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16 Materials and Semi-Finished Products forSwitchgear Installations
16.1 Iron and steel
16.1.1 Structural steel, general
The material specifications for structural steels to EN 10 029 apply to carbon steelsand low-alloy steels: these are used in the hot-worked condition, and to a lesser extentafter normalizing, for reasons of tensile strength and yield strength. The specificationsare also valid for forgings, section steel, strip, and heavy and medium plates madefrom these steels.
Weldability is better with low-carbon steels having less than 0.22% C. Weldability isbest with steels of grade 3, e.g. S235 (St 37-3 JR), and poorest with steels of grade 1.Killed steels are to be preferred to rimmed steel, especially if segregation zones mightbe encountered when welding.
Identification codes for structural steels are contained in EN 10027. This also showsthe chemical composition and method of melting or casting.
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16.1.2 Dimensions and weights of steel bars and tubesTable 16-1 Angle steel (L-bars) EN 10056-1
a) IsocelesSymbol Weight SectionL modulesa × s Zx = Zymm kg/m cm3
20 × 3 0.88 0.2825 × 3 1.12 0.4525 × 4 1.45 0.5930 × 3 1.36 0.6530 × 4 1.78 0.8535 × 4 2.09 1.1840 × 4 2.42 1.5540 × 5 2.97 1.9145 × 4.5 3.06 2.2050 × 4 3.06 2.4650 × 5 3.77 3.0550 × 6 4.47 3.6160 × 5 4.57 4.4560 × 6 5.42 5.2960 × 8 7.09 6.8965 × 7 6.83 7.1870 × 6 6.38 7.2770 × 7 7.38 8.4175 × 6 6.85 8.4175 × 8 8.99 11.080 × 8 9.63 12.680 × 10 11.9 15.490 × 7 9.61 14.190 × 8 10.9 16.190 × 9 12.2 17.990 × 10 13.4 19.8
100 × 8 12.2 19.9100 × 10 15.0 24.6100 × 12 17.8 29.1120 × 10 18.2 36.0120 × 12 21.6 42.7130 × 12 23.6 50.4150 × 10 23.0 56.9150 × 12 27.3 34.8150 × 15 33.8 83.5160 × 15 36.2 95.6180 × 16 43.5 130180 × 18 48.6 145200 × 16 48.5 162200 × 18 54.3 181200 × 20 59.9 199200 × 24 71.1 235250 × 28 104 433250 × 35 128 529
b) ScaleneSymbol Weight SectionL modulesa × s Zx = Zymm kg/m cm3
30 × 20 × 3 1.12 0.62 0.2930 × 20 × 4 1.46 0.81 0.3840 × 20 × 4 1.77 1.42 0.3940 × 25 × 4 1.93 1.47 0.6245 × 30 × 4 2.25 1.91 0.9150 × 30 × 5 2.96 2.86 1.1160 × 30 × 5 3.36 4.07 1.1460 × 40 × 5 3.76 4.25 2.0260 × 40 × 6 4.46 5.03 2.3865 × 50 × 5 4.35 5.14 3.1970 × 50 × 6 5.41 7.01 3.7875 × 50 × 6 5.65 8.01 3.8175 × 50 × 8 7.39 10.4 4.9580 × 40 × 6 5.41 8.73 2.4480 × 40 × 8 7.07 11.4 3.1680 × 60 × 7 7.36 10.7 6.34
100 × 50 × 6 6.84 13.08 3.89100 × 50 × 8 8.97 18.2 5.08100 × 65 × 7 8.77 16.6 7.53100 × 65 × 8 9.94 18.9 8.54100 × 55 × 10 12.3 23.2 10.5100 × 75 × 8 10.6 19.3 11.4100 × 75 × 10 13.0 23.8 14.0100 × 75 × 12 15.4 28.0 16.5120 × 80 × 8 12.2 27.6 13.2120 × 80 × 10 15.0 34.1 16.2120 × 80 × 12 17.8 40.4 19.1125 × 75 × 8 12.2 29.6 11.6125 × 75 × 10 15.0 36.5 14.3125 × 75 × 12 17.8 43.2 16.9135 × 65 × 8 12.2 33.4 8.75135 × 65 × 10 15.0 41.3 10.8150 × 75 × 9 15.4 46.7 13.1150 × 75 × 10 17.0 51.6 14.5150 × 75 × 12 20.2 61.3 17.1150 × 75 × 15 24.8 75.2 21.0150 × 90 × 10 18.2 53.3 21.0150 × 90 × 12 21.6 63.3 24.8150 × 90 × 15 26.6 77.7 30.4150 ×100 × 10 19.0 54.2 25.9150 ×100 × 12 22.5 64.4 30.7200 ×100 × 10 23.0 93.2 26.3200 ×100 × 12 27.3 111 31.3200 ×100 × 15 33.75 137 38.5200 ×150 × 12 32.0 119 70.5200 ×150 × 15 39.6 147 86.9Permissible tolerance 50 mm ± 1 mm, up to 100mm ± 1,5 mm.
