150 Years after Dillmann’s Lexicon: Perspectives and

150 Years after Dillmann’s Lexicon:

Perspectives and Challenges of G z Lexicography

199518-OHV-Bausi-Titelei.indd 1 13.01.17 08:47

Supplement to Aethiopica. International Journal of Ethiopian

and Eritrean Studies 5

Edited in the Asien-Afrika-Institut Abteilung für Afrikanistik und Äthiopistik

Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik der Universität Hamburg

Series Editor: Alessandro Bausi in cooperation with Bairu Tafla, Ulrich Braukämper,

Ludwig Gerhardt, Hilke Meyer-Bahlburg

2016

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden


2016

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden

150 Years after Dillmann’s Lexicon: Perspectives and Challenges

of G z Studies

Edited by Alessandro Bausi with assistance from Eugenia Sokolinski


The publication of this volume was supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme IDEAS (FP7/2007-2013) ERC grant agreement 338756 (TraCES).

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de© Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2016This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright.Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permissionof the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This appliesparticularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storageand processing in electronic systems.Printed on permanent/durable paper.Typesetting, copy editing, index: Eugenia Sokolinski (Hamburg). Printing and binding: Memminger MedienCentrum AGPrinted in GermanyISSN 2196-7180ISBN 978-3-447-10783-9


Table of Contents

150 Years After Dillmann’s Lexicon

Chapter 1. Research in Gǝʿǝz linguistics

The TraCES project and Gǝʿǝz studies A part of speech tag set for Ancient Ethiopic

Bringing Gǝʾǝz into the digital era: computational tools forprocessing Classical Ethiopic

On editing and normalizing Ethiopic texts Some problems of transcribing Geez

Chapter 2. Language contact Sabaic loanwords in Gǝʿǝz and borrowings from Gǝʿǝz into

Middle SabaicNasal infix as index of Semitic loanwords borrowed through

the GreekNew Gǝʿǝz word forms from Arabic-Ethiopic translation literature.

Suggestions for lexical entries and their meanings, as demonstrated from Secundus the Silent Philosopher

Chapter 3. Gǝʿǝz lexicography in comparisonBeyond Dillmann’s Lexicon – Towards digital lexicography:

Lessons from Syriac

Index

Sergew Hable Selassies Fragment eines Gǝʿǝz-Belegstellenlexikons und Abraham Johannes Drewes’ Glossare zum Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie. Zwei unveröffentlichte Beiträge zur äthiopischen Lexiko-graphie und deren Bewertung und Lehren für die heutige informations-technisch aufgerüstete Äthiopistik

The use of Arabic in Gǝʿǝz lexicography: from Dillmann to Leslauand beyond

Bringing Gǝʿǝz into the digital era: computational tools for processing Classical Ethiopic*

CRISTINA VERTAN, Universität Hamburg

§ 1. Introductionuring t e ast ten ears, resear ara igms in tra iti na ie s i

g ave ange signi i ant it t e in rease use met s r m m uter s ien e an in rmati n te n g Regar e at t e beginning in

t e irst a e as a a t reserve u tura eritage an ata gue e isting b e ts, t e igita Humanities H ave sin e ev ve int an in e en

ent ie resear , i e ui s s ars it t s r uantitative an ua itative ana sis ata, r visua isati n, an inter retati n t e resu ts

T e strengt H is in t e abi it t r ess big am unts eter geneus, mu ti ingua , an ge gra i a is rete ata an t r vi e an eas

a ess r t e users T e ina inter retati n remains, an s u remain, in t e an s t e s ar

C m utati na met s range r m su ing b e ts r t eir surrgates it es ri tive meta ata t inguisti ann tati n te t r ra, ata m e ing in semanti atabases, riti a an i mati a e iting te ts, in ing images t te ts an IS ge gra i a in rmati n s stem ata, a

i ati n ma ine earning te ni ues, an gra i a visua i ati ns t at a i itates a ieving tangib e resear resu ts

T e a van es H ave n t been e ua use a r ss t e entire arra a a emi is i ines T e irst ie resear in t e umanities t ave

r ite r m in rmati n te n g as anguage stu ies en in t e s m utati na inguisti s emerge at t e n uen e inguisti s an

m uter s ien e rt ears ater, m utati na inguisti s, it bran es su as anguage engineering an natura anguage r essing, an b ast an im ressive number anguage res ur es an t s T e is ver statistia r us base met s in t e s br ug t ab ut a ra i gr t in t e

sub ie r us inguisti s, arge r ra r training ur ses aving been e te et, t e main bene i iaries t ese eve ments ave been t e

m ern anguages t at ave a arge number s ea ers an are i e use in internati na mmuni ati n, an are t us iti a an e n mi a im rtant rimar Eur ean anguages, it Eng is in t e regr un ,

