1981 CAPM 50-3 Civil Air Patrol Leadership Laboratory Volume 1

7/28/2019 1981 CAPM 50-3 Civil Air Patrol Leadership Laboratory Volume 1

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CAPM 50-35 March l98l

LABORATORYANUALVOLUME

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PREFACEBecause of th e importance of effectiveleaders o the future of Civil Ai r patrol an dthis Nation, leadership raining, to be given nthe leadership aboratory, is prescribedas oneof the four major program factors of the CApCadet Program. This is fitt ing and proper.Leadership is a fascinating and challengingart, but it is an ar t that can be learned withstudy and practice. By definition, leadershipis the ar t of influencing an d directing peoplein a way that will wi n their obedience, onfi-dence, respect, an d loyal cooperation inachievinga common objective. In addition, itis the responsibilityof Civil Air Patrol to pro-vide its cadet members the opportunity todevelop their leadership capabilities to th eutmost. This manual contains some of theprinciples and techniques hat, when properlyapplied,will help achieve hi s purpose.Th e leadership laboratory of the CApcadet program provides for cadet progressthrough four increasingly challenging cate-gories of responsibility: participant - fol-lower, participant - leader, planner - super-visor, and adviser - counselor. Cadets inPhase I and those in the first three achieve-ments of Phase I have the statusof partici-pant-followers n leadership aboratory. Theyar e introduced to and acquire a basicknowl-

edgeof fundarnentalmilitary drill. As they in-crease heir experienceand proficiency duringtlie last three achievementsn phaseII, theybecome participant-leaders.During the parti-cipant-leader phase, cadets assume positionsof responsibilityand authority in which theyinstruct both individual members and squadsin executing basic facing movements anclmarching movements. In the phase IIIleadersliip laboratory, cadets are given addi-tional responsibility and authority as planner-supervisors. They develop growing leadershipskills through the supervision of subordinatecadets and the application of problem-solvingtechniques. Phase IV cadets serveas specialadvisers and counselors and seek to improvethe knowledge and proficiency of the entireunit.The following table is to be used in pre-senting the material in this manual to the par-ticipants in the leadership aboratory. (Note:Chapter numbers correspond to achievementnumbers.)

First ThreeAchievements 2,3,4Last ThreeAchievements 5.6.1PHASE II 8.9. I0 . I IPHASE V 12,13,14,15As cadets progress through each phaseof the cadet program, they must master theparts of this manual that ar e prescribedabovefor that phase of th e leadership aboratory.No t only must they master the requiredmaterial during each phase of the leadership

laboratory, they must also retain mastery otthat material as they go on to ancl throughsucceeding hases. Only in this way ca n theylay a firm foundation upon which to improveand increase their leadershipknowledge an dskills.To attain - and retain - masterv of th eprinciples and techniques described in thismanual, cadets must continually study andpractice to become proficient - to improveold skills and to developne w ones. If they dothis, they will attain the objectives set foreach phase of the program and their leader-ship growth will be constant an d well-founded.

Cadetsn:PHASEPHASE I

MustMasterChapters:I

THE CAP MOTTOSEMPERVIGILANS _ALWAYS VIGILANT

THE CADET OATHI pledge that I will serve aithfully in the CivilAir Patrol cadetprogram,an d that I will attendmeetings egularly, participate actively n unitactivities,obey my officers, wear my uniformproperly, an d advancemy educationand train-in g rapidly to preparemyself to be of service omy community, state,and nation .

In the interestof easier eading, lease onstrueeach hird person,singular eferenceo "he," "his,""him," or "himself" o mean "he or she," "his orhers," "himor her,"or "himself r herself."


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TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER .THELEADERSHIP ABORATORYTNCIVIL AIR PATROL . . . . . . . .ISect ionA- PurposesandObject ives. . . . . . . . . .1

*illlli.i*;;.'#ffil,0'n,.........'...- '. lCHAPTER -LEADERSHIP ABORATORYOBJECTIVES OR PHASE I . . . . ., .34Sect ionA- Commands .. .34Sect ionB- Colors . . . . . . . . .35CHEPTEN -COMMANDS ND THE COMMANDVOICE. . . . , , . . . .42Sect ionA- Responsibi l i t iesofheCadetNCO . . . .42Sect ionB- GivingCommands . . . . . .43CHAPTER4-DRILLOFTHEFLIGHT ,, , . . , .47

Sect ionA- Format ionsandMarching. . . . . . . . . . .47Sect ionB- Marching . . . . . . .52Section - Manual f theGuidon . . .57CHAPTER -METHODSOFTRAINING. . . . . ,59Sect ionA- Dri l lasaLeadenhipabTechnique . . . .59Sect ionB- Inter iorGuard . . . .60CHAPTER6-DRILLOFTHESQUADRON.. . . . . . . .65Section - Rules or Squadron rill . . .65Sect ionB- Format ions . . . . . . .66Sect ionC- RaisingandLoweringtheFlag . . . . . . .71CHAPTER .RESPONSIBILITIESOFTHECADETOFFICER .. , . ,75


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CHAPTERTHEEADERSHIPABORATORYINCIVILIR ATROLCHAPTER I

As a cadet member of Civil Air Patrol,yo uhave the privilege of participating in the fin-es t program of its kind in the world. One facetof the CAP cadet program - the leadershiplaboratory - givesyo u an unequalled oppor-tunity to develop your leadershipabilit ies toth e fullest. The CA P leadersliip aboratory isnot easy. It will reqttiremuch hard work, an dlike everything n life, what you ge t ou t of thelaboratory will depend on what you put intoit. One thing is certian,however. Th e resultsthat you ca n attain in th e leadership abora-tory will far exceed he effort you must ex -pend, and when you finish the program youwill be better informed, more matute, an dmore understanding than when you started'

SectionAPURPOSEAND OBJECTIVESTh e purpose of the Civil Ai r Patrol cadetprogram is the developrnent of dynamicAmericans and aerospaceeaders' The leader-ship laboratory offers a practical method ofdeveloping leadership potential an indis-pensableelement of the ultirnate goal. This

manual is intended to provide the necessarytools for such development. It is correlatedwith the standard meeting schedules andoverall objectives of the CAP cadet program,and it is to be used as the basis or the leader-ship laboratory program prescribed in CAPM50-16, "The Leader 's landbook for t he CadetProgram."

I. PURPOSEOF THE LEADERSHIPLABORATORY.The content of the leadership aboratoryprogram factor is designed to provide youwith an opportunity to become proficient inthe following seven major areas: (l ) Leader-ship Laboratory Methods, (2 ) Military Dril lTechniques and Ceremonies, (3 ) Th e CAPUniform, (4 ) Customs and Courtesies n CivilAir Patrol, (5 ) Security Functions of the In -terior Guard, (6 ) Characteristicsan d Princi-ples of Leadership, and (7 ) Techniques ofLeadership. As you progress through theprogram, your relationship to the requiredactivities changes. During the program, youwill participate in the following four increas-ingly responsible eadershipstages: l) Parti-cipant - Follower, (2 ) Participant - Leader,(3 ) Planner - Supervisor,and (4 ) Adviser --Counselor.

2. THE PURPOSE OF DRILL IN THELEADERSHIP LABORATORYIn educational terms, a laboratory courseis one in which the studentsgain knowledgeof chemical, physical, or human processes

from a planned series of problem-solvingassignments nd direct experience. The CAPleadership aboratory is no exception; how-ever, leadershipproblems and their solutionscannot be reduced o formulas. Leadershipthe ability to guide or direct the actions ofothers so as to gain their willing cooperationin doing a job, sometimesa job they neither


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want to do nor know how to do - is a humanprocess,and it lends itself to teaching throughth e laboratory method. Since it is not thesum total of set formulas or rules. it is notpossible o provide you with the kind of labor-atory manual used in a chemistry or physicsclass. Nor is it possible o supply you withstandardizedmaterialsor with specificanswersto the problems you will meet in the leader-ship laboratory. Nevertheless, s a CAP cadetand a potential leader, you must learn torecognize,analyze,and solve eadershipprob-lems when they occur. The CAP leadershiplaboratorywill help you do this.A laboratory for the developmentof lead-ership could be designedaround almost an ykind of cooperativeactivity. Drill as he medi-um for the leadership aboratory hasnumerousadvantages. It is relatively easy to teach. Itrequires close teamwork of small, medium, orlargegroups. It is a necessary kil l for success-fu l membership in Civil Air Patrol and musteventually be learned. Whendone well, it hasaunifying effect that promotes discipline andespritde corps.However, the most important reason forusing drill in the leadership aboratory is thatit is a meansby which yo u can gradually pro-gress rom the simple to the difficult. In per-forming the drill movements, yo u start withthe simple, basic facings,and advance o theelaboratemaneuvers f a full review. In solvingthe leadershipproblems that arise during thisprocess, you start with the relatively simpleproblems of the squad leaders and progressto the complex problems of the cadet com-mander.The techniques that are the goals of theleadership laboratory are not peculiar to CivilAi r Patrol. The managerof a baseball eamand a flight commander use essentially thesame techniques of leadership; likewise, thepresident of a corporation and the commanderof a large CAP unit practice much the sameleadership. Becauseof this similarity, many

successful CAP leaders move smoothly intopositions of leadership in business, govern-ment, and the professions.The leadership laboratory must not belimited to the drill field. Leadership s an inte-gral part of all CAP activities, and the conceptsand methods of the laboratory must be applied

in the classrooms, offices, and operationalfacilities of the unit aswell as on the drill field.You cannot become a leader - proficient inwearing the uniform, in military courtesy, inmilitary discipline - in one laboratory, or inone meeting, or in one phase. Yo u must studyand practice over a period of time, and youmust receivefrequent, repetitive training frompatient, understanding, skilled instructors.