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813
Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulesfor bending axisx – x y – yWx Wy
l h b s t kg/m cm3 cm3
180 180 42 3.9 5.9 5.94 19.5 3.00100 100 50 4.5 6.8 8.34 34.2 4.88120 120 58 5.1 7.7 11.1 54.7 7.41
140 140 66 5.7 8.6 14.3 81.9 10.7160 160 74 6.3 9.5 17.9 117 14.8180 180 82 6.9 10.4 21.9 161 19.8
200 200 90 7.5 11.3 26.2 214 26220 220 98 8.1 12.2 31.1 278 33.1240 240 106 8.7 13.1 36.2 354 41.7
260 260 113 9.4 14.1 41.9 442 51280 280 119 10.1 15.2 47.9 542 61.2300 300 125 10.8 16.2 54.2 653 72.2
320 320 131 11.5 17.3 61 782 84.7340 340 137 12.2 18.3 68 923 98.4360 360 143 13 19.5 76.1 1090 114
380 380 149 13.7 20.5 84 1260 131400 400 155 14.4 21.6 92.4 1460 149450 450 170 16.2 24.3 115 2040 203
500 500 185 18 27 141 2750 268550 550 200 19 30 166 3610 349
Tabelle 16-2
Small-I-beams, serie I, DIN 1025 part 1
Information: international standard W Z.
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Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulesfor bending axisx – x y – yWx Wy
l PB I h b s t r1 kg/m cm3 cm3
100 100 100 6 10 12 20.4 89.9 33.5120 120 120 6.5 11 12 26.7 144 52.9
140 140 140 7 12 12 33.7 216 78.5160 160 160 8 13 15 42.6 311 111180 180 180 8.5 14 15 51.2 426 151200 200 200 9 15 18 61.3 570 200
220 220 220 9.5 16 18 71.5 736 258240 240 240 10 17 21 83.2 938 327260 260 260 10 17.5 24 93.0 1 150 395280 280 280 10.5 18 24 103 1 380 471300 300 300 11 19 27 117 1 680 571
320 320 300 11.5 20.5 27 127 1 930 616340 340 300 12 21.5 27 134 2 160 646360 360 300 12.5 22.5 27 142 2 400 676400 400 300 13.5 24 27 155 2 880 721
450 450 300 14 26 27 171 3 550 781500 500 300 14.5 28 27 187 4 290 842
550 550 300 15 29 27 199 4 970 872600 600 300 15.5 30 27 212 5 700 902650 650 300 16 31 27 225 6 480 932
700 700 300 17 32 27 241 7 340 963800 800 300 17.5 33 30 262 8 980 994
900 900 300 18.5 35 30 291 10 980 1 0501000 1000 300 19 36 30 314 12 890 1 090
Table 16-3
Wide flange I-beams with parallel flanges, serie I PB = HE - BDIN 1025 Part 2
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Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulesfor bending axisx – x y – yWx Wy
l PB I h b s t r1 kg/m cm3 cm3
100 96 100 5 8 12 16.7 72.8 26.8120 114 120 5 8 12 19.9 106 38.5
140 133 140 5.5 8.5 12 24.7 155 55.6160 152 160 6 9 15 30.4 220 76.9180 171 180 6 9.5 15 35.5 294 103200 190 200 6.5 10 18 42.3 389 134
220 210 220 7 11 18 50.5 515 178240 230 240 7.5 12 21 60.3 675 231260 250 260 7.5 12.5 24 68.2 836 282280 270 280 8 13 24 76.4 1010 340300 290 300 8.5 14 27 88.3 1260 421
320 310 300 9 15.5 27 97.6 1480 466340 330 300 9.5 16.5 27 105 1680 496360 350 300 10 17.5 27 112 1890 526400 390 300 11 19 27 125 2310 571
450 440 300 11.5 21 27 140 2900 631500 490 300 12 23 27 155 3550 691
550 540 300 12.5 24 27 166 4150 721600 590 300 13 25 27 178 4790 751650 640 300 13.5 26 27 190 5470 782
700 690 300 14.5 27 27 204 6240 812800 790 300 15 28 30 224 7680 843
900 890 300 16 30 30 252 9480 9031000 990 300 16.5 31 30 272 11190 934
Tabelle 16-4
Wide flange I-beams light design, serie I PBI = HE - ADIN 1025 part 3
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Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulesfor bending axisx – x y – yWx Wy
i PBv h b s t r1 kg/m cm3 cm3
100 120 106 12 20 12 41.8 190 75.3120 140 126 12.5 21 12 52.1 288 112
140 160 146 13 22 12 63.2 411 157160 180 166 14 23 15 76.2 566 212180 200 186 14.5 24 15 88.9 748 277200 220 206 15 25 18 103 967 354
220 240 226 15.5 26 18 117 1220 444240 270 248 18 32 21 157 1800 657260 290 268 18 32.5 24 172 2160 780280 310 288 18.5 33 24 189 2550 914300 340 310 21 39 27 238 3480 1250
320 359 309 21 40 27 245 3800 1280340 377 309 21 40 27 248 4050 1280360 395 308 21 40 27 250 4300 1270400 432 307 21 40 27 256 4820 1260
450 478 307 21 40 27 263 5500 1260500 524 306 21 40 27 270 6180 1250
550 572 306 21 40 27 278 6920 1250600 620 305 21 40 27 285 7660 1240650 668 305 21 40 27 293 8430 1240
700 716 304 21 40 27 301 9200 1240800 814 303 21 40 30 317 10870 1230
900 910 302 21 40 30 333 12540 12201000 1008 302 21 40 30 349 14330 1220
Table 16-5
Wide flange I-beams reinforced design, serie I PBv = HE - MDIN 1025 part 4
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Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight Section modulesfor bending axisx – x y – yWx Wy
l PE h b s t r1 kg/m cm3 cm3
80 80 46 3.8 5.2 5 6.00 20.0 3.69100 100 55 4.1 5.7 7 8.10 34.2 5.79120 120 64 4.4 6.3 7 10.4 53.0 8.65