T e resear ea ing t t ese resu ts as re eive un ing r m t e Eur ean Resear C un i un er t e EU Sevent rame r r gramme, grant agreement n

Cristina Vertan

but a s erman, S anis , ren , Ita ian, an s me t ers t a ar esser egree, su rienta anguages as C inese an Stan ar Arabi

As r ist ri a anguages, it is n re ative re ent t at t e ave starte t be t u e u n b m utati na inguisti s, an e an b ast signi i ant igita te t r ra, et a ne ann tate nes T is as a series met gi a nse uen es r resear , as m st a g rit ms an t s t at

ave been eve e s ar ta e int a unt t e eatures s are b In Eur ean anguages an r using a abeti rimari atin s ri ts Am ng t ese nse uen es e an ist

ear set ru es r i enti ing an segmenting senten es an r s teni ati n ave emerge t at are s are b m st In Eur ean an

guages art s ee sets n un, verb, et as e as t eir eatures gen er, number, et a e te in m utati na inguisti s are t e nes use t es ribe In Eur ean anguages t e re e ine m r gi a ara igm im ies t at r generati n is base n in e ti n erivati n an m un ing e i n units are seen as emmata s nta is es ribe b a set e umente ru es

st itt e s en an in arti u ar ist ri a anguages su er r m a a e uate igita res ur es an t s i u m e t eir arti u arities

Unti re ent t e a r a e b H en ea ing it n nstan ar ata, i e ata i n t it e a t t e istent a g rit ms, as t r e t is ata t be a e te as in ut r a rea im emente r esses T is u mean, am ng t er t ings, r ing n inguisti eatures

i i n t ur in stan ar ases er rming ust a s a ann tati n re r essing ata r e am e s itting m un s, agg utinating art

s ee in a mm n an est r en minati n, e iminating ng time e enen ies , et

T is in a r a an e in anguage engineering a i ati ns ere ata mining is use ust t gras t e genera ur se a ument H

ever, it is use ess i t e g a ata r essing is a s ienti i uantitative r ua itative ana sis t e res e tive anguage

C assi a Et i i is a r t t e e am e a anguage t at is e treme im rtan e r assessing an inter reting t e Ear C ristian eri but at t e same time a s e e tr ni res ur es ra i a an inguisti arti u arities ma e t e use e istent t s im ssib e

te ts are reserve in manus ri ts, s me t em ar a essib e s me ave been e ite in ub i ati ns r m i erent eri s In b t ases,

igiti ati n an urt er r n igiti e materia seem t be t e n a t ensure n t n reservati n but a s a ab rative resear , m ari

ringing int t e igita era

s ns a r ss e iti ns, an a ia r ni anguage ana sis A inguisti a ann tate r us in e t a ma ine rea ab e e i n is t e basi

remise r an m uter ai e resear rame r Unti n t is in res ur es ave been m ete missing T e r e t TraCES From Transla-tion to Creation Changes in Ethiopic Style and Lexicon from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages aims at i ing t is ga b r vi ing t e irst integrate

igita rame r r e ti n, ann tati n an visua i ati n Et i i te ts As ut me t e r e t, a ia r ni r us ann tate at ur eve s inguisti , te t stru ture, im rtant r er names an e iti n i

be ma e avai ab e r a van e inte igent sear an visua i ati n sear resu ts

T e eve ment a igita rame r a es a series a enges ue t t e arti u arities ur genera a r a is t eve t s an res ur es i ta e int nsi erati n t e anguage arti u arities an n t t nstraint t e te ts int re e ine m e s T us m e ing t e ata an s t are s e i i ati n an esign as a nsi erab e art t e r T is

a er uses n t e eve ment a mu ti eve tagging t t at a s a ver ine grain inguisti ann tati n te ts In a iti n, t e t an be easi a a te t t er anguages ing simi ar ara igms as

T e a er is rgani e as s in , it gives a brie vervie aenges resu ting r m anguage s e i i ities an es ribe t e ata m e In , t e un ti na it t e ann tati n t an its integrati n in t e genera igita rame r is resente n u es it an vervie urt er eve ments t be arrie n

