LacertiliaSquamata – ljuskaši

Agamidae - agame

Draco volans – krilati zmaj

• jugoistočna Azija

Agama agama - agama

• Afrika• Afrika i Australia

• mogu imati razrađene kreste i druge

dekoracije, vjerojatno polifiletska skupina

Agamidae - agame

• obrambeno zastrašivanje

• ogrlicu čine nabori kože ojačani hrskavičnim prutićima

Chlamydosaurus kingii –gušter ogrličar

Agamidae - agameMoloch horridus – trnovita agama

• Australija• Hrani se mravima

Phyynocephalus mystaceus –

ušata krupnoglavka

• živi u pustinji

Iguanidae - legvani

Iguana iguana – zeleni legvan

Najveći legvan

Žive samo u Americi, hrane se kukcima

Anolis carolinensis – crvenogrli anolis

Grlena lepeza za komunikaciju

Mjena boju od mrljasto smeđe do svijetlo

zelene

Iguanidae - legvani

Iguanidae - legvaniAmblyrhynchus cristatus – morski legvan

• 0,5 – 1 m

• otočje Galapagos

• hrani se algama

•Mladi ne ulaze u vodu, odrasli rone do 12 m i ostaju pod vodojm duže od sata

Iguanidae - legvaniBasilicus basilicus – smeđi basilisk

• Srednja Amerika, Trči po vodi

Cyclura cornutus –

nosorožni legvan

• Karibi

Chamaeleontidae- kameleoniChameleon chameleon – obični kameleon

Mjenja boje, zigodaktilna noga,

CHAMAELEONIDAE – pravi kameleoni

• 4-6 rodova, 130 vrsta

• Afrika, Madagaskar, Srednji istok, India,

južna španjolska

• Zygodactylna noga

• Dobro pomični rep kod arborealnih vrsta

• Nezavisno pomićne oči, kut gledanja do

360°, pravi binokularni vid

B. M. Horn

GEKKONIDAE - macaklini

• 97 rodova, 960 vrsta

• 3-4 Subfamilies

• Gotovo svuda po svijetu tropsko i suptropsko područje

• Većina imaju lamele na prstima koje omogućavaju kretanje po glatkim

površinama

• Kod većine kapci zamijenjeni spektakulumom

• autotomija

Coleonyx brevis - Texas Banded Gecko

• Eublepharinae(idae),

• 7 rodova, 25 vrsta

• Jugozapadna SAD, Centralna

Amerika , Afrika, Južna Azija

• Više terestrijalni

• Nemaju specijalizacije za

hodanje

• Obične oči

Heteronotia binoei - Prickly Gecko

Australia

D. Kirshner -

GEKKONIDAE - Gekkoninae

• 70 rodova, 790 vrsta

• cosmopolitan except northern

Sjeverna Amerika

• Nemaju kakpke

• Neki (eg. Gehyra) povećani prsti,

drugi bez tih prilagodbi(eg.

Gonatodes)

W. Dentry

Gonatodes vittatus – prugasti dnevni macaklin

Gehyra australis - House Gecko

Australia

D. Kirshner -

GEKKONIDAE - Diplodactylinae

• listorepasti macaklini• 12 rodova, 100 vrsta

• Australia, Novi Zeland

• Odebljali rep skladište energije i izvor

metaboličke vode

Oedura marmorata - Marbled

Velvet Gecko

Saltuarius cornutus -

Leaf-tailed Gecko

Gecko

Underwoodisaurus

milii - Thick-tailed

Gecko

GEKKONIDAE - Pygopodinae (Pygopodidae)

