19- Basem S. El-Sharkawy_ Sobek at Memphis_ Once Again. Further Documents_ CASAE 38_ (2010)_ 191-204

Egyptian CulturE and SoCiEty

Egyptian CulturE and SoCiEty

StudiES in honour of naguib kanawati

supplément aux annales du service

des antiquités de l'égypte

cahier no 38

VolumE ii

Preface byZahi hawaSS

Edited byalExandra woodS

ann mCfarlanE

SuSannE bindEr

PUBLICATIONS DU CONSEIL SUPRÊME DES ANTIQUITÉS DE L'ÉGYPTE

Graphic Designer:Anna-Latifa Mourad.

Director of Printing:Amal Safwat.

Front Cover: Tomb of Remni.Opposite: Saqqara season, 2005.Photos: Effy Alexakis.

(CASAE 38) 2010© Conseil Suprême des Antiquités de l'Égypte

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher

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ISBN: 978-977-479-845-6

IMPRIMERIE DU CONSEIL SUPRÊME DES ANTIQUITÉS

The abbreviations employed in this work follow those in B. Mathieu, Abréviations des périodiques et collections en usage à l'IFAO (4th ed., Cairo, 2003) and G. Müller, H. Balz and G. Krause (eds), Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol 26: S. M. Schwertner, Abkürzungsverzeichnis (2nd ed., Berlin - New York, 1994).

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ContEntS

VolumE i

prEfaCE Zahi hawass xiii

aCknowlEdgEmEntS xv

naguib kanawati: a lifE in Egyptology xviiann mcFarlane

naguib kanawati: a bibliography xxvii

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susanne Binder, The Title 'Scribe of the Offering Table': Some Observations

gillian Bowen, The Spread of Christianity in Egypt: Archaeological Evidence from Dakhleh and Kharga Oases

edward Brovarski, The Hare and Oryx Nomes in the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom

vivienne g. callender, Writings of the Word Hathor from Akhmim

malcolm choat, Athanasius, Pachomius, and the 'Letter on Charity and Temperance'

rosalie david, Cardiovascular Disease and Diet in Ancient Egypt

linda evans, Otter or Mongoose? Chewing over the Evidence in Wall Scenes

roByn gillam, From Meir to Quseir el-Amarna and Back Again: The Cusite Nome in SAT and on the Ground

said g. gohary, The Cult-Chapel of the Fortress Commander Huynefer at Saqqara

michelle hampson, 'Experimenting with the New': Innovative Figure Types and Minor Features in Old Kingdom Workshop Scenes

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Zahi hawass, The Anubieion

tom hillard, The God Abandons Antony: Alexandrian Street Theatre in 30bC

colin a. hope and olaF e. kaper, A Governor of Dakhleh Oasis in the Early Middle Kingdom

Jana Jones, Some Observations on the Dimensions of Textiles in the Old Kingdom Linen Lists

edwin a. Judge, The Puzzle of Christian Presence in Egypt before Constantine

lesley J. kinney, Defining the Position of Dancers within Performance Institutions in the Old Kingdom

audran laBrousse, Huit épouses du roi Pépy Ier

VolumE ii

miral lashien, The Transportation of Funerary Furniture in Old Kingdom Tomb Scenes

lise manniche, The Cultic Significance of the Sistrum in the Amarna Period

kim mccorquodale, 'Hand in Hand': Reliefs in the Chapel of Mereruka and other Old Kingdom Tombs

roBert s. merrillees, Two Unusual Late Cypriote Bronze Age Juglets from Egypt in Western Australia and Tatarstan