§ 2. Data and annotation modelA m uter assiste ia r ni ana sis a anguage s u be n u te

n a ee inguisti a ann tate r us r t at, t e ata m e must irst be e ine an a ie In t e ase t e TraCES r e t, ur ste s ree e t e i e ata an ann tati n m e

at t e inguisti ann tati n eve e ine t e set art s ee an t eir eatures, i are ab e t es ribe an m r gi a en mena in

i enti t e sma est units t i m r gi a ann tati n ma be ass iate

e ine t e t er ann tati n eve s te t stru ture, name entities an e iti n an t e eatures t be ann tate t ere

i enti t e minima ann tati n units r t e t ree a iti na eve s

tt s tra es uni amburg e , ast a esse N vember n t e set e ine , see t e ntributi n Susanne Humme an gang i ut

in t is v ume

Cristina Vertan

T e ing basi termin g as been a ie it in t e r e t graphic unit a se uen e ara ters in s ri t fidal r t eir transiterati n bet een t em t s a es T e fidal se uen e it in a senten e

usua en s it t e r ivi er token: t e sma est se uen e ara ters t i a m r gi a ann tati n an be atta e

ne gra i unit ma nsist m re t an ne t en r e am e, t e gra i unit wabetu rres n s t t ree t ens wa-bet-u, C nun ti n N un r n un It is bvi us r m t is e am e t at t e atter

t en b un ar must be ra n insi e ne fidal s abi gra eme , tu T us, be ause t e s abi ara ter t e s ri t, visua s itting t ens mar e b a en an t e m r gi a ann tati n is n ssib e n t e trans iterati n

et, t e reservati n t e rigina fidal te t is a s im rtant r igi a reas ns T ere re t e rigina fidal is reserve a ter t e trans itera

ti n, an n t n reserve , but is a s s n r ni e , s t at an anges rre ti ns, e eti ns, inserti ns in trans iterati n are aut mati a re e t

e in fidal, an vi e versa Su s n r ni ati n eature bet een rigina s ri t an trans iterati n is n t ere at t e m ment b an avai ab e ann tati n s t are

Name entit is t e term use t es ribe r er names ers na names, t n ms, b tit es but a s ates, abbreviati ns, urren units, et A name entit an rres n t ne r severa t ens an r ss t e gra i unit b un aries r e am e, t e rase , i nsists

t gra i units an t ree t ens wa-ʾiyasus krǝstos ntains t e name entit ers na name ʾiyasus krǝstos esus C rist

Te t stru ture e ements a ter, senten e, verse, et are ass iate it se uen es gra i units E iti n e ements ine, age, an aragra brea s, asi na bra ets mar ing re nstru te r missing ara ters r

ara ter se uen es are ass iate it sing e fidal ara tersT e a enge as been t esign a ata an ann tati n m e t at a s

users t e i e nami a at i eve t e ann tate T e sen tree ata stru ture is i ustrate b t e e am e in ig T e gra i unit is at t e r t t e tree T e r ivi er is treate

ere as an e it ria mar T e r t is in e it es en ing n es rres n ing t t e fidal ara ters Ea fidal n e is es en e b trans iterati n n es As a ru e, ea g is in e t t trans iterati n n es ns nant v e , but asi n

T e ann tati n at t e e iti n eve is e t minima r t e m ment, n e se e te e ements are mar e


a a s t ne n ns nant, en t e si t r er v e is re u e t er , r t ree en t e ns nant is geminate

T e t en in t is ata stru ture rres n s t a s an ver a set transiterati n n es

A name entit s ans ver severa t ens, an a te t stru ture ivisi n s ans ver severa gra i unit n esA e ements gra i units, t ens, name entities an te t stru ture

ivisi ns re eive uni ue I s, a es en ing r m t e te t I T us, t e gra i unit I nsists t e te t I es ribe in t e meta ata t e te t

e b a universa uni ue i enti ier a ran m generate a anumeri se uen e T e t en I nsists t e gra i unit I e b t e number t e t en it in t e gra i unit r e am e,

Te t Testamentum Domini Test mra i unit Test m a eb e b

T ens ʾǝm Test m a eb e b T maśgart Test m a eb e b T u Test m a eb e b T

Ann tati n eve s

ID: TestDom10325[…]>T2

Te t stru ture e ement, eve

እ መ ሥ ገ ር ቱ

Sentence 1

I Test m

inguisti

T en T en

m10325[ ]>T210325[ ] T2

Pron. Suff.Noun

እመሥገርቱ

፡E iti n

NE ers n, a e, ate, et

NE

Metaphor

T en

e ete inInserte in

Aut mati a generate in

ID: TestDom10325[…]>T0 ID: TestDom10325[…]>T1

ʾ m a g a r t u

m10325[ ]>

Prep.