140 140 73 4.7 6.9 7 12.9 77.3 12.3160 160 82 5.0 7.4 9 15.8 109 16.7180 180 91 5.3 8.0 9 18.8 146 22.2200 200 100 5.6 8.5 12 22.4 194 28.5
220 220 110 5.9 9.2 12 26.2 252 37.3240 240 120 6.2 9.8 15 30.7 324 47.3270 270 135 6.6 10.2 15 36.1 429 62.2300 300 150 7.1 10.7 15 42.2 557 80.5
330 330 160 7.5 11.5 18 49.1 713 98.5360 360 170 8.0 12.7 18 57.1 904 123400 400 180 8.6 13.5 21 66.3 1160 146
450 450 190 9.4 14.6 21 77.6 1500 176500 500 200 10.2 16.0 21 90.7 1930 214
550 550 210 11.1 17.2 24 106 2440 254600 600 220 12.0 19.0 24 122 3070 308
Table 16-6
Medium wide flange I-beams, serie I PEDIN 1025 Part 5
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Table 16-7
steel channel, DIN 1026-1
Symbol Dimensions in mm Weight for bending axis1)
x – x y – yWx Jx Wy Jy
U h b s t kg/m cm3 cm4 cm3 cm4
1130 × 15 30 15 4 4.5 1.74 1.69 2.53 0.39 0.3830 30 33 5 7 4.27 4.26 6.39 2.68 5.33
1140 × 20 40 20 5 5.5 2.87 3.79 7.58 0.86 1.1440 40 35 5 7 4.87 7.05 14.1 3.08 6.68
1150 × 25 50 25 5 6 3.86 6.73 16.8 1.48 2.4950 50 38 5 7 5.59 10.6 26.4 3.75 9.1260 60 30 6 6 5.07 10.5 31.6 2.16 4.51
65 65 42 5.5 7.5 7.09 17.7 57.5 5.07 14.180 80 45 6 8 8.64 26.5 106 6.36 19.4
100 100 50 6 8.5 10.6 41.2 206 8.49 29.3
120 120 55 7 9 13.4 60.7 364 11.1 43.2140 140 60 7 10 16.0 86.4 605 14.8 62.7160 160 65 7.5 10.5 18.8 116 925 18.3 85.3
180 180 70 8 11 22.0 150 1350 22.4 114200 200 75 8.5 11.5 25.3 191 1910 27.0 148220 220 80 9 12.5 29.4 245 2690 33.6 197
240 240 85 9.5 13 33.2 300 3600 39.6 248260 260 90 10 14 37.9 371 4820 47.7 317280 280 95 10 15 41.8 448 6280 57.2 399
300 300 100 10 16 46.2 535 8030 67.8 495320 320 100 14 17.5 59.5 679 10870 80.6 597350 350 100 14 16 60.6 734 12840 75.0 570380 380 102 13.5 16 63.1 829 15760 78.7 615
400 400 110 14 18 71.8 1020 20350 102 846
1) J moment of inertiaW section modules
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Table 16-8
Dimensions and weight in kg/m (7,85 kg/dm3) for flat steelDIN 59200Weights are not in standards.
Table 16-9
Dimensions of steel conduits, pluggable, EN 50086
Thickness s in mm
Width 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80bmm
160 6.28 7.54 10.0 12.6 15.1 18.8 25.1 31.4 37.7 50.2 62.8 75.4 100180 7.07 8.48 11.3 14.1 17.0 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 56.5 70.7 84.8 113200 7.85 9.42 12.6 15.7 18.8 23.6 31.4 39.3 47.1 62.8 78.5 94.2 126
220 8.64 10.4 13.8 17.3 20.7 25.9 34.5 43.2 51.8 69.1 86.4 104 138240 9.42 11.3 15.1 18.8 22.6 28.3 37.7 47.1 56.5 75.4 94.2 113 151250 9.81 11.8 15.7 19.6 23.6 29.4 39.3 49.1 58.9 78.5 98.1 118 157
260 10.2 12.2 16.3 20.4 24.4 30.6 40.8 51.0 61.2 81.6 102 122 163280 11.0 13.2 17.6 22.0 26.4 33.0 44.0 54.9 65.9 87.9 110 132 176300 11.8 14.1 18.8 23.6 28.3 35.3 47.1 58.9 70.7 94.2 118 141 188
320 12.6 15.1 20.1 25.1 30.1 37.7 50.2 62.8 75.4 100 126 151 201340 13.3 16.0 21.4 26.7 32.0 40.0 53.4 66.7 80.1 107 133 160 214350 13.7 16.5 22.0 27.5 33.0 41.2 55.0 68.7 82.4 110 137 165 220
360 14.1 17.0 22.6 28.3 33.9 42.4 56.5 70.6 84.8 113 141 170 226380 14.9 17.9 23.9 29.8 35.8 44.7 59.7 74.6 89.5 119 149 179 239400 15.7 18.8 25.1 31.4 37.7 47.1 62.8 78.5 94.2 126 157 188 251
450 17.7 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 53.0 70.7 88.4 106 141 177 212 283500 19.6 23.6 31.4 39.3 47.2 59.0 78.7 98.3 118 157 196 236 314550 21.6 25.9 34.5 43.2 51.8 64.8 86.4 108 130 173 216 259 345
600 23.6 28.3 37.7 47.1 56.5 70.7 94.2 118 141 188 236 283 377650 25.5 30.6 40.8 51.0 61.2 76.5 102 128 153 204 255 306 408700 27.5 33.0 44.0 55.0 65.9 82.4 110 137 165 220 275 330 440
750 29.4 35.3 47.1 58.9 70.7 88.3 118 147 177 236 294 353 471800 31.4 37.7 50.2 62.8 75.4 94.2 126 157 188 251 314 377 502900 35.3 42.4 56.5 70.7 84.8 106 141 177 212 283 353 424 565
1000 39.2 47.1 62.8 78.5 94.2 118 157 196 236 314 392 471 6281100 43.2 51.8 69.1 86.4 104 130 173 216 259 345 432 518 6911200 47.1 56.5 75.4 94.2 113 141 188 235 283 377 471 565 754
Size 16 20 25 32 40 50 63
Outer Ø mm 16.0 20.0 25.0 32.0 40.0 50.0 63.0Inner Ø mm 13.3 17.3 22.1 29.0 37.0 47.0 59.9Min insertion mm 16 20 25 30 32 42 50
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16.1.3 Stresses in steel components
The permissible stresses in steel components for transmission towers and structuresfor outdoor switchgear installations are laid down in DIN VDE 0210. Values for differentkinds of stress, such as tensile, shear, compressive and bearing stresses are specifiedfor the steel sections are given.