• 8 rodova, 36 vrsta

• Australia, Nova Gvineja

• Nemaju prednje noge stražnje reducirane

na ostatke

photos all D. Kirshner

Delma borea

Lialis burtoni

Pygopus lepidopodus - Common Scaly Foot

SCINCIDAE - Skinks

• 100 rodova, 1100 vrsta, kozmopolitski

• Glatke svjetle , preklapajući osteodermiRazni stupnjevi

redukcije nogu

Ctenotus taeniolatus - Copper Tailed Skink

• well developed limbs and feet

D. Kirshner

D. Kirshner

Hemiergis decresiensis -

• Three-toed Earless Skink

• tridactyl on both limbs,

• limbs reduced in size

Scincomorpha - rovaši

Lerista punctovittata - Eastern Robust Slider

• Ima sve udove ali se to teško vidi

• U rupama

SCINCIDAE

SCINCIDAE - Tiliqua - Blue-Tongue Skinks, Trachydosaurus - Shingleback

Ti. multifasciata - Centralian Blue -Tongue

Ti. nigrolutea - Blotched Blue -Tongue

Ti. scincoides –plavojezičast rovaš

Tr. rugosus – tuporepi rovašD. Kirshner

D. Kirshner

D. Kirshner

SCINCIDAE

Eumeces septentrionalis septentrionalis

- Northern Prairie Skink

• western Wisconsin to southeastern

North Dakota, south to Kansas

• disjunct, probably relict, population in

southcentral Manitoba

• insectivorous

• oviparous

© W. B. Preston

Spruce Woods Provincial Park

Carberry

Saiphos equalis

• Prednji i stražnji udovi reducirani

• Tri prsta na stražnjim nogama

D. Kirshner

SCINCIDAE

VARANIDAE - Monitor Lizards

• 1 genus, 173 vrste

• Africa, southern Asia through to Australia, which has the most species

• up to 3 m. total length

• oviparous

Varanus gouldii - Gould’s Goanna, Sand Monitor

• about 1.6 m.

• eats insects, reptiles, birds, mammals & carrion

raise themselves by forming a

tripod of tail and hind limbs, both

to look around and as defensive

posture

Anguimorpha - puzaši

Varanus indicus - Mangrove Monitor - approximately 1 m.

• rainforests & mangrove forests of extreme northern Australia

• includes fish in the diet, which it catches swimming

Varanus mitchelli – nilski varan - approximately 0.6 m.

• aquatic species of northern Australia, eats insects, fish & frogs

D. Kirshner

D. Kirshner

D. Kirshner

October 7, 2000

Varanus varius – šareni varan - 1.5 - 2 m.

• coastal ranges to coast of eastern Australia

• arboreal, major predator of nestling birds as

well as insects, reptiles small mammals

ANGUIDAE - Alligator, Glass & Worm

Lizards

• 15 genera,102 species

• disjunct in New World, Eurasia, Africa

and southeast Asia

• scales reinforced by osteoderms

• robust, limbed to slim, limbless lizards

Gerrhonotinae - Alligator Lizards

• southwestern Canada through Central

America

• lateral groove without osteoderms

between dorsal and ventral scale rows

permits flexibility

• Alligator Lizards have stout limbs

© W. Flaxington

Elgaria coerula

San Francisco Alligator Lizards

Gerrhonotus liocephalus infernalis - Texas Alligator Lizard

ANGUIDAE - Alligator, Glass & Worm

Lizards

Anguinae - Worm& Glass Lizards

• North America, Eurasia

• completely lack limbs

• resemble snakes, but retain

moveable eyelids

© L. J. Vitt

Ophisaurus ventralis –

sjevernoamerički blavor

Anguis fragilis - sljepićmating pair, note the head bite

© L Gvoždik

A. fragilis - juvenile

© D. Modrý

Varanus komodoensis –komodski varan

• Komodo Island and several other

islands of Indonesia

• 3 m. total length

• can run at 14 kph for 0.5 km

• ambushes small deer and wild boar,

mouths are so laden with bacteria that

if the initial attack doesn’t kill, the

resultant infection probably will.

LACERTIDAE - Wall Lizards

• 29 genera, 215 species

• Africa, Eurasia, Sunda Islands

• superficially similar to teiids

• viviparous Lacerta vivipara, is the

most widespread lizard species

• two species have been introduced into

the US in Cincinnati, on Long Island &

Topeka

M. Raine

K. W. Stewart

African lacertids

D. Kirshner

Timon lepidus

E. Snakes

• 1. evolved 100 million years ago from

ancient lizards that lived in underground

burrows

• 2. widespread in Tertiary Period

• 3. once had legs (Boas and Pythons still

have vestigial pelvic girdle)

• 4. most numerous reptile

Snakes

• No legs

• No external ears

• Jacobson’s organ

– Sense smell with aid of

tongue

• Cornea of eye protected

with a spectacle

– transparent membrane

• Skull bones loose

– Swallow large prey

• 5. live in water, on rocks, underground, in trees

• 6. many live in cooler climates

• 7. two thousand eight hundred species world-wide; oko16 u Hrvatskoj

• 8. most are harmless

• 9. three hundred are poisonous or dangerous

• 10. eat insects, mice and rats

III. The Snake

its anatomy and habits

A. Body structure and Internal systems

Body

• 1. long, thin

• 2. head, trunk, tail (beyond cloaca)

• 3. dry scales

– a. dorsal - small ovoid

– b. ventral - broad plate width of body

– c. function:

• i. protection underlying skin

• ii. holds down water loss

• 4. ecdysis - shed skin several times a year

(molting)

– a. each time a rattle snake molds a new segment is

added to the rattle

• 5. extremely flexible spine (150 - 400 vertebrae)

• 6. attached to each vertebrae in front of tail is a

pair of ribs (ribs not attached at ventral surface)

• 7. muscles are connected to vertebrae and ribs

• 8. well developed right lung; left lung under-developed or missing

• 9. internal organs long and slender

• 10. three chambered heart

• 11. septum - wall partially divides the ventricle into two chambers

B. Movement

• 1. lateral undulation - “S” shaped curves (side to side) crawling or swimming

• 2. caterpillar movement - crawl through burrow, climb tree, stalk prey ( rectilinear movement)