Juan carlos moreno garcía, La gestion des aires marginales: pHw, gs, Tnw, sxt au IIIe millénaire

karol myśliwiec, The Mysterious Mereris, Sons of Ny-ankh-nefertem (Sixth Dynasty, Saqqara)

alanna noBBs, Phileas, Bishop of Thmouis

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Boyo g. ockinga, The Memphite Theology - Its Purpose and Date

maarten J. raven, A New Statue of an Old Kingdom Vizier from Saqqara

gay roBins, Space and Movement in Pre-Amarna Eighteenth Dynasty Theban Tomb Chapels

ashraF-alexandre sadek, Trois pièces de la Collection Égyptienne du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Limoges

ramadan el-sayed, À propos de sept scarabées au Musée du Caire

michael schultZ, The Biography of the Wife of Kahai: A Biological Reconstruction

sameh shaFik, Disloyalty and Punishment: The Case of Ishfu at Saqqara

Basim samir el-sharkawy, Sobek at Memphis, Once Again: Further Documents

kenneth a. sheedy, Scenes from Alexandria in the Time of Domitian

karin n. sowada, Forgotten Cemetery F at Abydos and Burial Practices of the Late Old Kingdom

Joyce swinton, De-Coding Old Kingdom Wall Scenes: Force-Feeding the Hyena

eliZaBeth thompson, Scenes of the Tomb Owner Journeying-by-Water: The Motif in Tombs of the Old Kingdom Cemetery of El-Hawawish

miroslav verner, miroslav Bárta and Zdenka sůvová, The Second Renaissance of Abusir

sophie winlaw, The Chapel Types Utilised in the Teti Cemetery at Saqqara

alexandra woods, A Date for the Tomb of Seneb at Giza: Revisited

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SOBEK AT MEMPHIS, ONCE AGAIN: FURTHER DOCUMENTS

Basem Samir El-Sharkawy Supreme Council of Antiquities

The present paper continues a series started in 2002,1 2003 2 and 2007 3 regarding the cult, temple and priesthood of the crocodile deity Sobek in the Memphite region during several periods of Egyptian history.

There are fourteen documents currently known that provide evidence for the cult, temple and priesthood of the deity Sobek in the Memphite region throughout several periods of Pharaonic history. There are two documents from the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom, four from the Middle Kingdom, six from the New Kingdom, and two documents from the Ptolemaic period. The aim of a recent study has been to collect all the currently known references and documents referring to Sobek in the Memphite region to shed new light on the significance of the deity over several periods of Egyptian history.

W. M. F. Petrie was the first scholar to mention the possible existence of Sobek at Memphis when he wrote in the first part of his excavations at Memphis that: 'There is also an illusion to Sebek, as the "Wall of Sebek" is named in Harris Papyrus [1]'.4 Petrie did not provide the exact reference and can now be presented as Papyrus Harris I5 (p.BM 9999), 47, 1; 48, 9-10; 49, 6-7 ( , and

). S. Hassan also commented in his translation of Papyrus Harris, which was apparently composed during the reigns of the kings Ramesses III and Ramesses IV,6 that Inb-%bk refers to the existence of the god Sobek at Memphis in the Ptah Temple (Hwt kA PtH).7

The documents referring to Sobek in the Memphite region will be presented below in chronological order:

A. Old Kingdom

Document 1: An Archaic Vessel (JE. 88397) H. Kees8 suggested that the cult of Sobek first appeared in Memphis during the Archaic Period. However, I have proposed in a previous study that the first attestation of Sobek at Memphis9 appeared in a private name @m-%bk (i.e. 'the servant of Sobek'), the Companion. The name is found on a diorite (?) vessel and

BASEM SAMIR EL-SHARKAWY

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was discovered near the Step Pyramid of Neterikhet at Saqqara, and can be dated to the early dynastic period (from the First to the Third Dynasties).10

Document 2: Unas' Pyramid Texts (Figure 1) According to Unas' Pyramid Text no. 565, Sobek appears to have been worshipped in the capital of Memphis during the Old Kingdom11 where the crocodile was the sacred animal of this god.12 W. Budge considered this text (Unas Pyr. 565) as a reference to Sobek's worshipped in the early Archaic Period.13 Several utterances mention Sobek, such as Utterance 301 (Unas Pyr. 565 = PT 456a) 'Stay, great raft, as Upuaut, fuel of your spiritual power (mHtj m jax.k), coming out of the Horizon after having taken the wrr.t-(white) crown in the great and mighty fountain-heads in the South of Libya (xn.tjw THnw) as Sobek, lord of the Mountain of the Morning (bA-jrw)');14 Utterance 308 (Unas Pyr. 600 = PT 489c) 'Unas saw you as Sobek saw Neith');15 Utterance 317 (Unas Pyr. 621 = PT 507) 'Unas is Sobek with a green feather, with a watchful face, with an uplifted brow, …';16 and (Unas Pyr. 627 = PT 510) 'Unas arises as Sobek, the son of Neith'.17