3. OVERVIEW OF OBJECTIVESCertain objectives, ll interdependent, avebeen assigned o the leadership aboratory foreach phaseof the program. Several objectivesoverlap or are repeated n later phases.There isa sound reason for this - what you learn andthen practice n succeedingmonths and yearswill take on new meaning and importance astime goes by and as you an d the conditionsthat surroundyo u change.As you advance through the leadershiplaboratory program, you must know what youwill be expected o do, and then learn o do it.To instruct well, you must know more thanth e studentsyou teach. To supervise roperly,you must know what is expected of the in-structors. To givewise counsel, our combinedexperience, skil ls, and knowledge must bebroad enough for you to solve the variedproblems you may encounter. Much of yoursuccess s a cadet n Phases and II will dependon the kind of supervision and leadershipyoureceive from advancedcadets. And when youbecome an advanced cadet, much of thesuccess f those in your charge will dependonhow well you superviseand lead them.As you progress hrough the program andbecome increasingly proficient in exercisingleadership skills, you will be given corres-ponding responsible assignments. You willacquire the ability to handle this increasedresponsibility in stages, which, in general,corresponds with the four phasesof the cadet

program.4. LEADERSHIP LABORATORYOBJECTIVES FOR PHASE I

As a cadet in the Phase leadership abor-atory, you acquire a basic knowledge of thefundamentals of militarv drill and ceremonies


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and an understandingof the importanceoftheseskills. You are also ntroduced o CAPcustomsand courtesies.For satisfactory om-pletion of the Phase leadershipaboratory,you must attain the following specificobjec-tives:(l) Understand he role of leadershipab-oratory activities in the CAP cadet programand in preparing each cadet for leadershipresponsibilities n both civilian and CAPpositions.(2) Understand he necessity or correctpersonalappearance nd proper wearing oftheCAPuniform.(3) Perform competently in the basicfundamentals f military drill and be able tomove with a military unit in a military man-ner.(4) Understand he purposeof, and yourresponsibilitieswith respect o, attitude anddisciplinen Civil Air Patrol.(5) Understand and follow the customsand courtesiesf CAP.

5. GUIDE FOR PRESENTING TEXTMATERIALThere are many ways in which the indivi-dual subjects in this manual ca n be taught.Becauseof the variations n personnel, acili-ties, and conditions from unit to unit, no rigidsequenceof methods of training ca n be pre-scribed. Each unit must, therefore, devise aspecific training sequence for its leadership-laboratory. The unit training sequence a-dopted must give each cadet an opportunityto attain the leadership laboratory objectivesfor the phase(or category) in which the cadetis participating.

6, EVALUATION OF PROGRESS IN THELEADERSHIP LABORATORYThe progresseach cadet makes in the lead-ership laboratory must be evaluated at leastonce in each achievement. Procedures formaking these evaluations are outlined inAttachment l. Checklists for personal evalu-ation and self-analysis are found in Attach-ment2.

SectionBTHE CAP UNIFORMOne of the proud traditions of the cadetprogram s the CAP cadetuniform. It is pos-sible to participate in the cadet program

through the Motivation Phase and Phasewithout wearing the uniform. However, allcadets are authorized o wear the CAP uni-form if they meet the grooming standards.If they do wear he uniformthey areobligatedto wear t properlyand proudly. It is import-ant, therefore, hat you learn about the originand natureof the CAP uniform early n yourmembership o that you will always wear itin a manner hat bringscredit o you andyourunit.7. HISTORYOF THE UNIFORM

The uniform is a symbol of dignity, pride,and honor in the tradition of military service.The modern military uniform is a standard-ized, distinctivedressprescribed y a countryfor wear by its soldiers,sailors,and airmen.Americanuniforms. ike those of other coun-tries, have evolvedgradually over the yearswith an increasing rend toward functionalsimplicity to meet the complexity of modernsituations. The uniform of the past tendedto be more decorativehan practical; oday'spractical uniform is the product of researchandexperience.The presentAir Force uniform is a linealdescendantof the variety of garmentswornby the colonial fighters during the pre-Revolutionaryperiod. These irst Americansoldierswore variationsof the Europeanuni-forms of the sameperiod,often with borrow-ings from the Indiansand frontiersmen. Thebasic colors were bright, including vivid redcoats ike thoseworn by the British. ln 1776,CongressauthorizedWashington o raise anarmy by direct enlistmentand to prescribeauniform. During the greaterpart of the Revo-lution, the Americanuniform was officially alight blue coat, a three-cornered at, a buffvest, and buff breeches nd leggings. But asa matter of practice he resourcefulAmericansoldierwore whatevercould be foraged.Afterthe Revolution, he basicuniforrn was a bluecoat trimmed with white, with trimmingsvaryingaccordingo states.


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In the l9th century, American troops firstbeganto wear uniforms of a common and dis-tinctive type. Through changesof cut andstyle, light and dark blues have remained thebasic colors of the dress uniform. When theincreased ange and accuracyof weaponsmadebright colors impractical, a khaki-coloredservice, or field, uniform was introduced.beginning with the Spanish-American War.Olive drab uniforms were first worn in WorldWar I. Since that time, the trend has beentoward uniforms of colors that blend easilywith the surrounding terrain and toward itemsthat are both serviceable nd practical.The present Air Force uniform dates from1949. Before that time, Ai r Force personnelwore the Army uniform. When the Air Fbrcebecame a separateservice n 1947 a new uni-form was needed.

The CAP uniform is, in all basic essentials,

the same as that worn by a member of theU. S. Air Force. The specialCAP insignia setCAP personnel apart as members of theauxiliary of the U. S. Air Force. The Civil AirPatrol is the only volunteer civilian organiza-tion permitted to wear the uniform of theUnited StatesAi r Force.

The CAP uniform and the grade nsignia itcarries are marks of responsibility assigned oits wearer. They are evidence that the CApmember is capable of successfullyperformingthe tasks that such responsibility carries.Every CAP member should wear the uniformproperly and proudly. While in uniform, themember's conduct should be exemplary sothat it reflectscredit upon Civil Air Patrol, heU.S. Air Force. and the member.

Figure l: Basic Male Uniform


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8. SOURCESFOR THE CAP UNIFORMYou may purchase a CAP uniform at AirForce BaseExchanges. You must present yourcurrent membership card to the Exchangepersonnel as evidenceof your eligibility to ac-

quire the uniform. Other persons may notpurchase tems of the uniform for you.If you are in a remote area, or if no AirForce Base Exchange is readily available,youmay purchase your uniform by mail. If thisshould be necessary, heck CAP Manual 39-1,"Civil Ai r Patrol Uniforms" for the currentordering procedures. This topic is covered nparagraph 1-11, "Where to PurchaseUniformItems." It must be rem embered hat CAP uni-form items such as buttons, insignia, badges,patches,etc. are not stocked at Air Force BaseExchanges, but are available hrough the CAPBookstore.

9. THE BASIC UNIFORMCAP Manual 39-1, "Civil Ai r Patrol Uni-forms," describes n detail the CAP uniformand the various authorized combinations ofuniform items.The basic uniform for the male cadet con-sists of the 1549-1550 shirt-trousercombina-tion, blue web belt, blue flight cap, blackplain-toe shoes, black socks and distinctiveCAP insignia. The basicuniform of the femalecadet consists of the 1549-1550 blouse-skirt combination. blue beret, neutral-colorednylon hose,black plain-toepumps or oxfords,black handbag and distinctive CAP insignia.

10. WHEN TO WEAR THE UNIFORMYou should wear your CAP service uni-

form when you engage n normal duties as aCA P member and when you attend ocal, area,or national CAP functions, such as:When attendingCAP meetings.When making public appearances as apart of CAP groups.When participating in CAP operationalmissions.When attending official government func-tions as a representative of CAP.When visiting military installations.When flying in military aircraft.You should not wear the CAP uniform inany public place where the environment maytend to discredit Civil Air Patrol or its mem-bers. In addition, you do not wear the uni-form:When engaged n political activities.When engaging in paid employment notconnectedwith CAP.When engagingn menial labor.When participating n sports events.When attending social functions havingno relation to CAP.

11. DRESSAND APPEARANCEMembers of the CAP must be well-groomedwhen in uniform and assure hat their personalappearances at all times reflect credit uponthemselvesand the CAP. CAP memberswillmeet the following minimum requirementsto be authorized to wear the uniform.igure 2: Basic Female Uniform


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Ffl1ffitrtra. Appearance of Uniform. When uni-forms are worn, they must be clean, neat, cor_rect in design and specification, and in goodcondition. Uniforms will be kept buttoned and

shoes must be shined and in good repair.Metallic insignia, badges, and other metallicdevices including the blue service uniformbuttons, must be maintained in the properluster an d condition.b. Personal ppearance Men:( ) The face will be kept clean-shavenexcept that a mustache may be worn ifneatly trimmed. It may no t extend below theupper vermillion part of the lip or be widerthan the vermillion corners of the lips. Abeard may be worn only when temporarilyapproved by medical officials for medical rei-s9ns. Such approval will be limited initially tothree months, but may be extended if ion-sidered necessary by medical authorities.(2 ) Hair must be neatly tr immedwith a tapered appearance. t may no t touchthe ears or th e collar. The ,,Block,, style isauthorized as long as a tapered appearance smaintained. Sideburnswill be neafly tr immedand will end with a clean shave horizontall ine. They may not extend below the bottomof the ear obe.

c. Personal ppearance Women:( I ) Hair will be neatly arranged andshaped to present a conservative feminineappearance. Back hair ma y touch bu t no tfall below the bottom of the collar. Hairstyles that prevent the proper wearing ofth e servicehat, or beret are not appropriate.Barrettes, ribbons, and other ornaments,except inconspicuous pins and combs, will

not be worn in the hair when the uniform isworn. Hair nets will be worn only whenauthorized for a specific type of duty. Haircoloring may be used if it looks natural andcomplements ki n tones.(2) Cosmetics will be conservativeand n good taste.(3 ) Pencils,pens,pins,handkerchiefs,and jewelry will not be wom or carried ex-posed on the uniform. Wear of earrings isprohibited (healing post may be worn), butrings ma y be worn. Conservativesunglassesmay be worn, except in military formations.12. HOW TO WEAR THE UNIFORM