Remarks:
Structural steels to EN 10 025, screws and bolts to DIN 267. Permissible weld stressesfor welded towers are given in DIN 18800, Part 1.
According to VDE 0210, structural steels of grade S 235 JR (St 37-2) and above maybe used for overhead power lines.
16.2 Non-ferrous metals
16.2.1 Copper for electrical engineering
Various unalloyed grades of copper are used as conductor materials: oxidized,oxygen-free and oxygen-free deoxidized copper materials.
The most frequently used oxidized copper grades Cu-ETP and Cu-FRHC contain upto 0.04% oxygen, and in the soft condition have a conductivity of at least 58 MS/m, atensile strength of 200 MPa and are suitable for cold forming. Hydrogen embrittlementcan occur during heat treatment, soldering and welding unless an inert gasatmosphere (MIG, TIG) is used.
Oxygen-free copper Cu-OF (obtained from copper cathodes of maximum purity) istotally free of oxygen, also has a conductivity of at least 58 MS/m, is free of vaporizableelements and thus suitable for use in vacuum interrupters and in superconductortechnology. Oxygen-free deoxidized (with phosphorus) copper is only suitable for thatapplication in special grades (free of vaporizable elements).
Standards for semi-finished products in copper and copper alloys (with small amountsof additives) for use in electrical engineering
EN 13599:2002-07 to EN 13605:2002-10 for sheet, tubes, bars, sections and wires
Product designations
Description Relevant Material designation Condition Nominal dimensionsEN standard Material no. designation in mm
Sheet EN 13601 Cu-ETP R290 6.0 x 600 x 2000Sheet EN 13601 CW004A R290 6.0 x 600 x 2000
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16.2.2 Brass and bronze
As brass and bronze are predominantly structural materials in electrical engineering,the stipulations for copper and copper alloys apply here for general use.
Material designations
Example 1 Designation to ISO 1190-1:1982-11: CuZn28 orMaterial no. to EN 1412:1995-12: CW504LBrass with 28% Zn for spring parts in plug connectors.
Example 2 Designation to ISO 1190-1:1982-11: CuSn6 orMaterial no. to EN 1412:1995-12: CW452KTin bronze with 6% Sn for sheets, bars, sections and wires.
See section 13.1.1 for special properties of conductor materials.
16.2.3 Aluminium for electrical engineering
Aluminium is used in electrical engineering both as a structural material, e.g. forenclosures, guides and force transmission components, and as a conductor material– and in that application both as a wrought alloy (wires and semi-finished products)and as a cast alloy (die cast cage rotors). Pure aluminium alloys (99.5% Al), alloys ofthe AlMgSi group and aluminium-zirconium alloys (TAL) are mainly used asconductors. Ultra-pure aluminium (99.99% and above) is used for special purposes(capacitor foil, semiconductor and low temperature technology).
The electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of aluminium alloys aredetermined by the alloy components, by mechanical forming and by heat treatment.As a rule, these two properties are found to change inversely to each other.
Material designations
Example 1 Designation to ISO 1190-1:1982-11: Cu-ETP orMaterial no. to EN 1412:1995-12: CW004A (formerly E-Cu58, E-Cu57; old designation: E-Cu)Preferred conductor material in switchgear, contains oxygen.
Example 2 Designation to ISO 1190-1:1982-11: Cu-OF orMaterial no. to EN 1412:1995-12: CW008A(formally OF-Cu; old designation: OFHC)For vacuum interrupter manufacture, oxygen-free.
Condition designations (Examples from EN 1173:1995-12)
M - As manufactured, without specified requirements for mechanical propertiesD - Drawn, without specified requirements for mechanical propertiesH... - Condition described with minimum value for hardness (Vickers or Brinell)R... - Condition described with minimum value for tensile strength in MPa (N/mm2)
See section 13.1.1 for special properties of conductor materials.
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Standards for semi-finished products in aluminium and aluminium alloys for use inelectrical engineering
EN 14121:2003-08 for strips, sheets and platesEN 40501-2:1985-06 for tubesEN 40501-3:1985-06 for bars and sectionsEN 1715-1/-2:1997-11 for cast wire rods in EAl
Product designations
Description Relevant Material designation Condition Nominal dimensionsEN standard Material no. designation in mm
Sheet EN 14121 EN AW-1350A - F 6.0 x 600 x 2000
Sheet EN 14121 EN AW-EAl 99.5(A) - F 6.0 x 600 x 2000
Material designations
Example 1 Numerical designation to EN 573 (1:1994-12): EN AW-1350A orAlphanumerical designation to EN 573-2 (1994-12),Standard: EN AW–1350A [EAl 99.5(A)]Exception: EN AW-EAl 99.5(A) (formerly E-Al), mainly used as electrical conductors.
