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C h a p t e r
19
The Endocrine System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
The nervous system and endocrine
system work together to monitor and
adjust physiological activities.
In general, the nervous system performs short-
term “crisis management,” and the endocrine
system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic
processes.
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocrine system includes all of the endocrine cells
and tissues of the body.
Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that
release hormones.
Hormones are organized into four groups based on
chemical structure:
Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Eicosanoids
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocrine activity is controlled by endocrine
reflexes that are triggered by:
Humoral stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Neural stimuli
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.2 Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs
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The Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
ADH
Oxytocin
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone
GH — growth hormone
PRL — prolactin
FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone
LH — luteinizing hormone
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.3 Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland and Its Subdivisions
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The Pituitary Gland
TABLE 19.1 The Pituitary Hormones
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.4 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.5 The Pituitary Gland and the Hypophyseal Portal System
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The Thyroid Gland
Sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx
Butterfly-like appearance
Consists of two main lobes connected by the isthmus
Controls metabolism
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Involved in calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (a) Location of Thyroid Gland, Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (b) Thyroid Gland
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (c) Thyroid Follicles
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.7 The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion
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The Parathyroid Glands
Located on the back of the thyroid gland
Two types of cells:
Parathyroid cells, or principal cells— glandular cells that
produce the hormone PTH
Oxyphil cells and transitional cells— likely immature or
inactive principal cells
Regulates calcium homeostasis
PTH— parathyroid hormone
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The Parathyroid Glands
Figure 19.8 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands
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The Thymus
Located on top of the heart
Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of the immune system develop
Thymosins
Atrophies as one ages
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The Thymus
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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The Thymus
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The Suprarenal Glands
Located on top of kidneys
Manages stress levels
Can be divided into two regions:
Suprarenal cortex
The Zona Glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids.
The Zona Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids.
The Zona Reticularis produces androgens.
Suprarenal medulla
Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline).
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The Suprarenal Glands
Figure 19.9 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland
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The Suprarenal Glands
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Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart
The kidneys
Renin, an enzyme
Erythropoietin, a peptide hormone
Calcitriol, a steroid hormone
The heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Both produce hormones involved with the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
the Digestive System
The Pancreas — located under stomach
Alpha cells — glucagon
Beta cells — insulin
Delta cells — somatostatin (growth-hormone
inhibiting hormone)
F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Other digestive hormones discussed
in digestive chapter
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M
Figure 19.10 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
the Digestive System
M
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
the Digestive System
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
Testes Interstitial cells produce androgens (testosterone)
Promotes production of functional sperms, maintains secretory glands, influences secondary sexual characteristics, and stimultes muscle growth
Nurse cells (or sustentabular cells) secrete inhibin
Ovaries
Follicular cells produce estrogens and secrete inhibin
Corpus luteum releases progestins and relaxin
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Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
TABLE 19.5 Hormones of the Reproductive System
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The Pineal Gland
Part of the epithalamus
Contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretary cells called pinealocytes
Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone, melatonin
Melatonin
Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs
Production rate rises at night and declines during the day
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The Pineal Gland
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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Hormones and Aging
Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing age
One can expect
The changes in reproduction hormone levels at puberty
The decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones at menopause in women
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.11 Endocrine Abnormalities
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Clinical Note
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.12 Joan’s MRI
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Clinical Note
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