The items in this checklist must be com-plied with for proper wearing of the CApuniform.Do not mix civilian clothing with the CApuniform.Avoid unauthorized mixing of uniformitems.Keep your uniform clean,neat,andpressed.Trim loose strings and frayed seams.Wear your cap whenever you are outdcors.Male cadets do not wear headgear n-doors, female cadets ollow acceptable,civilian practices and customs con-cerningwearingheadgear ndoors.Placeyour flight cap on your head so thatit is tilted to the right side of the headabout I inch above the right eyebrow,or approximately two fingers abovethe right eyebrow and two fingersabove he right ear.Place your insignia correctly. "CAp"


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collar insignia are centered betweentop and bottom edgesof the collar, Iinch in from the front edge, with theinsignia parallel to the top edge of thecollar.Wear only authorized insignia and decora-tions.Haveyour shoulder sleevensignia(patches)sewn on the upper left shoul-der so that they are centered Yz nchbelow the top seam of the sleeve.Be sure your uniform fits properly. Theuniform is designed to conform tothe body lines but not to fit "skin-tight." Any alteration which needs tobe made should not compromise thedesign.Enter the belt through the loops on the leftand fasten the belt through the buckleso that the entire metal tip shows,withno blue material visible between themetal tip and the buckle.Keep your shirt, coat, or jacket buttonedat all t imes.Keepyour hair neat.Keep your fingernails clean and short.Do not place ties and flight capsunder theshoulder oops.

I3. WEARING OF CADET INSIGNIAMilitary insignia are of more recent devel-opment than is the military uniform. lnsigniaof grade in their present form are a l9th cen-tury development, and minor changes o theofficer's servicecap insignia were made as lateas World War II. Like the Air Force insigniathey parallel, CAP insignia ate a visual bi -ography of the CAP member, showing themember's wing, grade, an d accomplishments.The following checklist for CAP cadet insigniawill assist ou in wearingyour nsignia roperly.Service cap insignia (i f the cap is author-ized in writing by the wing commander

to be worn by cadet officers) is cen-tered on the front rise of the caP.Flight cap insignia is placed on the leftfront curtain of the flight cap, cen:tered from top to bottom, and lYzinches from the top front edge (formalesonly).CAP buttons are worn on all unitorms

instead of U. S. Air Force buttons.Lapel insignia for cadet officers.Cadet airmen wear the metal letters"CAP" on the left lapel and the metalchevronson the right lapel.Collar insignia (the metal letters "CAP")are worn on the left collarof shirts/over-blouse when worn as an outer garment(grade insignia worn on right collar). Ifthe member has no grade, he collar in-signia s worn on both sidesof the collar.Center insignia between the top andbottom edges of th e collar, one inchfrom the front ccillaredgeof shirts and5/8 inch from the front collar edgeofthe overblouse,with the insignia paral-lel to the top edgeof the collar.Shoulder boards: male service uniformcombinations I and 4 and female ser-vice uniform combinations A and C.Metal chevrons for cadet airmen are wornon the right collar llapelof all uniforms.CAP identification badge s worn resting ontop of the right pocket flap of the maleservicecoat and Yz nch above he name-plateon the femaleservice oat orpant-suit jacket (must be worn with blacknameplate).

3-Line nameplate s worn on all other uni-form combinations. Males: Wornresting on top of right pocket flap.Females: Aligned with second buttonon overblouse and top button on fieldshirt.Shoulder mark insignia worn by cadetofficers on the epaulet shirt. Miniaturesize metal grade nsignia is worn on theshoulder mark. Collar insignia is notworn with the shoulder mark insignia.Shoulder patch is worn lz inch below theshoulder seam of the left sleeve ofshirts worn as outergarments, ackets,coats,and overcoats.Ribbons awarded in accordance withCAPR 39-3 are worn immediatelyabove the left breast pocket as pre-scribed n that regulation.CAP aviation badge is worn centered lzinch above the left breast pocket ofshirts worn as outergarments, ackets,and coats, if ribbons are worn, theaviation badge is worn Yz inch above


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them; only one aviation badge may beworn. (For additional informationrefer to CAPM 39-1.)14 . AWARDS AND DECORATIONS

Since the Purple Heart - first and oldestof American decorations- was first authorizedin 1782, extraordinary or outstanding per-formance in the military service has beenhonored through awards and decorations.Civil Air Patrol has followed this traditionwith the establishmentof various awards anddecorations to recognize outstanding accom-plishments. These CAP decorations andawards are described n detail in CAPR 39-3.15. YOUR OBLIGATION IN WEARINGTHE CAP UNIFORM

The alert cadet takes pride in the way theuniform is worn because he cadet realizes hata neat, well-groomed cadet attracts favorableattention wherever seen-at CA P meetings,in the local town, an d especially n communi-ties in which the uniform is rarely seen. Like-wise, a cadet who makes a poor appearanceattracts unfavorable attention. There is onlyone way to wear the uniform and that isthe right way. As the name implies, th euniform must be worn in a standard, uni-form manner, as established n current direc-tives.

The cadet who sets a poor example inwearing his uniform may leave an unfavorableimpression in other respects. As in al l phasesof civilian life, personal appearance s vitallyimportant. Often, personal appearance andthe manner in which uniforms are worn arethe chief means by which the casualobserverevaluateshe unit and its members.Uniform violations should be correctedon the spot to insure that high standards ofappearanceare maintained. Unit commandersare responsible or the appearance f the mem-bers of their units.

SectionCCUSTOMS AND COURTESIES IN CAPYou will find, as you participate in CivilAir Patrol, that customs and courtesiesplay an

important part in all activities of the organiza-tion, and that they contribute greatly toCAP's unique character. Only a fine lineseparatescustoms from courtesies,and eachis rooted in the samesource: espectbetweenindividuals for each other. The technicaldifference is that observance of courtesies sofficially required, while observance ofcustoms stems from tradition. Both. how-ever, are unfailingly practiced by all membersof Civil Air Patrol.GROOMINGSTANDARDSORUNIFORMED AL EMEMEERSHAIRCUT, USTACHEND SIDEBURNTANOARDS

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FEMATE NIFORMS

}OIE: TllE LNER STYLE VERBLoUSE3WORX Tll THEPlllTSlJlTONLY.R^NXWON O{LY fiEN OVERSLOUSEwoRN s ourEnGAilExf.Figure 4

16. WHAT IS MILITARY COURTESY?Courtesy which is simply politeness,civility, respect, and personal recognition ofthe rights and dignity of others - has alwaysguided the lives of respectable individuals.In Civil Air Patrol, where individuals arerequired to work together closely and wherecooperative effort is essential, courtesy isvitally important in promoting coordinationand in developing esprit de corps. Militarycourtesy is simply the extension to the mil-itary sphere of the ordinary courtesies thatenrich and enhance everyday living. Further,it is the continuing mutual recognitionof th erole of the individual as a part of a close-knitorganization.Acts of courtesy and civility arenot marksof inferiority or servility. Rather, they areindications that one individual appreciates heposition and rights of another. Courtesiesde-note a feeling of pride, respect,and comrade-ship between individuals, and they express ahigh state of unit or organizational pride andindividual self-respect.As in the courtesies of everyday civilianlife, military courtesy is a two-way street forboth juniors and seniors. The courtesy paid asenior is a recognition of the basic principlesof command and organization; t is the respectshown to every leader or commander as ac -

knowledgement of the responsibility an dauthority of the position. Courtesy shown tojuniors acknowledges the essential part theyplay asmembersof the team.The courtesieswhich have always markedmilitary life and which have been adopted byCivil Air Patrol have a profound meaning. Asalute to the flag is a declaration of loyalty tothe United States and to the principles ofliberty and justice upon which the nation wasfounded. When a member of the armed ser-vices presents arms or salutes a senior, themember is recognizingthe organizedauthorityof the nation as representedby the armed ser-vices, which are charged with its protection.When a member of Civil Air Patrol salutes asenior officer, the member is continuing thistradition of military courtesy. Thus, thesimplest expression of military courtesy ischargedwith larger significance.

DISTINCTIVE CAP STIO{JLDERURK INsIGXIA WORNID BADCE AE PLATEALICNED ITX IESECONOOVEREDUTTON

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WITHOUT PAUTETS


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CAP members realize that military cour-tesy developspride and discipline in the indi-vidual and the group, and they practice itwithin their organization and when associ-ating with Air Force personnel on Air Forcebases.To have meaning, these courtesies mustbe more than stereotyped rituals. Unless theyexpressan inner feeling, they are merely auto-matic responses. They must be accompaniedby a constructive attitude which views themas a living expression of mutual confidenceand respect. In a way, they are an applicationof discipline to the everyday affairs of life, andthe observanceof courtesy is usually a sign ofgood discipline. Courtesy and discipline areso closely related that one necessarilympliesthe other.The military courtesiespracticed in CivilAir Patrol are not impersonal and mechanical.The manner in which the courtesiesare ren-dereed can express various shadesof feeling:pride, confldence, self-respect, or perhapscontempt. Careful observance usually indi-cates a high state of individual and unit pride,slovenly observance is usually the mark ofconsciousor unconscious isrespect. The unitwith high standardsof courtesy and uniformdiscipline is not automatically the most effi-cient unit, bu t it does display the state ofmind in which efficiency flourishes.Just as efficiency is achieved in other ac-tivities, the way for you to learn the properway to render the common acts of militarycourtesy is through training and enforcement.Your training should emphasize both themethods and the meaning. Apart from yourunit training, you should think through thewhole meaning of military courtesy. If youunderstand its real purpose and meaning, youwill be able to practice it easily and naturally.