Example 2 Numerical designation to EN 573-1 (1994-12): EN AW-6101B orAlphanumerical designation to EN 573-2 (1994-12),Standard: EN AW-6101B [EAl MgSi(B)]Exception: EN AW-EAl MgSi(B)(formerly E-AlMgSi0,5), material for conductor bars of high tensile strength.
The prefix „E” before „Al” fundamentally identifies aluminium grades for electricalengineering. In the alphanumerical designation, the main alloy components follow the„Al”. Appended figures indicate the purity of the aluminium and the percentage of thecomponents.
Condition designation (to EN 515:1993-12)
F - As manufactured, without specified requirements for mechanical propertiesO... - annealed ) Each of the following figures is a code H... - strain hardened ) for details of the treatment and condition.T... - heat treated ) They are not indicators of mechanical
properties. See the relevant standards forsemi-finished products for those data.
See section 13.1.1 for special properties of conductor materials.
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16.3
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ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 823
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Tab
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alLi
miti
ngTr
acki
ngEl
ectri
cVo
lum
eDi
elec
tric
Prod
uct l
abel
tion
dens
ityst
reng
thst
reng
thst
reng
thm
odul
usth
erm
alco
nduc
tivity
tem
pera
-re
sista
nces
treng
htre
sistiv
ityco
nsta
ntex
pans
ion
ture
ISO
118
3IS
O 1
78IS
O 5
27IS
O 1
80IS
O 1
87IS
ODI
NIS
O 3
06IE
CIE
CIE
CIE
C11
359
5261
260
112
6024
3-2
6009
360
250
ρσ
bσ
za n
Eα
1λ
°CCo
mpara
tive
E dρ
Dε r
(50
Hz)
kg/d
m3
MPa
MPa
kJ/m
2M
Pa10
–4/K
W/(m
· K)
figure
kV/m
mΩ
· cm
Insu
latin
g m
ater
ials
for
foils
,se
mi-
finis
hed
prod
ucts
, st
ruct
. com
p.(th
erm
opla
stic
s,
mou
ldin
gs)
PC
poly
carb
onat
e1.
275
65w
ithou
t12
200
0.6
0.2
130
275
2510
153.
0Le
xan,
Mak
rolo
n(P
C 3
00)
rupt
ure
PTF
Epo
lyte
traf
luor
ethy
lene
2.2
1920
with
out
14 0
000.
60.
2425
060
035
>10
182.
0Te
flon,
Hos
taflo
n TE
,ru
ptur
eFl
uon
PS
poly
styr
ene
1.05
100
2212
000
0.8
0.14
60-9
037
5-50
>1016
2.5
Pol
ysty
rol,
Sty
rofle
x,47
5N
ovod
ur,T
rolit
ul, S
tyro
n,Ve
styr
onFo
ils: T
rolit
, Ele
ktro
iso.
foam
pol
ysty
rene
0.02
–0.
3-2.
50.
3-5.
5S
tyro
por
0.06
PET
poly
ethy
lene
1.38
117
54w
ithou
t12
800
0.6
0.2
120
250
3010
173.
5Fo
ils: H
osta
phan
, Myl
arte
reph
thal
ate
rupt
ure
Fibr
es: D
iole
n, D
acro
n
PF
phen
olic
form
alde
hyde
1.4
–1.9
50–6
020
–25
20–1
2016
000
–0.
15–0
.30.
7–0.
310
0-15
012
5-5
–20
108 –
1011
4–1
5A
lber
tit, B
akel
ite,
resi
ns16
000
175
Form
ica,
Per
tinax
PF-
Hgw
207
21.
6–1
.820
010
050
14 0
000.
2–0.
40.
313
025
-150
20–
2510
115
with
wov
en g
lass
silk
VD
E 0
334
MF
mel
amin
e re
sins
1.5
40–8
015
–30
3.5–
251 6
000
–0.
1–0.
50.
3–0.
710
0–14
060
010
–30
108 –
1012
6–1
0A
lbam
it,C
hem
opla
st,
Re-
13 0
00so
pal,
Ultr
apas
, Bak
elite
MF-
Hgw
227
21.
8–2.
027
012
050
14 0
000.
1–0.
20.
313
060
020
–25
1010
7.0
Wov
en g
lass
silk
to
(in s
heet
)V
DE
033
4m
elam
ine
phen
olic
1.
670
-80
130
66
000–
0.15
–0.3
0.35
120
600
3010
106.