B. Middle Kingdom

There is evidence for the cult of Sobek at several sites during the Middle Kingdom,18 however Memphis was still considered to be an important cult centre for the deity even though it was no longer Egypt's capital.19 Four documents are known from the Twelfth Dynasty mentioning the god Sobek in the Memphite region. The first two date to the reign of Amenemhat II (1932-1896 BC), the third is from the reign of Senwosert III (1881-1840 BC) and the fourth document does not have an exact date at present.

Document 3: Granite Block of the vizier Ameny from the Ptah Temple, Kom el-Fakhry (Figure 2) Sobek is mentioned twice on a granite block of the 'overseer of the city and vizier' Ameny, who brought endowments of offerings to king Amenemhat I and also the pyramid-temple (Xnm-cwt) of Senwosert I. In 1908/1909 AD, the granite block was laid in front of the west pylon of the Ptah temple at Kom el-Fakhry in Mit-Rahina (Memphis). The first mention is in column (1) and states: 'Sobek, lord of [….]', while the second in the column (6) says: 'beloved of Sobek, lord of r[A]-[A]w […]'.20 The locality listed may be the Tura quarries, an eastern section of the city of Memphis.21

Document 4: Granite Stela of king Amenemhat II from the Ptah Temple, Kom el-Fakhry (Figure 3) If the identification of r[A]-[A]w in the previous example is accepted as being the Tura quarries, the same epithet (Cbk nb rA-Aw 'Sobek, lord of Tura')22 is listed twice in column (X+29) on the rose granite stela of king Amenemhat II in the Ptah temple built by Ramesses II at Kom el-Fakhry.23


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Document 5: Steatite Cylindric Seal of king Senwosert III at Mit-Rahina A small steatite cylindrical seal of king Senwosert III found at Mit-Rahina, now in 'Michaïlidis Collection', includes the epithet of nb rA-Hwj24 'lord of the mouth of @wj'.25 This particular site is a regional centre near Rakotis in Lower Egypt.26

Document 6: Gray Granite Offering Table of Ameny-Seneb (Figures 4a-b) The last item dating to the Twelfth Dynasty is now housed in the Mit-Rahina museum and is a gray granite offering table of the 'overseer of the stable of ibexes', Ameny-Seneb,27 and son of the lady It.28 The table is inscribed in sunken relief with two offering-formula addressed to the god Cbk AbTty 'Sobek of the net'. 29 According to the Register Book of the Antiquities Inspectorate at Mit-Rahina, the offering table was originally discovered in the ruins of the Ptah temenos at Memphis. However, I have reason to believe that the table either came from the Sobek temple called Hwt-kA-PtH in Memphis or that it was one of the sixteen (limestone ?) offering tables from the First Intermediate Period–Middle Kingdom private cemetery discovered by M. A. Towab el-Hitta at Kom el-Fakhry.30

On the right-hand side the text reads:

Htp di ncw Cbk AbTty di.f n.f Hnqt Hmw cnTr xAw DfAw Htpw xt nb(t) nfrt wabt

'An offering which the king gives (to) Sobek of AbTty (the net?), may he grant to him offerings of beer, Hmw-incense, xAw-vessels,31 food and offerings and every good and pure thing'.

On the left-hand side the text reads:

Htp di ncw Cbk AbTty di.f prt-xr[w tA Hnqt kAw Apdw Ss mnxt …] xt nb(t) nfrt wabt anxt nTr im n kA mr-pr mAHDw / gHcw / nAww Imny-cnb ir n It nb imAxw

'An offering which the king gives (to) Sobek of AbTty (the net?), may he grant an invocation offering [of bread, beer, ox and fowl, alabaster and linen …] and every good and pure thing on which the god lives, for the kA of the overseer of the stable of ibexes Ameny-Seneb, born of the lady It, lord of the honoured ones'.