Enforcement is as important as trainingfor the maintenance of military courtesy.On-the-spot correction is most effective, butit should be administered in private if pos-sible. CAP officers and cadet officers are re-sponsible for supervisingand correcting theirsubordinates in matters of military courtesy,as well as for explaining its real meaning andimportance. Many violations of military cour-tesy are not deliberate but are the uninten-tional result of ignorance. The purposeof cor-

Figure 5: The Salute

rection is to insure the proper observanceofmilitary courtesy n the future.17. MILITARY SALUTE

Since the beginning of recorded history,the salute has been used as a gestureof greet-ing and as an expression of mutual trust andrespect. Saluting has always been a privilegeenjoyed only by soldiers in honorable stand-ing. Centuries ago, slaves were consideredunworthy of bearing arms, and hence wereforbidden to salute free individuals. Today,because hey are not in good standing,militaryprisoners orfeit the right to salute.The custom of saluting with the right handdates back to the period when all male person-nel went armed and all strangerswere possibleenemies. In the age of chivalry, mountedknights wore armor that covered them froml0


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head to toe. When two friendly knights met, itwas the custom for each to raise he visor withthe right hand, while holding the reinswith theleft hand. This gesture signified friendshipand confidence, since it exposed the face andalsoremovedthe sword hand from the weapon.Armed individuals other than knights usuallywore no visors. On appropriate occasions heyheld up the right hand, palm open. Thisgesture proved that no weapon was held inthe hand and indicated that the meetingwas a friendly one. Thus, the history of themilitary salute can be traced back to theOrder of Knighthood, which for centuriesfurnished the brain and spirit and muscle ofEurooeanarmies.The salute ca n be described as the basicgreeting between military persons - it is themilitary way of saying "Hello." You display ahigher degree of courtesy by saying, "Goodm6rning, SitlMu'am" or "Good evening' Sir/Ma'am," when you salute. Since he salute s agreeting, t is proper and courteous or you togreet contemporaries of your ow n grade bya salute.Becauset is usedmost frequently, hehandsalute s the most important of all military cour-tesies. Civil Air Patrol hasadopted his universalcustom of the military, and ike everyother CAPmember, you are obligated to salute properly.You may render the hand salute while ina car, either inside or outside a building, stand-ing or marching, or, if you are an officer ac-knowledging a salute,while seated. You mustnever execute the salute n a casualmanner orwith a pipe, cigar, cigarette, or any other ob-ject held in your mouth or in your right hand'Vou rnuy saluteonly at a halt or a walk. If youare running, you must come to a walk beforesaluting. The proper way to salute s describedin paragraPh46.

The following persons are saluted by CAPmembers n uniform:Officers and warrant officers (male andfemale) of Civil Air Patrol and theArmed Forces of the United States;Commissioned officers of Allied nations;Officers of friendly foreign countries,when recognizedas such.

salute is returned by al l officers entitled tounless they are in information. CAP mem-

bers below warrant officer grade are not re-quired to exchange salutes' The specificoccasionson which salutesare exchangedarelisted in paragraph47.18. REPORTINGWhen reporting to an officer in the indivi-dual's office, check to assureyour uniform isproperly arranged, emove your headdressandleave it outside the office, knock twice andenter upon invitation. (I f there is an NCO incharge, you first obtain permission from theNCO to speak with the officer.) On enteringthe officer's office, halt 2 paces rom the offi-cer, salute, and say: "Sir/Ma'am, Cadet . . .reports to Captain . . . ., or "Sir/Ma'am,Cadetrequestspermission to speak to Captain. . . ." Hold the saluteuntil the completionofthe final report, when the officer returns thesalute. Remain at attention until givenat ease.Carry on your conversation in the first andsecond penon. When your business s com-pleted, take I step backward, salute,executean about face when the salute has been re-turned, and depart.When reporting outdoors, you follow thesame procedures as for reporting indoors ex-cept that you do not removeyour headdress.19. HONORS TO THE NATIONALANTHEM OR TO THE COLORS

Whenever and wherever the nationalanthem, To the Colors, or Retreat is played,certain honors are accorded the flag. Al-though these honors are detailed in the nextchapter, new cadets should be able to renderbasic honors as appropriate. These basicallyare the salute when in uniform out of doors,and the position of attention under all othercircumstances.20. PERSONAL HONORS

Distinguished military and civilian offi-cials are entitled to specific salutesand otherpersonal honors, such as honor guards, cer-'tain marchesplayed by the band, and rufflesand flourishes played by the field music(durms and trumpets)' A flourish is a briefirumpet fanfare, a ruffle is a roll of the drumsgiven as the flourish is sounded. (In Civil AirFatrol, appropriate recorded music may beit,

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used if there is no band or field music avail_able.)When honors are rendered, officers, air-men and cadetspresent but not in formationwill face the person being honored, salute atthe first note of music, and hold the saluteuntil the completion of the ruffles and flour_ishes and the march music. The same pro_cedure is followed when .,Hail to the Chief'is played to honor the president of the UnitedStates.Weapons of al l types are prohibited inCivil Ai r Patrol, and the organization doesnot use the gun salute. The gun salute, firedat Army and Navy installations, has the samesymbolic meaning as the hand salute. In theAir Force, as in Civil Air patrol, gun salutesare usually not fired at ceremonies.21 . COURTESIESTO INDryIDUALS

Except as provided in the next paragraph,when an officer enters a room, al l officers oflower grade, airmen, and cadets present willstand at attention until the officer directsREST or AT EASE, or leaveshe room. Whenmore than on e person s present, he first tosee he officer loudly commandsATTENTION.If the commander enters a room containinsofficers only, it is better form for the officeifirst seeing the commander to announce,"Ladies an d Gentlemen, th e commander.',When an officer enters a room usedas anoffice, workshop, recreation room, or class_room in which classactivities are progressing,those at work or play are no t requiied o cometo attention unlessaddressed y the comman_der. When addressedby a senior officer, ajunior officer comes o attention,except n theconduct of routine business etween h. t*o.When accompanyinga senior,a unior ridesor walks in step on the senior's eft, exceptduring an inspection. This is anothercourtesywith a long an d interesting history. For cen_turies individuals fought with swords, an dbecause most men were right handed. theheaviest fighting occurred on the right. Theshield was carried on the left arm. and the leftside became defensive. Individuals and units

ryh9 nryfened to fight rather than to ..let Georgedo it," and who were proud of their fightingability, considered he right of a battle line tobe a post of honor. When an officer walkson

your right, this is symbolically filling the postof honor.When entering an automobile, the juniorenters first and others follow in inverseorderof grade, taking their appropriate seats withthe senior on the right. When leavingan auto-mobile, the senior goes first and others followin order of grade. In the caseof aircraft, thesenior usually boards first and departs first.When an enlisted person meets an officeron a staircaseor in a narrow hallway, it is anold custom that the airman halt and stand atattention.22. CIVIL AIR PATROL CUSTOMS

Customs are those things which should bedone. Customsthat evolve, ive, and endurerepresent reasonable, consistent. and univer-sally accepted practices that make life morepleasant or facilitate orderly procedures.Continued for a long period of time, they be -come socially compulsory and tend to assumethe force of law.Observance f th e accepted ustomsof anynation, race, rade,or organizationdentifies thenewcomerasa "memberof the clan, ' ,and non-observance et s he individual aside nd equiresthe individual to prove group loyalty beforebeingaccepted. Civil Ai r Patrol s no exception.The sense f duty well performed,honor inall things, and country above self provide thebasisno t only for th e official acts of all CivilAir Patrol members,bu t also for the customswhich developed within the organization. Inobserving these customs, you must alwaysremember the following concerning relationsbetween seniorsan d uniors: ',The seniorwillnever think of the difference in erade. thejunior will never orget t." The resp6nsibilitiesthat go with grade and experienie naturallyproduce certain rights an d privileges. Fo rexample, it is customary for juniors to deferto their seniors,bu t such deference n no wayimplies servility on the part of the junior.

23. HISTORY OF CEREMONIALCUSTOMSYou may be interested in the origin of thefollowing military ceremonies:The dress parade was originally intendedto impressvisiting celebritieswith the strength

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of the monarch's troops rather than to honorthe visitor.Inspecting the guard of honor beganwiththe restoration of Charles II to the throne ofEngland. When one of Cromwell's regimentsoffered its allegiance, he King carefully scru-tinized the face of eachsoldier in ranks lookingfor signs of treachery. Convinced of thesincerity, he accepted the regiment as hisescort.The "Sound Off in which the band playsthe "Three Cheers" and marches down thefront of assembled troops stems from theCrusades. Those selectedascrusaderswere sta-tioned at the right of the line of troops, andthe band marched past them in dedication,while the peoplegave hree cheers. The "Rightof the Line" was the critical side in ancientbattle formations and is the unit placeof honorin ceremonies.Precedence among units is determined byage, and for that reasonAir Force units usuallyfollow the older servicesn parades.Raising the right hand in taking the oathstems rom ancient days when th e taker calledupon Go d asa witness o the truth and pledgedwith the sword hand.The white flag of truce may derive fromthe Truce of God arrangedon certain days byPope Urban V in 1095 between warringmedievalbarons.The use of the arch of sabers n militaryweddings recalls the days when the groom'smen pledged to protect the wedded couple.24.CAP GRADES, TITLES. AND INSIGNIA