m

Te t stru ture

In

ig ata an ann tati n m e

Cristina Vertan

T e tree ata m e a s r t e nami inserti n an e eti n n es at ea eve It ers t e ma r a vantage se arating t e gra i a re resentati n a gra i unit r m its interna rgani ati n T e fidal an trans iterati n ara ters are ust abe s ass iate it ea n e e ement, t us t e an be ange it ut sing r amaging t er in rmati n ass iate t t e n es i e t e ann tati n T is guarantees u e ibi it in

er rming rre ti n an anges in trans iterati n an ann tati n

§ 2.1. Encoding formatT e TEI rmat as be me t e m st i e a e te rmat r en

ing te ts ata in igita umanities TEI stan ar is arti u ar er u r en ing i mati trans ri ti ns te ts, as e as riti a e iti ns,

an es ribing te t arriers r s ars r ing in igita te t e iting an manus ri t ata guing, it as a e r a nsi erab e egree inter erabi it et, t e TEI s e i i ati ns are e ee ing genera , ma be ar t

arse, an bui ing a i ati ns mani u ating in s bet een TEI e ements is ten i i u t C nsi ering t e se e te ata m e , it as been e i e t en e t e

ata in S N rmat T e te tua ata an ertain eve s ann tati n an t en eventua be nverte an e rte t TEI r t e ur ses

ata e ange it t er r e tsT e ata is t us st re in S N b e ts, res e tive e ti ns S N

b e ts S N uments an be easi arse an are in ain te t rmat T e irst S N e ti n is re resente b t e set S N b e ts

en ing t e interna stru ture ea gra i unit A gra i unit S N b e t ntains a e ti n S N b e ts en ing t e in rmati n n

ea fidal etter Ea fidal etter S N b e t is a e ti n S N b e ts en ing in rmati n n rres n ing trans iterati n etters Ea S N trans iterati n etter b e t ntains a inter t t e I t e t en t i it be ngs Initia be re user t eni ati n , ea gra i unit is aut matia a t en A gra i unit S N b e t in u es a s inters t te tua ivisi ns t i it be ngs T e se n S N e ti n is re resente

b t e set S N b e ts en ing t e t ens It re r s t e m r gia ann tati n as e as inters t t e name entities t i it be ngs

T e t ir S N e ti n is re resente b t e name entities T e urt S N C e ti n is re resente b t e te t stru ture ivisi ns

Te t En ing Initiative, tt tei rg ui e ines avas ri t b e t N tati n, tt s s m s s s n intr as


§ 3. System functionalityAnn tati n s t are i is urrent avai ab e es n t a mani u ati n su m e stru tures as es ribe in T us, it as ne essar t

esign an im ement a tai re ann tati n t t at n t n is ab e t manage ur ata stru ture but a s a i itates a ra i an nsistent ann tati n

r ess T e eTa t see ig as been t ere re eve eT e big number arts s ee an a great egree varian e eatures

ma es a u aut mati ann tati n t r ug ma ine earning a g rit ms imssib e esi es, t ere is n training r us t at u be a e uate in si e t

attem t ma ine earning T ere re, t e t as been esigne r manua ann tati n

et, a ertain egree aut mati n is ssib e, an it u b t s ee u t e ann tati n r ess an in rease t e egree nsisten a r ss te ts T ere re, a semi aut mati ntr e ann tati n r e ure as been a

te Semi aut mati means t e ssibi it bat ann tati n en t e user e i e t at t e inguisti ann tati n u be a ie t a instan es a segment it in t e te t C ntr e im ies t at t e user a a s as t e

ssibi it t istinguis bat ann tate r m manua ann tate e ements an im ement rre ti ns en ne essar