C. New Kingdom

Evidence for the god Sobek in Memphis during the New Kingdom can be found on several items and include: two tablets from the region of the Tura and Maasara quarries; a list of the Memphite gods in Soker's chapel in the temple of Seti I (1296-1279 BC) at Abydos; on Papyrus Sallier IV, dated to the middle of Ramses II's reign32 (1279-1212 BC); on Papyrus Harris I, from the reign of Ramses III (1185-1153 BC) and Ramses IV (1153-1146 BC); and finally on a stela discovered in the excavations of Philadelphia University's Museum.33


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Document 7: Tura Quarries (Tablet № 2) (Figure 5) The first tablet dating to the Eighteenth Dynasty shows king Amenhotep II purifying offerings and censing before several deities including Sobek. Although the associated inscriptions are destroyed, the iconography indicates the god is positioned third among the upper register of gods on the tablet (№ 2), which is located at the entrance to the Tura quarries.34

Document 8: Maasara Quarries (Tablet № 7) (Figure 6) The second undated tablet (№ 7) at Maasara quarries,35 just south of Tura provides more information. The inscriptions state: 'Sobek, lord of RA-Aw (Tura)'. A figure of the deity is represented and he wears a short kilt with an ox(?) tail and the Atf-crown while holding the wAc-scepter in his left hand and the anx-sign in his right hand. Another column of inscription immediately before Sobek mentions the name of the goddess Isis with the title of 'mistress of the Sycamore'.36

Document 9: Soker's Chapel in the Temple of Seti I at Abydos Sobek was also noted on the list of Memphite Gods (№ 28) in Soker's chapel (U on Mariette's plan)37 in the temple of Seti I at Abydos.38 The god appears as @r Hr rmn.f 'Horus who is on his standard' (№ 43)39 or @rj-rmn.wj.f '(who is) on his two standards'. 40 G. A. Gaballa explained the existence of the crocodile-deities in 'The Festival of Soker' at Memphis as being associated with Osiris, who merged with the Memphite god Soker in the myth describing his death when a crocodile covered his body after drowning. 41

Document 10: Papyrus Sallier IV (p.BM 10184 vs.) Dating to the reign of Ramses II, Papyrus Sallier IV (p.BM 10184 vs., 1, 5. 9; 2. 1-2) mentions the '(temple of) the god Sobek' as being one of the temples of the great Ptah in the Memphite region.42 The god and temple is described as Cbk n Mrj-Ra 'Sobek of Mery-Re' (vs. 1, 9); the 'gods who are in pr-PtH "the temple of Ptah" ' and psD.t imj.t Pr-PtH 'the Ennead who is in the temple of Ptah' (vs. 1, 5); 'the Ennead of the West ... to every god and goddess (vs. 2,1); and 'who is in the neighbourhood of Memphis' (vs. 2,2). 43

P. Montet44 highlights that Papyrus Sallier IV writes the name of the god in Cbk n Mrj-Ra 'Sobek of Mery-Re' (vs. 1,9) with the crocodile-shape followed by , the last sign of which can be translated as 'property, house, palace, domain and/or temple.' This particular writing of the deity's name may indicate that Sobek is associated with Mery-Re's property and that the god had a sanctuary or his temple among the remains of a property once owned by the Sixth Dynasty king 'Mery-Ra' (Pepy I) in Memphis.45


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Document 11: Papyrus Harris I (p.BM 9999) Dating to the reigns of Ramses III and Rameses IV of the Twentieth Dynasty,46 Papyrus Harris I (p.BM 9999, 47, 1; 48, 9-10; 49, 6-7)47 mentions the name of the temple of Sobek at Memphis, Inb-Cbk, i.e. 'the Wall of Sobek', on three occasions.48 The text reads as follows:

'… ,(47/1) and its skin in beautiful gold inscribed with your name on it, you appear your heart being joyful [in] 'Jnb-Cbk', in your glorious hidden image as (Ptah) he who is south of his wall, as you fill your city 'Memphis' with the light of your body, while the people rejoiced at seeing your beauty.'

