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2. Engineering Material Standard and Designation

Standard : a reference document for propertiesmeasurement and procedures.

Standard types :

Specification, Testing Methods, and RecommendedPractice

Specification : engineering and commercial

requirements of a product

Testing Methods : procedures to identify,

measured, and evaluate material properties


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Recommended Practice : a guidance to conduct good

operation and maintenance

Standards are issued by :

Country : ASTM, JIS, DIN, BS, AFNOR, AS, GOST, NORSOK,

GB, SNI

Professional Organization : AISI, ASME, API, NACE, SAE, AWS, AWWA

UNS (Unified Numbering System) : to combine/correlatingmany nationally used metal and alloy numbering system currently

administered by societies, trade association, and those individualusers and producers of metals and alloys


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UNS Series Metals and Alloys

Axxxxx Aluminum and aluminum alloys

Cxxxxx Copper and copper alloys

Fxxxxx Cast iron

Gxxxxx AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steel

Hxxxxx AISI and SAE H-steel

Jxxxxx Cast steel (except tool steel)

Kxxxxx Miscellaneous steel and ferrous alloys

Lxxxxx Low melting metals and alloys

Mxxxxx Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys

Nxxxxx Nickel and nickel alloys

Pxxxxx Precious metals and alloysRxxxxx Reactive and refractory metals and alloys

Sxxxxx Heat and corrosion resistant steels

Txxxxx Tool steels, wrought and cast

Wxxxxx Welding filler metals

Zxxxxx Zinc and zinc alloys


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Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Section Title

I Power Boiler

II Material Specifications :

A. Ferrous

B. Non-FerrousC. Welding rod, electrodes, and filler metal

III Nuclear Power Plant Components

IV Heating Boiler

V Non Destructive Examination

VI Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Heating Boiler

VII Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Power Boiler

VIII Pressure Vessel

Code : a standard or rules that must be adopted.


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ASTM Specification Material Product

ASTM A 53 Carbon steel Welded and seamless pipe

ASTM A 106 Carbon steel Seamless pipe

ASTM A 105 Carbon steel Forged pipe

ASTM A 181 Carbon steel Forged flange

ASTM A 234 Carbon steel Fitting

ASTM B 167 Inconel 600 Seamless pipe

ASTM B 241 Aluminum Seamless pipe

ASTM B 43 Copper Seamless pipe ASTM B 337 Titanium Seamless pipe


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FERROUS ALLOYS


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Classifications of

Metallic Materials


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Steel and its alloys are the most widely used metallic material inindustries

General types : PLAIN CARBON STEEL :

Low Carbon Steel : C < 0.2%

Medium Carbon Steel : C = 0.2 – 0.5%

High Carbon Steel : C > 0.5%

LOW ALLOY STEEL :

Alloying elements < 8%

HIGH ALLOY STEEL :

Alloying elements > 8% :

Corrosion Resistant Steel

Heat Resistant Steel

Wear Resistant Steel


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Type of Steels based on De-oxidation Practice

Killed Steel : fully deoxidized

Rimmed Steel : no deoxidizer is added

Capped Steel : deoxidizer, quality between Killed and

Rimmed


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Killed steel :

High quality steel, no porosities

Slight evolution of gas during solidification after pouring

More uniform chemical composition and properties

De-oxidixers : Si, Al, Ti, V, Zr

Semi-killed steel :

Medium quality, for structural shape steel

More evolution of gas compare to killed steel but less than

capped and rimmed steels

Rimmed and capped steel :

For steel sheet, porosities will be eliminated during cold rolling Non uniform chemical composition

Low carbon and manganese content


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Effect of Alloying Elements in Steels

CARBON ( C ) : Main strengthening element

Carbide forming element, crack initiation site

MANGANESE (Mn) : Pick-up S to form MnS (%Mn = 1.7(%S) + 0.15)

Strengthening element

Increase impact value

SILICON (Si) : Deoxidizer

Increase Yield Strength



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ALUMINUM (Al) :

Deoxidizer

To refine the grain (AlN precipitates on the grain boundary)


COPPER (Cu) :

Increase strength

Increase atmospheric corrosion resistance ( > 0.2%)

CHROMIUM (Cr) :

Corrosion and oxidation resistance

Carbide forming element (secondary hardening)

Increase strength


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NICKEL (Ni) :