0–15
.0A
min
opla
st, P
heno
plas
tre
sins
8 00
0M
ould
ing
com
poun
d
(con
tinue
d)
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 824
16
825
(con
tinue
d)
Tab
le 1
6-10
(co
ntin
ued
)
Ab
bre
viat
ions
and
pro
per
ties
of s
olid
insu
latin
g m
ater
ials
Abbr
evia
-M
ater
ial
Bulk
Bend
ing
Tens
ileIm
pact
Elas
ticity
Line
arTh
erm
alLi
miti
ngTr
acki
ngEl
ectri
cVo
lum
eDi
elec
tric
Prod
uct l
abel
tion
dens
ityst
reng
thst
reng
thst
reng
thm
odul
usth
erm
alco
nduc
tivity
tem
pera
-re
sista
nces
treng
htre
sistiv
ityco
nsta
ntex
pans
ion
ture
ISO
118
3IS
O 1
78IS
O 5
27IS
O 1
80IS
O 1
87IS
ODI
NIS
O 3
06IE
CIE
CIE
CIE
C11
359
5261
260
112
6024
3-2
6009
360
250
ρσ
bσ
za n
Eα
1λ
°CCo
mpara
tive
E dρ
Dε r
(50
Hz)
kg/d
m3
MPa
MPa
kJ/m
2M
Pa10
–4/K
W/(m
· K)
figure
kV/m
mΩ
· cm
Insu
latin
g m
ater
ials
for
stru
ctur
al c
ompo
nent
s(th
erm
opla
stic
s)
PA
66
poly
amid
e A
1.13
50-
70w
ithou
t12
000
0.7-
1.0
0.2
120
600
2510
144-
8U
ltram
id A
,12
0ru
ptur
eD
uret
han
A, Z
ytel
PA
66
poly
amid
e A
1.35
270
190
5010
000
0.15
-0.
213
055
030
1012
Ultr
amid
A,
with
fibr
egla
ss0.
2D
uret
han
A, Z
ytel
PA
6po
lyam
ide
B1.
1460
with
out
1 50
00.
7-1.
00.
211
060
020
-50
1012
-3.
0-U
ltram
id B
,ru
ptur
e10
157.
0D
uret
han
B, Z
ytel
PA
6po
lyam
ide
B1.
3825
018
065
10 0
000.
2-0.
30.
212
055
030
1012
3.0-
Ultr
amid
B,
with
fibr
egla
ss7.
0D
uret
han
B, Z
ytel
GFN
PP
O-r
einf
orce
d1.
2115
16 5
0018
0N
oryl
GFN
Z h
alog
enfr
ee
PB
Tpo
lybu
tyle
ne-
1.3
90w
ithou
t12
500
0.8
0.2
140
600
22-3
010
163.
8V
esta
dur,
Poc
an,
tere
phth
alat
eru
ptur
eC
rast
in
PB
Tpo
lybu
tyle
nete
reph
tha-
1.42
210
140
5610
000
0.3
0.3
150
250
28-3
410
154.
5V
esta
dur,
Poc
an,
late
with
fibr
egla
ssC
rast
in
PU
Rpo
lyur
etha
ne (l
inea
r)1.
2125
–70
65w
ithou
t12
200
0.6
0.2
130
220
2010
153.
0ru
ptur
e
AB
Sac
rylic
but
adie
ne s
tyre
ne1.
06w
ithou
t12
400
0.8
0.2
8057
522
>10
153.
3N
ovod
ur, T
erlu
ran
(con
tinue
d)
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 825
826
Tab
le 1
6-10
(co
ntin
ued
)
Ab
bre
viat
ions
and
pro
per
ties
of s
olid
insu
latin
g m
ater
ials
Abbr
evia
-M
ater
ial
Bulk
Bend
ing
Tens
ileIm
pact
Elas
ticity
Line
arTh
erm
alLi
miti
ngTr
acki
ngEl
ectri
cVo
lum
eDi
elec
tric
Prod
uct l
abel
tion
dens
ityst
reng
thst
reng
thst
reng
thm
odul
usth
erm
alco
nduc
tivity
tem
pera
-re
sista
nces
treng
htre
sistiv
ityco
nsta
ntex
pans
ion
ture
ISO
118
3IS
O 1
78IS
O 5
27IS
O 1
80IS
O 1
87IS
ODI
NIS
O 3
06IE
CIE
CIE
CIE
C11
359
5261
260
112
6024
3-2
6009
360
250
ρσ
bσ
za n
Eα
1λ
°CCo
mpara
tive
E dρ
Dε r
(50
Hz)
kg/d
m3
MPa
MPa
kJ/m
2M
Pa10
–4/K
W/(m
· K)
figure
kV/m
mΩ
· cm
Cas
t re
sin
mou
ldin
gs(d
urop
last
ics)
EP
epox
y re
sins
1.6
–1.8
70–8
017
510
–68
14 0
000.
30.
612
560
030
1015
4.2
Ara
ldite
60
% p
owde
r-(w
ith 6
0–70
% fi
ller)
ed q
uart
z, R
esod
ip
EP
-Hgw
237
2.2
1.7–
1.9
350
220
100
18 0
000.
1–0.
20.
315
518
040
1012
4.0
EP
+ w
oven
gla
ss s
ilk(fl
ame
resi
stan
t)to
VD
E 0
334
UP
unsa
tura
ted
poly
este
r1.
6–1
.840
–60
10–4
00.
311
0-60
025
1015
4.5
–7.5
Sup
rapl
ast
resi
ns (w
ith 6
0-70
%13
0fil
ler)
UP
-Hgw
247
21.
6–1.
820
010
010
010
000
0.15
–0.3
0.3
130
500-
25–3
010
125.
0G
lass
mat
to
VD
E 0
334
(in s
heet
)60
0
PU
Rpo
lyur
etha
ne r
esin
1.6-
1.8
120
70-1
0010
-100
10 0
000.
40.