'(48/9) I made to you a great offering feast for the head of the inundation for your great glorified beloved name 'Ptah-Nun', the great, father of the gods. The food existed like water in your great glorified court called 'Jnb-Cbk', (48/10) for all your images, and for the Ennead of the primeval water. I gave them donations from treasurers, storehouses, granaries, cattle stables, and chickens stables annually, to please the board of the Great Nun (until) they (became) satisfied and enjoyed the feast when (they) watch it.'


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'(49/6) And I offered you a generous duty from incense, to scent your temple with (the Pwnt) scent, for the good sake of your two glorious nostrils in the early morning, and I planted the incense, frankincense,(49/7) and Terebinth trees in your glorified great court at 'Jnb-Cbk', which I brought from 'the land of God' to fulfill the two uraei-serpents on your forehead every morning'.

Document 12: Stela (Fragment M-2673) from the Philadelphia University's Museum excavations Sobek is illustrated on a stela discovered at Mit-Rahina in the excavations of the Philadelphia University Museum during fieldwork seasons in 1915-1923.49

D. Ptolemaic Period

There are only two documents known from this period and are as follows:

Document 13: Papyrus in the National library at Strasburg A hymn to the god Sobek-Re dated to the first century BC, now housed in the National library at Strasburg,50 describes how Sobek emerged with Re and joined with the god Ptah-Tatenen in Memphis. 51 Papyrus Harris I also indicates that Sobek merged with Ptah 'who is south of his wall' in his temple at Memphis. The hymn includes the following inscription: . M. Sandman-Holmberg translated the reference to Sobek as '[Sobek-Rē] and Tatenen at Memphis',52 however I would prefer to read the original hieroglyphic text as: [Cbk'-Ra] &A-tnn m @w.t-kA-PtH with the translation as follows: '[Sobek-Rē] and Tatenen at the @w.t-kA-PtH temple'. It should be noted here that the reference is to the temple and not to the city.53


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Document 14: Saqqara Records Saqqara's records refer to one of the cult places of Sobek in the Memphite region as

Cbk m tp-in.t 'Sobek at the top of the valley'. This area presumably lies between the city and the necropolis, yet another record refers to Sobek's cult at Saqqara in the region called km or kA-kmt 'the Serapeum of Memphis'.54

Conclusion

There is evidence for the cult, temple and priesthood of the crocodile-god Sobek in the Memphite region during the Archaic Period (Doc. 1) as well as in the Old Kingdom, according to several notations in Unas' Pyramid Texts (Doc. 2). The god Sobek may have had his sanctuary or temple associated with an old property belonging to king 'Mery-Re' (Pepy I) in Memphis city (Doc. 10), while in the Middle Kingdom Sobek gained epithets such as 'the lord of Tura', a locality in the eastern quarter of Memphis (Docs. 3 and 4). Sobek also appears to be associated with ancient capital of Memphis in the New Kingdom and is mentioned on two tablets from the Tura and Maasara quarries (Docs. 7 and 8), one of which dates to the reign of Amenhotep II (Doc. 7). Only one of the documents from the New Kingdom, Papyrus Harris I (BM 9999) (Doc. 11), provides the name of the temple of Sobek at Memphis, which is , and Inb-Cbk 'the Wall of Sobek' and is in the context of a great festival and series of ceremonies during the reign of Ramses III. It should be noted that the exact meaning of the term 'Sobek's wall' is open to interpretation as the designation has been considered by some scholars, especially Budge and Montet, as the name of the area in which the temple was situated. By contrast, Hassan considers Jnb-Cbk 'Sobek's Wall' as a sanctuary at Memphis where the statue of the god in a naos was removed and presented to the populous. Yet, another document from the New Kingdom mentions that the temple was inside the 'temenos' of Ptah temple, called @wt-kA-PtH, at Memphis (Doc. 10). Finally, there is literary evidence for Sobek in the Ptolemaic period (Doc. 13), where the god, as Sobek-Re, unified with the local deity Ptah-Tatenen. The Memphite region provides further evidence to suggest that Sobek as worshiped in several places in the city itself, as well as at Saqqara during the Ptolemaic period (Doc. 14).


