphite (Low Pressure)Graphite (Low Pressure) Metamorphosed OrganicMetamorphosed Organic- -rich sedimentsrich sediments

Diamond (High Pressure >100km) Diamond (High Pressure >100km) KimberlitesKimberlites Placers from kimberlitesPlacers from kimberlites


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HalidesHalides

anion is F, Cl, Br or Ianion is F, Cl, Br or I

Halogens are the elements F, Cl, Br, I Halogens are the elements F, Cl, Br, IHalogens are monovalent anionsHalogens are monovalent anions Halite (NaCl), Sylvite (KCl) Halite (NaCl), Sylvite (KCl) Fluorite (CaF2) Fluorite (CaF2) Cryolite Na3AlF6 Cryolite Na3AlF6


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Sulfides: anion is SSulfides: anion is S

Sulfur is anion, but is more covalent thanSulfur is anion, but is more covalent than ionic ionic Pyrite, marcasite (FeSPyrite, marcasite (FeS 22), Chalcopyrite (CuFeS), Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 22)) Sphalerite ZnS, Galena (PbS)Sphalerite ZnS, Galena (PbS) Chalcocite Cu2S, Covellite (CuS), BorniteChalcocite Cu2S, Covellite (CuS), Bornite(Cu5FeS4)(Cu5FeS4)

Realgar (AsS), Orpiment (As2S3), Cinnabar (HgS)Realgar (AsS), Orpiment (As2S3), Cinnabar (HgS) Stibnite (Sb2S3), Molybdenite (MoS2)Stibnite (Sb2S3), Molybdenite (MoS2)

Sulfide minerals typically have Sulfide minerals typically have metallic luster, covalentmetallic luster, covalentbondingbonding and occur in hydrothermal veins.and occur in hydrothermal veins.Only rarely do they occur at theOnly rarely do they occur at the surface.surface.


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Oxides (Single):Oxides (Single):

anion is O (no polyanion)anion is O (no polyanion) Hemi Hemi- -oxide Cuprite (Cuoxide Cuprite (Cu 22O), Ice (HO), Ice (H 22O)O) Monoxides Monoxides

Periclase group MgO, FeO, CaO, MnOPericlase group MgO, FeO, CaO, MnO Zincite ZnO, Bromellite BeOZincite ZnO, Bromellite BeO

Sesquioxides Sesquioxides Corundum Al2O3, Hematite Fe2O3Corundum Al2O3, Hematite Fe2O3 Dioxides Dioxides Rutile TiO2, Cassiterite SnO2, PyrolusiteRutile TiO2, Cassiterite SnO2, Pyrolusite

MnO2MnO2


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Oxides (Complex)Oxides (Complex)

anion is Oanion is O

Ilmenite FeTiO3 Ilmenite FeTiO3 Spinel Group Spinel Group

Spinel MgAl2O4, Magnetite Fe3O4Spinel MgAl2O4, Magnetite Fe3O4

Perovskite CaTiO3 Perovskite CaTiO3


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CarbonatesCarbonates

CarbonatesCarbonates Anion is (CO Anion is (CO 33))22--

Calcite CaCO3, Rhodochrosite MnCO3 Calcite CaCO3, Rhodochrosite MnCO3 Siderite FeCO3, Smithsonite ZnCO3 Siderite FeCO3, Smithsonite ZnCO3 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Aragonite CaCO3, Witherite BaCO3 Aragonite CaCO3, Witherite BaCO3 Strontianite SrCO3,Cerussite PbCO3 Strontianite SrCO3,Cerussite PbCO3 Malachite and Azurite Malachite and Azurite


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Sulfates and Phosphates:Sulfates and Phosphates:

(SO(SO 4)4)22-- and (POand (PO 44))33--

Barite (BaSO4), Celestine (SrSO4) Barite (BaSO4), Celestine (SrSO4) GypsumCaSO4 2H O .2H2O GypsumCaSO4 2H O .2H2O Anhydrite CaSO4 Anhydrite CaSO4 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3OH Apatite Ca5(PO4)3OH Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)84H2O Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)84H2O


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HydroxidesHydroxides

anion is OHanion is OH

Brucite Mg(OH)2 Brucite Mg(OH)2 Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Diaspore AlOOH(Bauxite) Diaspore AlOOH(Bauxite) Goethite FeOOH Goethite FeOOH


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Native Elements: DiamondNative Elements: Diamond


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TUGAS 1TUGAS 1

1. BUAT RESUME TENTANG KLASIFIKASI1. BUAT RESUME TENTANG KLASIFIKASIMINERAL BERDASARKAN ION NEGATIFMINERAL BERDASARKAN ION NEGATIF

(ANION).(ANION).2. CARI LITERATUR (MINIMAL 3) YANG2. CARI LITERATUR (MINIMAL 3) YANG

BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN POINT 1, DANBERHUBUNGAN DENGAN POINT 1, DANTAMBAHKAN DALAM RESUME.TAMBAHKAN DALAM RESUME.

3. GUNAKAN FORMAT PENULISAN YANG3. GUNAKAN FORMAT PENULISAN YANGBAKU.BAKU.

Documents

1.Descriptive Mineralogy