Austenite stabilizer

Increase strength

MOLYBDENUM (Mo) :

Carbide forming element (secondary hardening) Increase strength

TITANIUM (Ti), VANADIUM (V), NIOBIUM (Nb) :

Deoxidizer

Carbide and nitride forming elements


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ZIRCONIUM (Zr) :

Modified sulphide inclusions

BORON (B) :

Improve harddenability

Small amount (0.0005 – 0.003%)


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LOW CARBON STEELS

Low carbon (< 0.25%), unresponsive to heat treatment

Strengthening by alloying and cold working Low strength, high ductility, good weldability, good machine

ability, high toughness, cheap

Typical application : structural shape, automobile body, pipe, tin

plate

Plain carbon steel : alloying elements C, Si, Mn, Cu

High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) :

additional alloying elements of : V, Ni, Mo; B

strengthened by heat treatment

Higher strength than plain carbon steel, better weldability, better

formability


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Chemical Composition of

Plain Carbon Steel and High Strength Low Alloy Steel

ASTM

Number

UNS

Number

C Si Mn

1010 G10100 0.08 –

0.13

0.30 –

0.60

1020 G10200 0.18 –

0.23

0.30 –

0.60

A36 K02600 < 0.26 < 0.40 0.18 – 1.20

Cu > 0.20

A516 Gr

70

K02700 < 0.27 0.15 –

0.40

0.85 –

1.20

A440 K12810

A633

Gr E

K12002

A656

Gr 70

K11804 < 0.18 < 0.60 < 1.65 V = 0.008 – 0.15, Nb < 0.008, N

< 0.020


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Material Tensile

Strength

(MPa)

Yield

Strength

(MPa

Elongation

(%)

Applications

1010

1020

A36 400 -

550

> 250 > 23 Structural (bridges and

building)

A516 Gr

70485 -

620

> 260 > 21 Low temperature pressure

vessel

A440

A633

Gr E

A656

Gr 70

> 550 > 485 17 Truck frames, rail cars,

crane booms

Mechanical Properties


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Medium Carbon Steel

Carbon content : 0.25 – 0.60 %

Heat treated by Q and T to improve mechanical

properties Alloy addition (Cr, Mo, Ni) to improve hardenability


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High Carbon Steel

Carbon content : 0.60 – 1.4%

The hardest, strongest carbon steel

The lowest ductility Is used under heat treated conditions

Alloying addition (Cr, W, Mo, V) to increase hardenability

Excellent wear resistance


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Stainless Steel

Corrosion resistant by addition of Cr > 10.5%

There are five types :

Ferritic stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel

Martensitic stainless steel

Duplex stainless steel

Precipitation hardened stainless steel


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The Effect of Alloying Elements

Chromium : To form Cr 2O3 pasivation layer on the surface Minimum content for corrosion resistance, Cr > 10.5%

Layer stability is achieved at Cr = 18 – 20%

Nickel : To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature (6 – 8%)

To increase toughness

To increase the SCC resistance (Ni = 30%)

Manganese : To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature

To increase the strength


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Molybdenum :

To increase pitting corrosion resistance ( 3% )

To stabilize passivation layer

Carbon :

To increase strength, especially for martensitic group

Reducing toughness of the ferritic group Reducing weldability

Reducing corrosion resistance by carbide formation

(Cr 23C6, Cr 3C7, CrC)

Nitrogen : Increase pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic group

Reduce strength of the ferritic group


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Ferritic Stainless Steel :

Microstructure : ferrite

High strength compare to Austenitic Grade

Poor Weldability

Excellent SCC resistanceWidely used : 409, 430


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Type C Cr Mn Si Other Elements405 ≤ 0.08 11.5-14.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Al = 0.10 – 0.30

409 ≤ 0.08 10.5 –11.8 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ti = 6 x C/0.75 max.

429 ≤ 0.12 14 - 16 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0

430 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0

430F ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15, Mo < 0.60

430FSe ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 Se > 0.15

434 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo = 0.75 – 1.25

436 ≤ 0.12 16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo = 0.75 – 1.25,

(Nb + Ta) = 5 x C (0.70 max.)