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1 B. S. El-Sharkawy, 'Sobek's Cult and Temple at Memphis, p.BM 10184 verso & p.BM

9999 [and other sources]', in M. Eldamaty and M. Trad (eds), Egyptian Museum Collections around the World. Studies for the Centennial of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, 2 vols., (Cairo, 2002), II, 1079-1089.

2 B. S. El-Sharkawy, The Memphite Priesthood till the beginning of Ptolemaic Period (IN ARABIC WITH ENGLISH SUMMERY), 2 vols., (M.A. diss., Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 2003), I, 48-50, 101-103, 448; II, 657-658, 660-661, 662, 662-663, 663-664.

3 B. S. El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series from the Flourish to the Decline (3100 BC to 640 AD). A Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Study, Part I. Memphis. 'The City of Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Egypt' [IN ARABIC WITH ENGLISH ABSTRACT], (Cairo, 2007), 134-137, 200 [№ 17], 203 [№ 20], 206 [№ 30], 235 [№ 128], 260-261 [№ 229], 405 (fig. 135).

4 W. M. F. Petrie, Memphis I, BSAE 15 (London, 1909), 4a (8., bottom). 5 W. Erichsen, Papyrus Harris I. Hieroglyphische Transkription, BAe V (Bruxelles, 1933),

50 (47, 1), 54 (48, 9-10), and 55 (49, 6-7). 6 W. R. Dawson, 'Anastasi, Sallier, Harris and their Papyri', JEA 35 (1949), 161-166. 7 S. Hassan, Masr El-Qadimah, 16 vols. (Cairo, 2000), VII, 428 and its footnote no. (1),

432. P. Montet completed two translations, one on the 'Crocodile's Wall' and the other on 'Sobek's Wall', see P. Montet, Géographie de L'Egypte Ancienne, I, Imprimerie Nationale (Paris, 1957), 33. Compare with P. Grandet's reading and translation as Inb itj 'Governor's Wall', P. Grandet, Le Papyrus Harris I, 2 vols., IFAO (Le Caire, 1994), I, 287 (47, 1), 289 (48, 9; 49, 7), 291 (no. s); II, 170 (n. 689) and 175 (n.. 710).

8 H. Kees, Der Götterglaube im alten Ägypten, MVÄG 45 (Leipzig, 1941); H. Kees, Der Götterglaube im alten Ägypten (Berlin, 1956), 'Memphis', 286; cf. H. Brugsch, Dictionnaire Géographique de L'Ancienne Égypte (Leipzig, 1877-1880), 48; H. Kees, 'Eine Liste memphitischer Götter im Tempel von Abydos', Rec. Trav. 37 (1915), 68 n.. 28, 73.

9 El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series, I. Memphis. 'The City of Gods and Goddesses in Ancient Egypt', 134-137.

10 J.-P. Lauer and P. Lacau, Le pyramide à degrees, V. Inscriptions à l'encre sur les vases, IFAO (Cairo, 1965), № 118.

11 E. A. W. Budge, The Gods of The Egyptians. Studies in Egyptian Mythology, 2 vols., (New York, 1969), I, 78.

12 E. A. W. Budge, The Book of the Dead. The Hieroglyphic Transcript: English Translation of the Papyrus of Ani (New Jersey, 1996), 188 and 545.

13 Budge, The Gods of The Egyptians I, 78. 14 K. Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte nach den Papierabdrücken und

Photographien des Berliner Museums, 4 vols. (Leipzig 1908-1922), I, 234; S. A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts (Toronto, 1952), 101 (mentioned as Unas Pyr. 455).

15 Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte I, 253; Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, 105. 16 Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte I, 260; Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, 109. 17 Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte I, 261; Mercer, The Pyramid Texts, 109. 18 For cult sites associated with Sobek dating to the Middle Kingdom, see F. Gomac, 'Der

Krokodilgott Sobek und seine Kultorte im Mittleren Reich', Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens zu Ehern von Wolfhart Westendorf, II (Göttingen, 1984), 787-803 (799).