In a iti n t t at, t e eTa ann tati n t ers t e ing eatures Trans iterati n Te ts in rigina s ri t are a m anie b a s n rni e trans iterati n r u e initia aut mati a ing t e transiterati n nventi n re resente in ig Ea fidal s mb is trans iter

ate as a s ab e ns nant v e e e t r t e r ina siti n, ere t e si t r er is ren ere as er C rre t geminati n an si t

r er isambiguati n an n be im emente , in m st ases, n e t e inguisti ana sis as been arrie ut, t at is in t e urse r a ter t e in

guisti ann tati n r ess T ere re t e ssibi it manua rre ti n trans ri ti n uring t e inguisti ann tati n is essentia

inguisti ann tati n T e ann tati n s eme ntains art s ee tags, m st t em urt er s e i ie b a iti na eatures an e isting t s im se a sing e ie r inguisti ann tati n, resu ting in t e ne essit reating ri r t t e ann tati n ng strings en ing a ssib e mbinati n eatures r e am e r t e n un, NC m emN

n t e m e it si t r er trans iterati n see a s t e ntributi n b aria u a in t is v ume

Am ng t e man e isting ann tati n t s, n e su rt t is ne t em is C rA, tt s inguisti s ru r uni b um e m ist res ur es ra in e tm ,

i , ever, es n t su rt s n r ni ati n it t er visua i ati n eve s s u ne ant t ee t e fidal s ri t

In u ing t e a rementi ne C rA t

Cristina Vertan

Sg N m Abs, NC m emN Sg N m C ns, NC m emN Sg A Abs, NC m em E N m Abs, et et et In ur ase, t is u mean severa un re ssib e mbinati ns, it ea ain being u t

igits ng N t n itt e ra ti a it in ann tati n, t is a s ma es t e targete sear r an e terna ers n ver i i u t, as ne as t remember n t n t e name t e s e i i eature but a s t e se uen e in

i t e eatures are e in t e strings T us, t e re uirement an in t e same time t e a enge r t e eTa ann tati n t as t r vi e t e user it s e ia i e ann tati n mas s r ea art s ee t er eve s ann tati n In t e TraCES r us, t e ann tati n is ne at ur eve s te t stru ture, name entities, e iti n, an inguisti s T us, a mu ti eve s uti n r t e ann tati n t as re uire T e s stem e esigne eTa ann tati n t er rms t e ing ntr e aut mati erati ns T eni ati n Ea aut mati a t eni e gra i unit is ita i i e In

r er t minimi e t e uman e s e assume t at t e assignment a m r gi a ann tati n t a t en is im i it a va i ati n t e t

eni ati n C rre ti n trans iterati n C rre ti ns an be arrie ut b t ri r t t eni ati n an ann tati n an uring r a ter t e ann tati n r ess

Am ng t e e isting t s, ebAnn tt s ebann git ub i ebann surts mu ti eve ann tati n H ever, in ebAnn n rre ti ns an be arrie ut

in t e te t n e t e ann tati n r ess as starte

ha la ḥa ma śa

ra sa qa ba ta ḫa

na ʾa

ka wa ʿa za ya da ga ṭa

ṗa ṣa ḍa fa pa

qʷa ḫʷa kʷa gʷa

va ča ǧa ča

qa ḵa ša ña ža

V e r ers

a u i ā e ǝ o

ig TraCES trans iterati n nventi n n Uni e s mb s ave been use


T e isambiguati n t e si t r er an t e intr u ti n ns nanta geminati n are ssib e even a ter a m r gi a ann tati n as been assigne t a t en t er rre ti ns re a e a fidal etter, insert r e ete a etter im ies t e e eti n t e ann tati n i er rme a ter t e mar u , as t e u mean a ange in t e r meaning an subse uent its m r gi a es ri ti n Assignment inguisti eatures As menti ne ab ve, t e t su rts manua ann tati n it a ssibi it semi aut mate ntr e bat ann tati n N n ann tate trans iterate te t a ears in b a regu ar

nt anua er rme in m ete ann tati ns are in b , m ete ann tate units a ear in b ue at ann tate items a ear in re In s me ases, en aut mati a er rme mar u es n t re uire a

iti na ntr r e am e un tuati n signs , t e user an e t e g ba m ete b in t e ann tati n mas be re er rming t e bat

ann tati n In t is ase, t e items i turn t b ueA iti na un ti na it t e eTa t as N vember in u es

a sear mas a ing basi br sing t e te t Sear is ssib e b t in fidal s ri t an in trans iterati n User an e ine t e si e t e nte t t be s n Sear resu ts are ig ig te an it is ssib e t um

ire t t t e rres n ing siti n in t e te t Sear ti ns in u e

ig T e GeTa ann tati n t st t e t ens in t e trans iterati n s reen are in b ue s ing t e m ete ann tati n r ess