All CAP personnel are addressedby theirfull titles in official correspondence. They arealso addressedby their title's in conversation,but the long titles are shortened as shown inthe chart of CAP grade insignia and titles.Insignia of CAP senior member officergrades are gold for majors and second ieuten-ants, gold with blue enamel for warrant offi-cers, and silver for all other senior memberofficers. Senior member officers wear theirinsignia of grade on the shoulder loops ofcoats and on the shirt collar when a coat isnot worn. Cadet officers (Cl2Lt and above)wear grade nsignia on shoulderboards.Sometimes the terms "grade" and "rank"are confused. Colonel or captain areexamples

of grades,but no two officers in a gradehaveidentical rank - one is always senior to theother.Chaplains are addressedas such, regardlessof their grade. A Roman Catholic chaplainmay be addressed s "Father," as may be anEoiscopalchaplain, f preferred.Medical doctors, including veterinarians,are addressedas "Doctor," regardlessof theirgrade.Airmen are addressed by their grade orlast name.Officers of the same grade, when amongthemselves, may address each other by theirgiven names, bu t if a junior is present, heyshould address each other by their tit les.Seniorsmay addressa junior officer either bytitle or by name, but if an airman is alsopresent, he junior officer should be addressedby tit le.25. LINES OF AUTHORITY

As stated in i ts Constituti on and Bylaws,Civil Air Patrol is a corporation chartered byCongressan d composed of volunteer civilianmembers. It also serves s an instrumentalityof the U.S. on Air Force missions. It is organ-ized along military lines, the organizationalrrattern resembling hat of the U.S. Air Force.It consistsof a National Headquarters, ightregions, and 52 wings. The wings are sub-divided into groups, squadrons,and, in someinstances, flights. Civil Air Patrol is governedby a National Board and a Board of Directorsknown as the National Execut ive Council.As an auxiliary of the U.S. Air Force, CivilAir Patrol is supported by the Air Force, prin-cipally through USAF-CAP liaison officeswhich are staffed by Air Force personnel.You may wonder how orders and informa-tion get from the top levels of Civil Air Patroldown to the individual member. CAP accom-plishes this by the same method used in theAir Force, by following the organizationalstructure. This method has severalnames -chain of command, command channels, hruchannels, channels of approach, lines of au-thority - but they all refer to the same dea:following the organizational structure throughthe various levels beginning with the nexthigher or lower level.

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SENIORCAP IDENTIFICATION BADGES

LAPEL AND COLLAR INSIGNIAl ' r t ' ro"- .1G/NPT

(CADETSANDSENIORS)

SERVICE COATSENIORMEMBER

Shirt, MaleOFFICERGRADE

FemaleOverblouseINSIGNIA

COLONEL(Silver) CAPTAIN(Silver)

GRADES

FIRSTLIEUTENANT(Silver)SECONDLIEUTENANT(Gold)

CHIEF WARRANTOFFICER(Silver MetalandMedium BlueEnamel)

WARRANTOFFICER(Gold MetalandMedium BlueEnamel)LIEUTENANTCOLONEL(Silver)MA]OR(Gold)

MEMBER AIRMANENIOR

TECHNICALSERGEANTrN.. A(\!';-tz,\TqTZ\---./AIRMANFIRST CLASS AIRMANFigure 6

NOTE: Musthavebeenearned dor to I July 1972.

SHOULDERPATCHES

REGION(Seniorsonly)

STAFFSERGEANT\@z

CADET

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CADET OFFICER GRADE INSIGNIA

c/LT. COLONEL C/MAJOR C/CAPTAIN LIEUTENANT LIEUTENANT

CADET OFFICER GRADE INSIGNIA ON THE SHOULDER BOARDS

C/LT. COLONEL c/r{AloR

oC/Znd

C/COLONEL

@l[1ll@lEtl@pil/CAPTAIN C/rst LIEUTENANTCADET OFFICER GRADE INSIGNIA ON THE

CADET AIRMEN/NONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICERWWWwWADET

C/2nd LIEUTENANT

SHOULDER STRAPShtp )

4 l* ve"TNSTGNTACHEVRONS)

CADETMASTERSERCEANTCADETTECHSERGEANT

CADET CADETSTAFF SERGEANTSERGEANTFigure 7

CADETlstCLASSo(lolcl - Cadct Warrant Officer

C/COLONEL

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HEADGEAR.MALECADETSFLIGHT CAP

AIRMENSERVICE HAT (Offieers Only)

HEADGEAR DEVICES

OFFICENS'SERVICE HA Tr(;ra( l( ' worn orr f l ight ca p by CadetOff icers) AIRMENI.-I-IGHT CA P - CLOTHFigure 8

OFFICERS

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BERET

HBADGEAR- FEMALE CADETSFLIGHT CAP

HEADGEARDEVICES

BERET(Grldc u'orn on flight capby Cadct Officers)

I]ERET_ \{ETALFLIGHT CAP-CLOTH

SERVICE HAT (Cadet Officers only)

Figure 9

OFFICERS'SERVICE HAT/

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OTHER DBVICESAVIATION BADGES

NIISCELLANEOUS

wMEMBERI-A1ffiBtilffiHllr---lIewishihaplain

SENIOR

ffihristianChaplainSPECIALTY INSIGNIA++s$

COMMUNICATORS'BADGE (METAL)

COMMUNICATORS,PATCH (CLOTH)

Figure 10

MODELROCKETRYBADCE(CADETS)

MedicalOfficer

COMMAND PILOT MASTER OBSERVER

SENIOR PILOT SENIOR OBSERVER

PILOT OBSERVEN

SOLO BADGE AWARD

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AOttNrslrafl t asstsrAl{t GUIDI AND/OI GUIDOII EAIETCodet Leodership Shoulder nsignio

l' igure I I

The lines of authority within Civil Ai rPatrol, which are depicted in the approvedorganizational charts, go from the nationalcommander, at the top level, consecutivelyto the region, wing, group, and squadron com-ntanders, and from the squadron commanderthrough the various staff and line officers toindividual members. Beginning with the newcadet, the next level or link in the chain is thesquad leader, then the flight leader, flightcommander, cadet executive officer, cadetdeputy commander, cadet commander, com-mandant of cadets in a compositesquadron),squadroncommander,group commander,wingcommander, region commander, and nationalcommander. Unless specific instructions aregiven, all CAP orders and communications upand down the line follow this structure. It isimportant that each CAP member deal firstand direct with the immediatesuperiorofficer.For this reason, and so that the prescribedchannels of approach will. be observed, eachCA P member must know exactly where one'sposition is in relation to others in the unit andthe wing.


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Like everyoneelse,your approach o lifeis determinedby your attitude. Your day-to-day actions,whether argeor small,are he re-ruit of the general tateof mind you bring tobearon the business f living. Attitude, then,is your personalphilosophyof life as-youex-priss it in your actions. It is the frame oftni.tA n which you view yourself,your work,and other individuals,and it is usuallyudgedby others hroughYouractions'You can neverescape ttitude' Its resultsare observed and experiencedeverywhere,and it is expressedn many ways' Your per-sonalappearance,he expressionn your eyes,the tone of your voice, a passingemarkorcomment you may make,all these hingsre-flect your attitude. In the samemanner, heway you go about your job or the way yousalute and wear your uniform indicate yourattitude. In one way or another,you con-stantlydisplayyour attitude,goodor bad, oeveryone around you. Others constantlyjudgl you by the attitude hey seeexpressedi" voui actions.Consciouslyr unconsciously,you express our attitude in everything oudo.27. PRACTICALAPPLICATION

The sum of the attitudesof all membersof the group is the key to unit effectiveness'Experience as shown hat the best way toinsure individual effectivenesss to developu prop., attitude from the very beginningofttre inOivlOual's embershipn CivilAir Patrol'28. DEVELOPMENTOF POSITTVEATTITUDES

How can you developa proper attitudetoward CAP requirementsand procedures?The best way iJ simply to understand hereason r purposebehindeveryaspectof CAPoperations. To attain a good attitude, youmay haveto shift from an "I do it becausehave to" outlook to an "I do it becauseunderstandwhy it is necessarynd how it fitsinto a largerpattern" outlook' If so ,you canacqui.e ttiis ittituAe by viewingeach detailof any situation,not in itself' but as t relatesto th! overall purposeand mission,and bysubordinatingyour own self-interest o thegreatergood of the group,when necessary'

It is especially mportant for you to havea good attiiude if you are in a leadershipposi-tiJn. This is because your attitude will bereflected by your subordinates, and theirresponse o you will greatly affect your abilityto guide and direct their actions' If you haveagood attitude, you will be able to handleyouroersonnel so that they do what you want - aprime quality of leadership. Your personnelmust feel that you havea good attitude towardthem and their work, that you appreciate heirindividual contributions to the mission' Youmust keep yourself informed on the individualan d group attitudes n yourunit, which togetherform the moraleof th e unit. Sometimest maybe necessaryo changean attitude or attitudeswhich affect morale. If yo u permit a poormorale situation to continue, t will result n alessefficient unit, a decline n unit pride, and abreakdown in courtesy an d discipline' Theunit commander must point the way fo rchanging or improving poor attitudes withinthe group, bu t membersof the group are obli-gated to try to improve their attitudes anditrereby exert a favorable influence on thosearound hem.Your initial attitude in life is the result ofmany factors, such as your education, homelife, health, religion, an d so forth. Then, too,each new situation you meet in life introducesnew factors which directly or indirectly influ-

ence your attitude. Often these new factorsresult in a new, undesirableattitude that maynot be changeduntil the cause s removed orcorrected.To be a good leader,you must be able torecognize the causesof undesirable attitudeswithin yourself, within the individual mem-bers of your unit, and within the unit as awhole. You must constantly promote ahealthy, constructive attitude for yourselfand for thoseYo u lead.

29. DISCIPLINE IN CIVIL AIR PATROL

Th e basic function of a CA P unit is toaccomplish its mission with maximum effi-li.n.y. To reach this overall goal, all indivi-duals in the unit must perform their jobspromptly an d correctly' Such unity of actionrequiresdisciPline.