19 See El-Sharkawy, in Eldamaty and Trad (eds), Egyptian Museum Collections around the World II, 1080, 1085-1086, 1088 n. 44.


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20 Petrie, Memphis I, 6b (bottom)-7a (top); J. H. Walker, 'Chapter VIII: The Inscriptions', in

Petrie, Memphis I, 17b-18a (bottom), pl. V (lines 1 and 6); El-Sharkawy, in Eldamaty and Trad (eds), Egyptian Museum Collections around the World II, 1085-1086.

21 El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I [IN ARABIC], 200 [№ 17], 203 [№ 20], 206 [№ 30], 235 [№ 128], 279 (fig. 8), 280 [15].

22 See B. S. El-Sharkawy, 'Geo-structural Dictionary of Inb-HD (Memphis), the First Nome of Lower Egypt' [IN ARABIC], in Proceedings of The Fourth Conference of the Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University – Al-Fayoum Branch, On Capitals and Great Cities in Egypt Along the History. 'Studies on History, Archaeology, Restoration, Tourism, Geography, and Environment 7-9 April 2004’, 2 vols. (Al-Fayoum, 2004), I, 121 [item 129]; El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I [IN ARABIC], 235 [№ 128]; cf. 203 [№ 20], 206 [№ 30], 405 (fig. 135).

23 See H. Altenmüller and A. M. Moussa, 'Die Inschrift Amenemhets II aus dem Ptah-Tempel von Memphis: Ein Vorbricht', SAK 18 (1991), 1-48, pl. 1.

24 J. Yoyotte, 'Le Soukhos de la Maréotide et d'autres cultes régionaux du dieu-crocodile d'après les cylindres du Moyen Empire', BIFAO 56 (1957), 81-95; G. Godron, 'Deux objets du Moyen Empire mentionnant Sobek', BIFAO 63 (1965), 198.

25 Montet, Géographie l'Egypte Ancienne I, 69-70. 26 J. Yoyotte, BIFAO 56 (1957), 81-95; G. Godron, BIFAO 63 (1965), 198. 27 H. Ranke, Die Ägyptischen Personennamen, 3 vols. (Glückstadt, 1935), I, 32: 2 (m, MR). 28 Ranke, PN I, 49: 3 (f, MR). 29 See Ibty/IbTty in E. A. W. Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, 2 vols. (New

York, 1978), II, 956a.9, 1013b.1-2; H. Gauthier, Dictionnaire des noms Géographiques, contenus dans les texts Hiéroglyphiques, 6 tomes, IFAO (Le Caire, 1925), 3: 5, 66: 1. 4; A. Erman and H. Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptische Sprache (Berlin), I, 64: 21-65: 1.

30 See M. A. T. El-Hitta, 'Fouilles de Memphis à Kom el Fakhri: Les grandes découvertes archéologiques de 1954', La Revue du Caire, Numéro Spécial 33, no. 175 (Cairo, 1955), 50-51, figs. 33-35; C. Lilyquist, 'Early Middle Kingdom Tombs at Mitrahina', JARCE 11 (1974), 27-30, pls. 1-3.

31 See Wb III, 225: 10-16 (xAw); compare with 224: 16 and 226: 7 (xAy/xAwy). 32 D. Meeks, 'Une Fondation Memphite de Taharqa, Stèle du Caire JE 36861', BdE 81

(Cairo, 1979), 231; U. Rössler-Köhlerm 'Papyrus-Verzeichnis' in W. Helck and W. Westendorf, (eds), Lexikon Der Ägyptologie, IV (Wiesbaden, 1982), 691-692.

33 A. R. Schulman, 'Memphis 1915-1923: the Trivia of an Excavation', in A-P. Zivie (ed), Memphis et ses Nécropoles au Nouvel Empire. Nouvelles données, Nouvelles questions, Actes du Colloque International CNRS Pairs 9 au 11 octobre 1986, Avant-Propos de Jean Leclant, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Paris, 1988), 85 n. 41.