811
060
030
1015
4,3
Bay
gal,
Bay
mid
urw
ith 6
0-70
% fi
ller
(con
tinue
d)
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 826
16
827
Tab
le 1
6-10
(co
ntin
ued
)
Ab
bre
viat
ions
and
pro
per
ties
of s
olid
insu
latin
g m
ater
ials
Abbr
evia
-M
ater
ial
Bulk
Bend
ing
Tens
ileIm
pact
Elas
ticity
Line
arTh
erm
alLi
miti
ngTr
acki
ngEl
ectri
cVo
lum
eDi
elec
tric
Prod
uct l
abel
tion
dens
ityst
reng
thst
reng
thst
reng
thm
odul
usth
erm
alco
nduc
tivity
tem
pera
-re
sista
nces
treng
htre
sistiv
ityco
nsta
ntex
pans
ion
ture
ISO
118
3IS
O 1
78IS
O 5
27IS
O 1
80IS
O 1
87IS
ODI
NIS
O 3
06IE
CIE
CIE
CIE
C11
359
5261
260
112
6024
3-2
6009
360
250
ρσ
bσ
za n
Eα
1λ
°CCo
mpara
tive
E dρ
Dkg
/dm
3M
PaM
PakJ
/m2
MPa
10–4
/KW
/(m ·
K)fig
urekV
/mm
Ω· c
m
Cer
amic
insu
latin
gm
ater
ials
, e.g
. pos
t in
sula
tors
,in
sula
tors
, bus
hing
s
1)2)
1)
2)3)
KER
110.
1p
red
omin
antly
2.4
160
140
1301
251.
80.
038
1.6
30–3
510
11–1
0126
17/
120
Por
cela
in, H
ard
alum
iniu
mp
orce
lain
, Mel
atith
,KE
R11
0.2
silic
ate
2.5
100
180
1601
452.
20.
045
2.3
30–3
510
11–1
0126
17/
120
Kar
bow
id 1
203
KER
220
pre
dom
inan
tly2.
612
0 1
2016
0145
30.
072.
320
1012
6 2
.5/6
5S
kalit
mag
nesi
umFr
eque
nta,
Cal
it,KE
R22
1si
licat
e2.
814
0 1
4016
0145
40.
062.
330
1012
6 1
.0/1
5D
etta
n
KER
310
pre
dom
inan
tly3.
5–90
0–30
0–0.
06–
10–
60KE
R 31
1tit
aniu
m3.
915
0080
00.
0820
40ox
ide
KER
610
sinte
red
coru
ndum
3.4
–
120
183
40
0.07
1625
7A
D 8
5 D
egus
sit
KER
611
Al 2
O3
3.9
–
9
00.
0836
AD
99.
9 fu
rnac
e ce
ram
ic
zirc
oniu
m3.
155
20.
0411
0fu
rnac
e ce
ram
icce
ram
ic
1)G
laze
d
2)
Ung
laze
d
3)
20 °
C /
100
°C
Not
e: T
he v
alue
s gi
ven
for
mec
hani
cal p
rop
ertie
s m
ay v
ary
in p
ract
ice,
dep
end
ing
on h
ow t
he m
ater
ials
are
pro
cess
ed a
nd t
he s
hap
e of
the
insu
lato
r.
⎫ ⎬ ⎭ ⎫ ⎬ ⎭
εr(50 Hz)
εrtanδ· 103
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 827
828
16.3.2 Liquid insulating materials
Mineral oils are predominantly used as liquid insulating materials in transformers, highvoltage cables (>110 kV), capacitors, instrument transformers, oil-cooled rectifiers andswitching devices. All these applications make use of the high dielectric strength(breakdown voltage) of mineral oil, which however can be greatly impaired by moistureor foreign bodies. When used in switching devices, oil also serves to influence thearcing process. In transformers, the dissipated heat in the windings is conducted awayby the oil, predominantly by convection. This depends upon the kinematic viscositybeing as low as possible in the entire service temperature range.
A further factor of decisive importance for the suitability of an oil is its resistance tooxidative ageing, which can lead to the formation of oil sludge, to increased viscosity,to tarnishing film on contact surfaces and to drops in dielectric properties. Resistanceto ageing can be improved by adding inhibitors.
In applications with especially high dielectric field stresses, such as capacitors,cables, instrument transformers and extra-high voltage transformers, so-called „gas-proof” insulating oils are notable for their ability to bind the hydrogen which may becreated by discharges in areas of very high dielectric field strength.
These versatile properties can be achieved in oil manufacture by selecting suitablecrude oil, distilling, refining and mixing with additives. As the requirements are varied,there is a wide range of oils available.
Synthetic esters or silicone oil are used in place of insulating oils in transformers whichare intended for particular applications (e.g. excavators or locomotives) or forparticular locations (e.g. hospitals) with a view to the potential environmental effectson the one hand and the fire risk on the other hand if a fault should occur.