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Discipline in Civil Ai r patrol is simply anextension and special application of the disci_pline required in any organized society. Al_though unity of purpose is required in any or_ganzation, a much higher degree of controlis essential n Civil Air patrol becausepublicservicesarc at stake. The entire structure ofCivil Air Patrol is dependent upon discipline.It is the cement which binds the unit into aworkable force. Without it chaos wouldresult.To some people discipline means eitherpunishment or blind obedience to orders.It is the modern usagesof the word, ,.dis_cipline is training which corrects, molds.streng_thens, r perfects." Discipline withina CAP unit is a state of order characterized,by habitual bu t reasoned obedience toorders - habitual because he success f CApactivities often depends upon immediateresponse o commands,and reasonedbecauseinitiative and understanding on the part ofeach individual CAp member must bepreserved.30 . SELF-DISCPLINE

. Real discipline - the selfdiscipline thatguides you in your everyday life, iegulatingand controlling your conduct and aciions _can come only from within. your childhoodtraining contributed immeasurably to theself-disciplineand control you now have. andas you gain increasedexperienceand matur_ity, the standardsby which you govern your_self will be continually reinforced.As a CAP cadet and potential leader,you are responsible for developing and per_fecting within yourself a senseof discipline.No one ca n do it for you. yo u will be assistedin this endeavor by the advice and counsel ofthe leaders n your unit, but, in the final anal-ysis, it is you who must obtain an under_standing of the importance of discipline sothat you ca nuse t properly.3I.TRAINING FO R GROUP DISCPLINE

Development of self-discipline is notnecessarily he goal of discipline training. Thefinal product sought is group discipline. CivilAir Patrol functions through groups - largeand small. Since missions are assigned to

groups as though they were a single indivi-dual, the group must act as a single unit,and group discipline becomes as important asself-discipline. Leaders must extend theirconvictions that self-disciplinedetermines heirultimate well-being o the larger premise thatgroup discipline governs the effectivenessofthe unit.To developand maintain th e requiredunityof action within the group, CA P leadersmustprovide constant and continuous raining, bu tthey must alwaysbear n mind this importantfact: o'You can never instil l a senseof disci-pline in others through harsh or tyrannicaltreatment."It is not alwayseasy o explain the neces-sity fo r the rules of discipline to th e novice.Fo r example, how does on e person convinceanother that a minor fail ing of one individualcan lead to a serioussetback n accomplishingth e missionof a large unit? Or, wh o ca n prop-erly describe he importance of conscientiouseffort by each member of an aircraft groundcrew? Often it is difficult to make beginnersunderstand that they must submit to firmcontrol and direction because hey ar e part ofan organization which must be capable ofeffective performance even under difficult oremergencyconditions. Bu t all these hings -an d more-must be clearlyexplained o all newmembers because obedience cannot be ex -pected unless here is a desire o obey, and thiscomesonly through understanding.Cadets must be introduced to disciolineas soon as they join Civil Ai r Patrol, an d mustbe continually impressedwith it throughouttheir memberships. They must be taught toobey ordersand to respectcommands. Cadetsmust be conscientious nd reliable. They mustbe convinced that their lives, as well as thelives of their associates nd thosewhom theysupport, ma y depend on discipline. As a CApcadet, it is your responsibility o accomplishal l these things, and as a leader, it is yourresponsibility to help others do the same.

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32. TOOLS FOR TEACHING DISCIPLINEThe best way td achieve discipline isthrough constant practice, and this is thesystem used in Civil Air Patrol and its leader-ship laboratory. Throughout your member-

ship you will be regulated in your carriage,your walking, your deportment, and youruniform; in addition, you will be required to becourteous and respectful to your superiors. Itis important for you to remember- both whenyou receive discipline training and later whenyou give it - that al l of this is done to impressth e habit of obedienceupon th e membersofthe CAP unit, never o produce robots withouta will of their own. Discipline must alwaysbe of a standard hat is acceptable o the mem-bers of the group. It must not simply restrictactions, it must foster well-guided aggressive-ness and encourage and recognize initiative'In other words. restrictions mposed must bebalancedwith privilegesgranted.At times it may becomenecessaryo resortto punishment n teachingdiscipline. The im-portant thing to remember n relation to pun-ishment is that it should result in a betterperson or a better unit. Punishment s effec-tive when it creates n the individual a desireto obey. Punishment that is administered asvengeance oes no t teach discipline' In fact,if the punished person feels ha t the sentenceis unjust, or no t in proportion to the mis-conduct, the person's performance will bediminished. If associates isagreewith thediscipline, the performanceof the group willbe lessened. The unwise leader may "throwthe book" at an unruly cadet o set an examplefor the rest of the group, but rarely does thisaction achieve results. Group effectivenessmust be the guiding factor in the useof pun-ishment. Remember, discipline ca n never beachieved hrough tyranny or harsh reatment'

SectionETHE NEED FOR DRILL

33. SCOPEThis sectiondescribes he need for drill andintroduces he CA P cadet o th e termspeculiarto dril l an d to the methods of dril l instruc-tion that can be expected in the leadership

laboratory. In subsequentchapters he move-ments and procedures for drill, ceremonies,reviews,and paradeswill be discussed.34. VALUE OF DRILL AND CEREMONIES

a. Why are drills and ceremoniesneeded?Every CAP member learns teamwork by par-ticipating in drill. On the drill field the indi-vidual learns to appreciate the need for disci-pline - the need to respond to authority, tofollow orders promptly and precisely, and torecognize the effect of your actions on thegroup as a whole. Learning to follow is the be-ginningof leadership.b. As individuals progress in grade andexperienceand become drill leaders, hey haveopportunities to develop confidence, poise,forcefulness, and other characteristics that

further their ability to work with people'Group participation stimulatesesprit de corps,high morale, and enthusiastic eamwork' Theseare sound, practical benefits afforded by drillsand ceremonies.35. DRILL COMPETITIONS WITHINCryIL AIR PATROL

The special activities established or CAPcadetsmay include drill competitions.36. INTRODUCTION TO DRILL AND

CEREMONIESa. Drill:

(l ) Fo r the PurPose of drill, CAPorganizationsare divided into elements, lights,squadrons, groups, and wings. The wing doesno t dril l by direct command.(2\ Drill consists of certain move-ments by which the flight or squadron ismoved in an orderly manner from one forma-tion to another or from one place to another.These movements are executed with order andprecision. The task of each person is to learnihese movements and to do each part exactlyas described. Otherwise confusion will result'Individuals also must learn to adapt their ownmovements to those of the group. That is whysuch standardsas the 30-inch step, he cadenceof 12 0 stepspe r minute, distance,and ntervalhave been established.Everyone must move on

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commandsmoothly, smartly,and with exact_NCSS. (3) CAP cadets egin earning o drillalmostassoonas hey becomemembeis.Theyare first taught he positionof attention; henmovementsat the halt, suchas facingmove_ments, hen movements f their feet and armsand their overallbearingn marching.Whenallmembers have become familiar with thesemovements o thd point wherethey executethem smartly and automatically, they aregroupedwith others nto a largerunit wherethey learn other movements. Eventually,elements,lights,andsquadronsreperforminjdrill movements moothly andwith precision.

b. Ceremonies:(l) Ceremoniesare special, formal,group performances onducted by Civil AirPatrol to honor distinguished eisonsor toobserve ationalholidays. Anotherpurpose fceremoniess to demonstratehe proficiencyandstateof trainingof CAp membeis.(2) Ceremonies re an extensionofdrill activities. The precisionmarching, hepromptness n responding o commandi,andthe teamwork developedon the drill fielddetermine he appearancend performance fthegroup n ceremonies. ;"

37. KEY TO SYMBOLSTo avoid repetition, the symbols usedthroughout this manual are defined and il-lustratedn figure12.

38.EXPLANATIONOF TERMSThe following drill terms shouldbe thor_oughlymastered.?. Adjutant, a ceremonialposition oc_cupiedby the unior memberof the commandstaff in reviewsand parades, nd responsibleto the troop or groupcommander.Adjutant'scadences 140steps erminute.b. Alignment,dress r cover.c. Base, he elementon which a move_m'entsplanned,egulated,r alined.d. Cadence,he uniform stepandrhythmin marching the numberof stepsmarchedperminute.e. Center, the middle point of a forma-tion. On an odd-numberedront, the center sthe center personor element. On an even-numbered ront, the center s the right centerperson or element, as shown in figure 13.f. Cover, individualsaligning himselvesdirectly behind the person to their imme_diate front while maintaining proper dis_tance.g. Depth, the total space iom front to

rear of any formation. The depth of an in-dividual s consideredo be l2 inches.h. Distance, the prescribedspace fromfront to rear between units. Thi distancebetween ndividuals n formation is 40 inchesas measuredrom their chests o the backsofthe persons irectly in front of them. Flightcommanders, uides,and otherswhose posi_tions in formation are4O inches rom a rankare hemselvesonsidered rank.i. Double time, rate of marching lg0steps 36 inchesn length)perminute.j. Dress,alinementof element side bvside or in line maintainingproper intervai.k. Element, the basic formation; thesmallestdrill unit, comprised f at least hree,but usually eight to twelve persons,one ofwhom s designatedhe elemenieader.l. File, a singlecolumnof persons lacedonebehind he other(figure 4).m. Final line, the line on'which the ad_jutant forms the front rank of troops for a

Figure 12

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paradeor review.n. Flank, the extreme right or left (troopsright or left) side of a formation in line or incolumn.o. Flight, tw o or more elements.p. Foimation, an arrangementof the unitsin any prescribedmanner.q. Front, th e spaceoccupied by a unitmeasured rom flank to flank. The front of anindivi