34 H. Vyse (Colonel), Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Giza III (London, 1842), Tourah Quarries. Tablet at the Entrance, No 2 after 96; and Massara Quarries No 7 after 98.

35 Vyse, Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Giza III, Massara Quarries No 7 after 98. 36 Vyse, Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Giza III, Tablet No 7 after 98; B. S. El-

Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I, 135, 203 [№ 20], 405 (fig. 135). 37 Kees, Rec. Trav. 37 (1915), 68, no 28; A. Mariette, Abydos, 2 vols. (Paris, 1869-1880); A.

M. Caverly et al., The Temple of King Sethos Iat Abydos, 4 vols. (London and Chicago, 1933-38).

38 Kees, Rec. Trav. 37 (1915), 68, no 28. 39 Kees, Rec. Trav. 37 (1915), 71. 40 Kees, Rec. Trav. 37 (1915), 75. 41 G. A. Gaballa and K. A. Kitchen, 'The Festival of Soker', Orientalia 38 (1969), 50.


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42 R. A. Caminos, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, Brown Egyptological Studies I (London,

1954), 333-349 (a letter concerning the wonders of Memphis). 43 Caminos, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, 333 and 340. See also F. Daumas, Les dieux de

l'Égypte, (Paris, 1965), 82. 44 Montet, Géographie de L'Egypte Ancienne I, 33. 45 El-Sharkawy, in Eldamaty and Trad (eds), Egyptian Museum Collections around the

World II, 2: 1081, 1083, 1088; El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I, 135. 46 Erichsen, Papyrus Harris I, passim; Grandet, Le Papyrus Harris I, passim. 47 Erichsen, Papyrus Harris I, 50 (47, 1), 54 (48, 9-10), 55 (49, 6-7). 48 El-Sharkawy, in Eldamaty and Trad (eds), Egyptian Museum Collections around the

World II, 1081-1084, 1087-1089; El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I, 135-137, 203 [№ 20].

49 Schulman, in Zivie (ed.), Memphis et ses Nécropoles au Nouvel Empire, 85 n. 41. 50 P. Bucher, 'Les hymnes à Sobek-Rê, Seigneur de Smenou, des papyrus 2 et 7 de la

Bibliothèque Nationale de Strasbourg', Kêmi 1 (1928), 41-52, 147-166; P. Bucher, 'Les hymnes à Sobek-Rê, Seigneur de Smenou, des papyrus 2 et 7 de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Strasbourg', Kêmi 3 (1930-1935), 1-19.

51 M. Sandman-Holmberg, The God Ptah (Lund, 1946), 48* (Text no. 239). 52 Sandman-Holmberg, The God Ptah, 188. 53 According to Sallier IV, vs. 2, 2. 54 See El-Sharkawy, The Ancient Capital Memphis Series I, 137, 260-261 [№ 229].


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FIGURE 1. Unas' Pyramid Texts mentioning the deity Sobek.

a) (Doc. 2a) Unas Pyramid Text, 565 (PT 456a).

b) (Doc. 2b) Unas Pyramid Text, 600 (PT 489c).

c) (Doc. 2c) Unas Pyramid Text, 621 (PT 507b).

d) (Doc. 2d) Unas Pyramid Text, 627 (PT 510a).

FIGURE. 2. (Doc. 3) Granite block of 'the overseer of the city and vizier', Ameny.


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FIGURE 3. (Doc. 4) The facsimile of the granite stela of Amenemhat II at the Ptah temple (in situ) showing the name Sobek with his title as 'a lord of Tura' on the column x+29.


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FIGURE 4a. (Doc. 6a) Gray granite offering table of Ameny-Seneb in the Mit-Rahina Museum.

FIGURE 4b. (Doc. 6b) Inscriptions on the offering table of Ameny-Seneb in the Mit-Rahina Museum.


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FIGURE 5. (Doc. 7) Upper Register of the Tablet № 2 at the Tura Quarries, east Memphis.

FIGURE 6. (Doc. 8) Tablet № 7 at the Maasara Quarries, east Memphis.