Cristina Vertan

art s ee , start siti n r t e sear as e as sear eve t en r gra i unit a statisti s m u e a ing gra i a visua i ati n t e ann tati n r gress a gra i unit visua i ati n un ti n, i a s t e gra i a re resentati n ea gra i unit an aut mati management ine brea s numbering T e user n nee s t insert r e ete a ine brea , t e numbering is er rme aut matia

a mmentar un ti n at ea eve gra i unit, t en, e iti n, te t stru ture A iti na , gra i units an be ig ig te in i erent

ursi e t e i ti nar t is sti un er eve ment, ea t en an a

rea be in e t a emma e tra te r m t e igiti e versi n t e Lexi-con b August i mann In its ina rm t e eTa t i ave a ire t inter a e t a u e ge e e tr ni i ti nar r t e m ment, a minima versi n as been im emente b e tra ting aut mati a t e emmata r m t e e i n an assigning uni ue I s t ea emma A basi

genera user inter a e ensures t e br sing t e e i n Entries are rere e i gra i a , an users an see t e trans ati ns an e anati ns r vi e b i mann, reserve it t eir rigina rmatting ita i an

su ers ri t maintaine

§ 4. Conclusions and further workeTa is an inn vative er u ann tati n t t at a s mu ti eve an

n tati n te ts, tai re arti u ar r t e nee s t e anguage It r vi es r a ssibi it rre ting t e te t uring t e ann tati n r ess esi es t e inguisti ann tati n eve r a ver ine graine inguisti ann

tati n , it su rts t ree m re ann tati n eve s T e ann tati n is ssib e in semi aut mati ntr e m us i ensures nsisten an revents err rs T e t is eas t use an ast, an as a user rien inter a e It is im emente in ava it ata save in S N

See C Vertan, T ar s a igita e i n Et i i t e TraCES e erien e , in A ausi, A ri, N snitsin, an E S ins i, e s, Essays in Ethiopian Manuscript

Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference Manuscripts and Texts, Languag-es and Contexts: the Transmission of Knowledge in the Horn of Africa, Hamburg, 17–19 July 2014, Su ement t Aet i i a, iesba en Harrass it Ver ag, ,

T e t runs sa e n mu ti e at rms It as been teste r in s , ins Vista, an inu erating s stems


A a tati ns t e t t t er anguages an s ri ts are ssib e As a irst attem t, t e t as been a a te t rea t e te ts ins ri ti ns,

in unv a i e s ri t but a s in E igra i S ut Arabian s ri t In arti u ar, t e S ut Arabian a a tati n em nstrate t e e ibi it t at t e

s stem as a ab e ing it a i erent s ri t a i erent transiterati n ru e set an a i erent riting ire ti n rig t t e t T is eeriment as s n t at urt er e tensi ns r e am e r S ria , Arabi ,

Hebre are ssib e H ever, in t is ase an a a tati n t e inguisti eatures t be ann tate s u be nsi ere r t e m ment, e are nu ting s me e eriments n erning t e a a tabi it m r gi a an

n tati n t Am ariCurrent , t e n rm aut mati erati n is t e re i ati n a

user s manua erati n n e a riti a mass ann tati ns is er rme , it s a be ssib e t im ement a m u e i e tra ts aut mati at s ,

it a at stan ing r ne gra i unit trans iterati n t eni ati n ann tati n ain T e un er ing rin i e is t at ea gra i unit an rres n t i erent trans iterati ns, ea trans iterati n an rres n t severa t eni ati n ssibi ities, an r ea t eni ati n, at east ne m r gi a ann tati n is avai ab e Re r ing a ssib e at s r ea gra i unit i ea t a urt er aut mati ati n ste I n ne at is avai ab e t en it is a ie b t e t , i mu ti e at s are avai ab e, t e user

as t er rm t e isambiguati n T is aut mati ati n ste i in rease nsi erab t e ann tati n s ee it ut sing ntr r ris ing reati n a iti na err rsT e ina ur se t e ann tati n r ess is natura t e ssibi it t

er rm ua itative an uantitative r us ana sis i e it es ntain a basi sear m u e, t e eTa t is rimar esigne r ann tati n, an n t r r it te t r ra T res n t t is nee , a ug in is being

eve e t e rt t e eTa ann tate ata t t e ANNIS Internet t r r us visua i ati n an sear Subse uent , urt er nversi n i ters t

e rt t e ata t TEI rmat s a be im emente

See tt r us t s rg annis T e nversi n i ters are urrent being evee b Ste an rus at er in

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