442 ≤ 0.20 18 - 23 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0

446 ≤ 0.20 23 - 27 ≤ 1.50 ≤ 1.0 N < 0.25

Typical Chemical Composition ofFerritic Stainless Steel


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Austenitic Stainless Steel :

Microstructure : austenite

Lower strength than ferritic group

Excellent Weldability

Poor SCC resistance

Widely used : 304, 304L, 316, 316L


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Typical Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steel

Type C Cr Ni Mo N Ti Nb

304 ≤ 0.08 18 - 20 8 - 15

304L ≤ 0.03 18 - 20 8 - 15

310 ≤ 0.25 24 - 26 19 – 22

316 ≤ 0.08 16 - 18 10 - 14 2 – 3

316L ≤ 0.03 16 - 18 10 - 14 2 – 3

321 ≤ 0.08 17 - 19 9 - 12 5 x %C

347 ≤ 0.08 17 - 19 9 - 13 10 x % C

904L ≤ 0.020 19 - 23 23 - 28 4 - 5

254SMo ≤ 0.020 19.5 –

20.5

17.5 –

18.5

6 – 6.5 0.18 –

0.22

654SMo ≤ 0.020 24 - 26 21 - 23 7 - 8 0.45 –

0.55


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Martensitic Stainless Steel :

Highest strength and wear resistance

Minimum corrosion resistance

Not recommended above 500 oC

Prone to temper embrittlement

Prone to quenched cracking


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Type C Cr Mn Si Other Elements410 ≤ 0.15 11.5 – 13.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0

414 ≤ 0.15 11.5 – 13.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ni = 1.25 – 2.5

416 ≤ 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15, Mo > 0.60

416Se ≤ 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 Se > 0.15

420 > 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0

420F > 0.15 12 - 14 ≤ 1.25 ≤ 1.0 S > 0.15

431 > 0.20 15 - 17 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Ni = 1.25 – 2.50

440A 0.60 -

0.75

16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75

440B 0.75 -

0.95

16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75

440C 0.95 -

1.20

16 - 18 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.0 Mo > 0.75

Typical Chemical Composition ofMartensitic Stainless Steel


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Duplex Stainless Steel :

Microstructure : austenite + ferrite

Strength between austenitic and ferritic

Good Weldability

Good SCC resistance


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Phase Balance

PRE (Pitting ResistanceEquivalent) = % Cr + 3.3(%Mo+%W) + 16 (%N)

DSS : PRE < 40

SDSS : PRE > 40

Resistance to pittingcorrosion, PRE > 30

Ideal austenite to ferrite ratio =50 : 50

Austenite stabilizer : Ni, N, Cu

Ferrite stabilizer : Cr, Mo, Si

Ferrite content of 70 – 80% willgive maximum BM strength atRT

The toughness of BM willdecrease when ferrite content> 60%


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CAST IRON (Besi Cor, Besi Tuang)

Alloying of Fe and C, C > 2.12% There are two types of carbon present :

Compound of Fe3C (cementite)

Free carbon (graphite)

Classification based on fractured surface : White cast iron

Gray cast iron

Classification based on graphite morphology : Flake

Nodular

Compacted

Tempered


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Copper Alloys

The oldest material

There are two types : Pure copper

Copper alloys

Pure Copper : High electrical conductivity

Resistance to atmosphericcorrosion, seawatercorrosion,

Resistance to microbialcorrosion

Soft and good formability

Mechanical properties canbe improved by alloying

Commercial copper conductor

contains 99.9% Cu, and wascalled oxygen free highconductivity (OFHC)

One of the impurities is Cu2O(0.45 – 0.55%). This type ofconductor is called tough pitch

conductor. Cu2O will not affectconductivity

The impurities will decreaseconductivity

Alloyed with 0.5% As toincrease high temperature

strength but will not reduceconductivity

Machinabaility is improved byaddition of 0.5% Pb or Te


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Copper Alloys

1. Brass (Cu-Zn)2. Bronze (Cu-Sn)

3. Tin Brass (Cu-Zn-Sn)

4. Aluminium Brass (Cu-Zn-Al)

5. Free Cutting Brass (Cu-Zn-Pb)

6. Phosphor Bronze (Cu-Sn-P)

7. Aluminum Bronze (Cu-Sn-Al)

8. Copper Nickel (Cu-Ni)9. Nickel Silver (Ni-Ag)

10. Copper Silicon (Cu-Si)


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16 a Pll Ications