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 828
16
829
Physical characteristics of insulating oil in standard quality, for information
Property Unit Transformer- Low temperature Liquid Transformeroil switchgear oil silicone ester
IEC 60296 IEC 60836 IEC 61099
Density kg/dm3 at max 0.895 max. 0.970 max. 1.00020 °C
Kin. viscosity mm2/s at max. 12 max. 3.5 40 ± 4 max. 3540 °Cmm2/s max. 1800 max. 400 – max. 3000at – 30 °C – 40 °C _ – 20 °C
Pour point °C max. – 40 max. – 60 max. –50 max. – 45
Thermal W/cmK ~ 0.0013 ~ 0.0015 ~ 0.0015conductivity at 25 °C
Spez. heat J/g K ~ 1.9 ~ 1.5 ~ 2.1coefficient of 1/K ~ 0.0008 ~ 0.001 ~ 0.001expansion
Dielectric ~ 2.2 ~ 2.4 ~ 2.55 ~ 3.2constant at 25 °C 25 °C 90 °C 25 °C
Dielectric lossfactor at 90 °C max. 0.500 max. 0.001 max. 0.03
Discruptive kV min. 30/70 min. 40 min. 45dischargevoltage
Flashpoint P.M. °C min. 135 min. 100 min. 240 min. 250
Flammability – Flammable Flammable Flammableretardant retardant
Gases – Explosive Explosive Explosive
Ecological – Non biodegradable Non Nonaspects biodegradable biodegradable
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 829
830
16.3.3 Gaseous insulating materials
Table 16-12
Properties of air and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Gas Density1) Discruptive Dielectric constantdischarge voltage
kg/m3 Ed kV/mm (50 Hz) εr (50 Hz)
Air (dry) 1.205 2.1 1.000576Sulphur hexafluoride 6.07 6 1.002
1) at 20 °C and 1013 mbar
Curves of pressure, temperature and density for SF6 gas are shown in Fig. 11-1. The insulating and arc-quenching properties of this gas are dealt with in Sections10.4.4 and 11.2.2.
16.4 Semi-finished products
16.4.1 Dimensions and weights of metal sheets
Table 16-13
Weight per 1 m2 of sheet, in kg
Thickness Steel Aluminium Copper Brass Zinc Ribbed Profileds in mm sheettreadplate
0.5 3.925 1.34 4.45 4.275 3.6 – –0.75 5.888 2.01 6.657 6.413 5.4 – –1 7.85 2.68 8.9 8.55 7.2 – –1.5 11.775 4.02 13.35 12.825 10.8 – –2 15.7 5.36 17.8 17.10 14.4 – –2.5 19.63 6.7 22.25 21.38 18.0 – –3 23.6 8.04 26.7 26.65 21.6 30 254 31.4 10.72 35.6 34.20 28.8 38 345 39.3 13.4 44.5 42.75 36 46 426 47.2 16.08 53.4 51.3 43.2 54 518 64.0 21.6 71.6 68.4 57.6 70 67
Normal panel size 1000 mm × 2 000 mmSwitchboard sheet 1250 mm × 2 500 mmRibbed sheet and profiled treadplate 1250 mm × 2 500 mm
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 830
16
831
16.4.2 Slotted steel strip
Table 16-14
Slotted steel strip, hot-galvanized
Dimensions Slot size Weight Standard roll, in cut lengthslength 3 m approx.,
mm mm kg / m m m / bundle
20 × 1.5 40 × 5.5 0.187 200 6020 × 2 40 × 5.5 0.245 200 6025 × 2 40 × 5.5 0.326 200 6030 × 2.5 40 × 5.5 0.508 150 60
20 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.368 120 6025 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.489 120 6030 × 3 40 × 6.5 0.640 120 60
30 × 4 60 × 8.5 0.716 100 3040 × 4 70 × 8.5 1.038 180 3050 × 4 70 × 8.5 1.360 180 30
Steel earthing strip, hot-galvanized, DIN 48801
Dimensions Weight Standard rollmm kg / m m
20 × 2.5 0.400 10030 × 3.5 0.840 100 (50)30 × 4.0 0.961 13040 × 5.0 1.600 150
Accessories, plastic rawl plugs
Size Plug length Hole For screwsmm mm dia. mm dia. mm
15 25 15 2.5 – 1416 30 16 3.5 – 1516 60 16 3.5 – 1518 40 18 4.5 – 1618 75 18 4.5 – 1610 50 10 61. – 1812 60 12 81. – 10
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 831
832
16.4.3 Threads for bolts and screws
Table 16-15
Bolts and screws with metric thread, DIN 7990, dimensions in mmNuts EN 24034Washer DIN 7989
Bolt Thickness Thickness Width angles washer Drill holethreads of head of nut acrossNominal flats pass fordia- throught threadmeter dia. dia.d k m s e d1 s1
max
12 8 12.2 18 19.9 24 8 14 10.216 10 15.9 24 26.2 30 8 18 1420 13 19 30 33.0 37 8 22 17.5
24 15 22.3 36 39.6 44 8 26 2130 19 26.4 46 50.6 56 8 33 26.5
Lock nuts DIN 7967Washer for U-profile DIN 434Washer alternative DIN 126Spring washer DIN 128
16.4.4 Tighetening torques for hot dip galvanized hexagon screws
Guideline values for tightening torques to achieve an adequate pre-tension.
The tightening torques apply to lubricated and unlubricated screws with hot dipgalvanizing.
The deviation can be up to ± 20%, depending on the supplier.
Quality M12 M16 M20 M24 M27Nm Nm Nm Nm Nm
15.6 39 91 179 309 43716.9 68 163 323 546 76418.8 86 210 408 704 101310.9 120 293 571 985 1422
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 832
16
833
16.4.5 Treads for electricial engineering
Table 16-16
Cable glands with metric threads acc. EN 5026, dimensions in mm
Nominal- External Mounting Cable range1)
value thread holeØ Max Ø Min Ømm mm mm
12 M12 × 1.5 12.5 7 316 M16 × 1.5 16.5 10 520 M20 × 1.5 20.5 13 825 M25 × 1.5 25.5 17 1132 M32 × 1.5 32.5 21 1540 M40 × 1.5 40.5 28 1950 M50 × 1.5 50.5 35 2763 M63 × 1.5 63.5 48 35
1) Manufacturer information
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 833
834
ABB_11_E_16 13.08.2007 9:43 Uhr Seite 834