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39. DRILL INSTRUCTORSa. The missionof Civi l A ir Patrol s basedon a continuity of di scipl ine nd sense f mis-sion throughout al l echelons of command.The use of dr i l l as one meansof inst i l l ingdis-

cipl ineand accustomingndividuals o respondto command is an important duty of all offi-cers, noncommissioned officers. and cadets.All personnel should familiarize themselveswith the provisionsof this manual so that uni-form instructions rnay be given wheneverandwherever equired.b. The commander ives l l commands othe unit except in caseswhere command isdelegated to a subordinate for instructionalprlrposes. Regardless f grade, where an in-stmctor is in chargeof an individualor r .rnit ,authority is derived frorn that of the com-mander and should bear the same author i tyas hat of the commander.c. For purposesof dril l instruction andfor other formations, every effort should bemade to have the ran king CAP mernber pres-ent assume a leadership position. Placingpersons of higher rank in positionssubordin-ate to the instructor or person in chargeofthe dril l, formation, or activity should beavoidedwheneverpossible.40. DRILL INSTRUCTIONS

a. The following step-by-stepprocedurehas proved o be an effectivemeansof teachingdr i l l movements:( I ) State the name of the movementto be executed and point out i ts purpose.(2) Give he command o be usedandidentify its parts - the preparatorycommandancl l te comrnand f execution.(3 ) Demonstrate he rnovenlent o thetbrmation Lrsing he proper cadenceand com-rnands. Also dernonstrate rocedures or eachuni t wlrcn hcy vary.(4) State the requirement for themovelnent.(5) Explain and demonstrate thenrovement lowly n detai l .(6) Ask questions n the movement,then demonstratet again s n step 3).(7 ) Instruct th e fonnation on howthey will perform (that is, as an individual,f l ight, elernent,by the numbers,etc.) . Have

the formation perform; make on-the-spotcorrections.(8 ) Critique the performance of th emovement and review important areasbeforemoving on to the next exercise.b. "B y the Numbers" is the method bywhich precision rnovementsof two or morecounts ar e demonstrated, practiced, andlearned - one count at a time.(l ) This method enables he cadet tolearn step by step and permits the instructorto make detailed corrections. The instructorcommands "By the Numbers" before givingcommands for the movements. For "B y th eNumbers, About, FACE," the first count ofthe movement is executed on the command,"FACE." The secondcount is executedon thecommand, "Ready, TWO." (The pivot is thesecondcount.)

(2 ) All subsequent ommandsar eexe-cuted by th e numbers until the command"Without the Numbers" is given. For example,in teaching right and left face, the command"B y the Numbers" would be given at thebeginningof the practicalexercise.Each acingis repeatedseveral imes by the numbersuntilthe instructor gives "Without the Numbers."Subsequent movements are executed in thecadence f quick time.c. Instructors go wherever heir presenceis necessary. As instruction progresses,n-dividualsshould be groupedaccording o theirproficiency. Those who show a lack of apti-tude should be separated rom the others andplaced under the most experienced nstruc-tors. Care should be exercised ot to r idiculeslow earners.4I, DEVELOPING COMMAND VOICE INCADETS

Instructors should help th e cadets n de -veloping a command voice. This ca n be doneby setting the example and giving al l com-mands with the correct voice control, dis-tinctness, nflection, cadence, nd snap. Theyshould encourage he cadets to practice giv-ing commands. Further, and very important,cadets should be given every opportunity tocommand.

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: : : : : : : : : l1 l2 l3 l4 l: :

7: : : i

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I rgure15 Figure 16

Figure19 Figure20

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Figure17

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26Figwe 22


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SectionFIN DIVIDUAL INSTRUCTION42. POSITIONSAN D MOVEMENTS

a. Certain basicpositions and movementswith which cadetsmust be completely amiliarare explained n this sectionby word and pic-ture. These positionsand the correct execu-tion of the movements n every detail shouldbe learned before proceeding to flight drill.b. The explanation of a movement thatma y be exccuted toward either flank is givenin this section or only one flank. To executethe rnovement toward the opposite flank,substitute the word "left" for ',right" or"right" for "left" in the explanation.43. POSITIONOF ATTENTION

a. To come to attention, the cadet bringsthe heels together smartly on the same line.They are held as neareachother as he confor-mation of th e body permits.b. Feet are turned out equally, formingan angleof 45 degrees.c. Legs are kept straight without stiffen-ing or locking the knees.d. The body is erect with hips evel,chestlifted and arched, and shoulderssquare andeven.e. Arms hang straight down withoutstiffness, humbs along the seams f trousers/skirts. Backs of the hands are held out withfingers curved, thumbs resting along the firstjoint of the forefingers,as illustrated n Fig-ures and2.f. The head is kept erect and is heldsquarely to th e front, with chin drawn in sothat the axis of the head and neck is vertical;eyes are to the front, with the line of sightparallel o the ground.

C. The weight of the body rests equallyon the heelsand the ballsof the feet.h. Silence and immobility are required.44. RESTS

a. All rests are executed frorn the haltand only frorn the position of attention. Th ecommands are "Parade, REST; AT EASE;REST;andFALL OUT."b. At the command"ParadeREST." the

let l foot is movedsntart ly 2 inches o the lc l ' tof the right foot. Legsar ekept straightso ilrltthe weight of the body restscclLral lyn bothfeet. At the same ime, with arms ul ly cx-tended, hands are claspedbehind the back.The palms are to the rear, hunrb and f iugcrsof the left hand clasping l ie r ight hanclwi l l rfir-rgersextended and joincd as cletailecl rrFigure 23. The left hand holds he r ight, antlthe clasped andshang behind natural ly.notheld up in the smallo f the back. Si lenccanr limrnobility are required.c. At the comnrand "AT EASE" tlrcr ight foot is kept in place. Si lence s requircr lbut motion s pennitted.d. At the command "REST" the r ightfoot is kept in place. Si lence nd immobil i tyar eno t required.e. At the command "FALL OUT" i r r -dividuals leave ranks bu t renrain in the inr-mediate area. At the cornmand FALL lN"former placesar e resurnedat attention in tltcformation prescribed.f . Being at any of the restsexcept fal lout, to resulne he posit ion of attention, lrccommand is, for exarnple, Fl ight, ATTEN-TION." At the preiraratoryconrmancl,hcposit ion of parade rest is assumed;at i l rccommand "ATTENTION," thc posit ion ol 'attention s assumcd.45. FACINGS

a. All facingsare executed front the halland in quick time. Facingsar e the first clrilltraining movernents which consist of urtlr.r.than one count. At thispoint, t is appropr iatcto start using "by the nnmbers" in ini t i l ldemonstrationsnd studentpractice.b. To face to the r ight, the courmancls"Right, FACE." This is a two-couut urovt ' -ment. At the command FACE" the left l reeand right toe are raisecl l ightlyan d a 90 degrr'..,turn is made to the r ight on the r ight lreeassisted y a slight pressure n the ball of tlr . 'left foot, in one count. The left leg is l ic l t lstraigltt without stiffness. On the Se r)ntlcount, the left foot is placed martlybeside lrcright fbot as at attention. (Arnrsar eheld as ulattention when executing this movenlet )c. "Lef t , FACE" is executedby turrr ir r :on the left heel and ball of the right lirotd. When instructionsare being given l ir r

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F-ieure23 : Parade. Rest

45 clegrccmovell" lents.he conll l la l lc l HalfRight (Left) , FACE" nray be trsed. Tlte pro-ce'dLrress clescribcd tl the foregoirtgar e Llsedr:xcept that each persol. lexecrttes ltc cottr -rurand y facing45 degreeso t l tc r ight or left .e. In facing to t l le rear. the colt l tnaud s"Aboltt , FACE." This is a two-cotl l l t l lovc-rnent. At the cotlrnratlcl FACE," tlte irt-dividr-ralnoves the ball of tl-re ight foot to aposition touchiug the groutrd so that the toeis approxitnately one-half of the foot's lengthto the rear au d slightly to the left of the leftheel. This is t l te f irst count of the movelnent.The position of the left foot is not changed ndthe riglrt leg is kept straightwithout stiffness'Most of the weight of the body is restingouth e heel of the left foot, On the secondcolttlt,th e individual shifts the weight of the body to

the ball of the r ight foot. The incl iv idttalaccsto t l te rear, turning 180 degreeso the r iglt ton the left heelancl he bal l of the r ight foot.At the coutplct ionof the turu, the feet are rtattention posit ion. Artns do t- tot wing n thenrovententbrtt mtrst be held as at attet l t iotr .46. HAND SALUTE

a. The contutatrds "Hand, SALUTE,." Itis executed u a two-cottt t t novetlent. At t l tecomrnaud SALUTE." the ndividual asiesheright hand smartly in the tlost direct nlanlleruntil the tip of the rniddle fir-rgerouches ltelower part of th e headdress r forehead,aboveand slightly to th e riglit of th e right eye. Thisis cout'ttone of th e nlovement. The individualholds the upper ar m horizor-rtally nd slightly

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*

Fietrre 2.1: Righr l .ar cforward of the shoulder l ine. Thurnb andfingers are extended arrd oined. Hand andwrist are held straight with pahn down (figure15). Count two of the rnoveutents the re-turn of the hand sntartly n one motion to itsnormalposit ionby the side.

47 . EXCHANGE OF SALUTESThe salute is a courteous exchange ofgreetings. When returning or renderingan in-dividual salute, the head and eyes ar e turnedtoward the colors or personsaluted. When inranks, the position of attention is maintainedunless otherwise directed. CAp members inuniform exchangesalutesunder the following

conditions, with the junior member salutingfirst:a. Outdoors, salutesar e exchangeduponrecognition between officers and warrant of -ficers, and between officers or warrant of-ficers an d cadets or enlisted membersof theArmed Forces. Saluting "outdoors', meansthat salutesare exchangedwhen the personsinvolved ar e outside of a building. Fo r ex-ample, if a person s on/in a porch, a coveredsidewalk, a bus stop, a coveredor open entry-

d'o qp tof[ ' iqurc ?i l : ..\botrt Fa


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all members salute. If the officer addresses nindividual or the group, al l remain at attention,unless otherwise ordered, until the end of theconversation, at which time they salute theofficer.e. In public gatherings, such as sportsevents, meetings, or when a salute would beinappropriate or impractical, salutes betweenpersons need not be rendered. A memberdoes not salute when engaged in sports orwhen in places of public assemblage, uch aschurches, theaters, or public conveyances'f. Exchange of salutes between militarypedestrians (including gate sentries) and of-ficers in moving military vehicles is not man-datory, but when officer passengers re readilyidentifiable, the salute will be rendered; forexample, officers in appropriately markedvehicles. Vacant military vehiclesdisplaying aflag or commander'splate need not be saluted.Passengers n moving vehicles need not ex-changesaluteswith passengers f other movingvehicles.g. In a work detail, individual workerswill not salute. The person n chargewill salutefor the entire detail.h. Civilians may be saluted by personsin uniform, but military headgear s not raisedas a form of greeting. The President of theUnited States, as Commander-in{hief of theArmed Forces, is accorded the honor of asalute.

i. If the exchange of salutes s otherwiseappropriate, it is customary for members incivilian clothes to exchange salutes uponrecognition.j. In any case not covered by specificinstructions, or in case of reasonable doubt,the saluteshould be rendered.48. PRESENT ARMSThe command "Present, ARMS" is usedwhen a formation is to salute. At the com-mand "ARMS of Present.ARMS." the cadetexecutives the first count of the hand salute.The cadet then holds the saluteuntil the com-mand "ARMS of the commandOrder, ARMS"is given.49. EYES RIGHT

Eyes right may be given at a halt or whilemarching. The command is "Eyes, RIGHT'"

The preparatory an d execution commandsar egiven on the right foot while marching. At thecommand "RIGHT" all personsexcept thoseon the right flank turn heads and eyessmartly45 degrees o t he right. To return headsandeyes to the front, the command "Ready,FRONT" is given as the left foot hits theground. At the command "FRONT" headsand eyes are turned smartly to the front. Theopposite s carriedou t for eyes eft.50 . STEPSAND MARCHING

a. When executed from a halt, all stepsand marchings except right step and closemarch begin with the left foot.b. Both the preparatory command and thecommand of execution are given as he foot inthe direction of the turn strikes the ground,as figure 29 illustrates. Normally, for units nolarger than a flight, the preparatory commandis given as the left (right) foot strikes theground, and the command of execution isgiven when the left (right) heel next strikesthe ground.c. For units larger than a flight, time isallowed for the subordinate commanders togive appropriate supplementary commands.The pausebetween commands s three paces.51 . FORWARD MARCH AN D HALT

a. To march forward in quick time froma halt. the command is o'Forward,MARCH."At the command "MARCH," the airman stepsoff smartly with the left foot, continuingstraight forward without stiffness or exag-gerated movements, with 3O-inch steps. Thearrns are swung easily in their natural arc, 6inches to the front of the body and 3 inches othe rear.b. To halt from quick time, the commandis "Flight, HALT," given as either foot strikesthe ground. At the command of execution,one more step is taken and the rear foot isthen brought alongside of the stationaryfoot, as at the position of attention, haltingin two counts.52 . DOUBLE TIME

The double time movement is controlled.snappy rot at a cadenceof 180 stepspe r min-

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Figure 26: Eyes Right

ute. The common error is an overlongstdde.a. From a halt or marching n quick time,to march in double time, the command is"Double Time, MARCH."b. At the command "MARCH." the cadetraises the forearms to a horizontal positionalong the wasitline, closes the fingers withknuckles out, and begins an easy run withcoordinated armswing and with the step andcadence f double time.c. When marching in quick time, at thecommand "Double Time, MARCH," given aseither foot strikes he ground, the cadet takesone more step in quick time and then stepsof f in double time.d. To resume quick time from doubletime, the command s "Quick Time, MARCH,',with four steps between commands. At thecommand "MARCH," given as either footstrikes the ground, the cadet advances twomore steps n double time, resumes uick time,an d drops he handsby the sides.e. To halt frorn double time, the com-mand is "Flight, HALT," with four stepsbe-tween commands. Th e individual takes twomore double-timestepsand halts n two countsat quick time.f. The only commands which can be

given when marching at double time are"INCLINE TO THE RIGHT (LEFT): euickTime, MARCH," and ..Flight,HALT.,,53 . MARK TIMEa. The command is "Mark Time,MARCH." When marching, the command"MARCH" is given as either foot strikes theground. Th e cadet advancesan d places theother foot, then brings up the foot from th erear, placing it so that both heelsar e on line.The cadence is continued by alternatelyraising and lowering each foot. The balls ofthe feet ar e raised4 inchesabove he ground.Normal armswing is maintained wiilroutnoticeable bending of the elbows. Dress andcoverare maintained.b. At a halt, at the command "MARCH,"the left foot is raised and lowered first andthen the right. Mark time is executed n quicktime only. The halt executed rom mark timeis similar to a halt from quick tirne.

c. The command "Forward, MARCH" isgiven to resume marching with the 3O-inchstep. The cadet takesone more step n placeand then stepsoff with a full step. thi, "o--and is given as the left foot strikes theground.

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54 . HALF STEPa. The command s "Half Step,MARCH,"given as either foot strikes the ground. At thecommand "MARCH," the cadet takes onemore 30-inch step followed by l5-inch step in

quick time, setting the heel down first. Toresume the full 3O-inch step, the command is"Forward, MARCH," given as the left footstrikes the ground. At the command"MARCH," the cadet takesone more l5-inch' step with the right foot, then begins the fullstep.b. The halt executed from half step issimilar to the halt from the 30-inch step. Thehalf step is not executed from the halt nor arechangesof direction made from the half step.The half step is executed only in quick time'Armswing s normal.ss. RIGHT LEFT)STEP

a. The command is "Right (Left) Step,MARCH, " given only from the halt and formoving short distances.b. On the command "MARCH," th e cadetraises the right (left) leg, keeping it straightwithout stiffness and only high enough to al-low freedom of movement. The individualplaces the right (left) foot 12 inches to theright of the left (right) foot and then movesthe left (right) foot, keeping the left (right)foot as in the position of attention. Thismovement is continued in quick time, thecadet keeps the arms at the sides, until thecommand"HALT" is given.c. To halt from the right (left) step, thepreparatory command is given when theheels are together, and the command of ex -ecution "HALT" is given when the heelsaretogether th e next time. The halt from theright (left) step is executed in two counts'On the command "HALT" one more step istaken with the right (left) foot and the left(right) foot is placedalongside he right (left)in the position of attention.56 . CHANGE STEP

a. The command"ChangeStep,MARCH"is given as the right foot strikes the groundwhile marching at quick time.b. At the command of execution, the

cadet takes one more step with the left foot'Then, in one count, places he ball of the rightfoot alongside he heel of the left foot, thenstepsof f againwith the left foot.57 . TO MARCH TO THE REAR

a. The command "To the Rear,MARCH"is given as the right foot strikes the ground andonly while marching n quick time.b. At the command of execution,"MARCH," the cadet takes a lS-inch stepwith the left foot, placing it in front of theright foot, pivots on the balls of both feet,turning 180 degrees o the right, and takes hestep in the new direction. The pivot takes afull count. Arms ar e held at the sidesas at theposition of attetrtion while executing thepivot.58 . FLANKTNG MOVEMENTS

To march by the flank while marching, hecommand is "Rigl'tt (Left) Flank, MARCH."At the command "MARCH" given as the right(left) foot strikes the ground, the cadet takesone step, turns on the ball of the left (right)foot and then steps off with the right (left)foot in the new direction of march. Artnsar e held at the sidesas irt tlte position of at-tention while tlte pivot is executed. Th e pivot

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Fig. 2?: Double Time


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I$ANCHI

MAICHI

Figure 28 . Rear March.

and stepoff are executed n one count. Thismovement s used for a quick movement othe right or left for shortdistances nly.

59. TO FACEIN MARCHINGFROMA HALTa. The facings n marchingare mportantpartsof suchmovements s aking a newpost,aliging or inspecting troops, and executingcolumnmovementsrom a halt.b. To face o the right or left in marchingfrom a halt, the command s "Right (Left)Flank,MARCH." The urn s madeon the ballof the right foot and, at the same ime, stepsoff with the left foot in the new direction.The pivot and the step are executed n one

count.

Figure 9: Commonds or Column Lell on d Co/umnRightMovemenfs60. TO MARCHOTHERTHAN ATATTENTION

a. The command Route Step,MARCH"or "A t Ease,MARCH" is givenon either ootwhenmarchingat quick time. (Route rhymeswith "out.")b. At the command "MARCH" of"RouteStep,MARCH,"onemorestep s takenand routestep s assumed.Neither ilence orcadences required, ut prescribedntervalanddistance us tbe maintained.c. At the command MARCH" or ..AtEase,MARCH," one more step s taken and"At Ease," s assumed.Cadences not re-quired, but silence,prescribed nterval, anddistance ustbe maintained.d. These commandsare givenonly fromquick time. The flight must be called o at-tention beforeother commands ay be given.

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CHAPTERLEADERSHIP LABORATORYOBJECTIVES FOR PHASE II

During the leadership aboratory periodsofthe first three achievements f Phase I, youwill acquire a higher level of knowledge andproficiency in basic military skills throughcontinued participation in the status ofparticipant-follower. During the last threeachievements,after you have increasedyourexperiencean d proficiency, yo u will serveasparticipant-leader. As a participant-leader,you will fill positions of responsibility andauthority in which you will teach individualsand scluadshow to execute basic facing andmarching movements, how to salute,ho w towear the uniform, and how to respond n ac -cordance with CAP customs and courtesies.To serve n this capacity, you must have thenecessaryknowledge and exper

Documents

1981 CAPM 50-3 Civil Air Patrol Leadership Laboratory Volume 1