• 3. sidewinding - desert areas; “S” shaped loops; touch ground only at two or three points (wave-like motion)

C. Sense organs

• 1. no keen sense of sight or hearing

• 2. acute sense of smell

• 3. no eyelids; transparent scale covers eye

• 4. inner ear; sound picked up by skull

bones

• 5. vibration on ground picked up by nerves

on ventral surface

• 6. paired nostrils near front of head

• 7. behind each nostril, nasal cavity, olfactory nerves

• 8. smell aided by forked tongue

– a. tongue lies on a sheath on floor of mouth

– b. flicks out of mouth

– c. touches everything within its range

– d. picks up odor bearing particles from surroundings

– e. odor transferred to two pits in roof of mouth Jacobson’s organ - lined with nerve endings sensitive to odors

D. Feeding habits

• 1. carnivorous

• 2. eats insects, fish, small amphibians, lizards,

birds, rodents, rabbits and other small mammals

(even other snakes - King Snake)

• 3. strikes by lunging forward with open mouth

• 4. hinged jaw permits eating of large prey

Constrictor - squeezes prey to death

Poisonous

• a. bites prey

• b. injects venom into prey

• c. prey killed before eaten

• 5. muscular contractions in wave-like motion

pushes prey into stomach

• 6. digestion slow but not difficult

• 7. everything is digested except hair and teeth

• 8. lies in sun to increase body temperature after

feeding (increases digestion rate)

• 9. digestion takes up to three days to complete

• 10. does not need much food

• 11. a large meal may last a snake weeks,

months or even a year.

• 12. trachea extends into lower jaw to allow

the snake to breathe while it has a

large prey in its mouth

E. Reproduction and

development

• 1. internal fertilization

• 2. most lay eggs - oviparous eggs

– a. tough, whitish shell

– b. yolk nourishes young snake during

development

• 3. most female snakes abandon the eggs

after laying them

• 4. the only warmth the eggs receives is from

sun (Cobra provides warmth and protection

by coiling on top of their eggs)

• 5. some are ovoviviparous - eggs are kept in

body, young are born live

F. Poisonous and nonpoisonous

snakes

• 1. nonpoisonous - without pit between eye

and nostril

• 2. round pupil of eyes

• s sauritu

Vipera berus

Viperidae - Solenoglypha

čegrtuša

Kretanje zmija

• Rectilinear motion

• Lateral undulation

• Concertina motion

• Sidewinding

Concertina

Sidewinding

Lateralna undulacija

Rectilinearno

CONES - amphbians & reptiles

• colour vision & visual acuity

RODS - distinguish different light

intensities

Red - amphibians & reptiles

Green - amphibians, except

caecilians & some paedomorphs

AMPHIBIANS - numbers of rods &

cones

REPTILES - diurnal - more cones

(eg. diurnal lizards & colubrid

snakes only have cones)

• nocturnal - more rods (eg. geckoes

only have rods)

RETINA

VISUAL ACCOMMODATION IN AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES

Jakobsonov organ

CHEMORECEPTION - JACOBSON’S (VOMERONASAL) ORGAN

Sluh gmazova

Naja naja – Indijska kobra

APOSEMATIC BEHAVIOUR

Crotalus scutellatus - Mojave Rattler

Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata - Yellow Rat Snake

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis - Red-sided Garter Snake

STRIPES

• break up body outline

• appear immobile when moving

T o x i n sH e m o t o x i n s - V e n o m p

r o t e i n s t h a t d e s t r o y r

e d b l o o d c e l l s a n d d

i s r u p t b l o o d c l o t t i n g .

N e u r o t o x i n s - V e n o m p

r o t e i n s t h a t d i s r u p t n

e r v e t r a n s m i s s i o n .

Western Diamond Backed

Rattlesnake

-appear in fossil record: 210 MYA

Testudines (Chelonia)

Synapomorphies

• The maxilla, premaxilla, and dentary are without teeth but

rather covered by a horny sheath (beak)

• Rod-like stapes without a foramen or processes

The shell:• Dermal ossifications incorporating the ribs,

vertebrae and portions of the pectoral girdle

– Composed of dermal boney elements covered by

keratinous scutes or leathery skin

Pelusios c. castanoides Chelodina steindachneri

Sacalia bealei

Reproductive

behavior

With the exception of the genera Platemys (XY, Chelidae), Staurotypus (XY,

Kinosternidae), and Siebenrockiella (XY) and Kachuga smithii (ZW) (Bataguridae),

turtles lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes (either XY male heterogamety, or ZW

female heterogamety)

Of the other turtles, only a few do not practice temperature (environmental-)

dependent sex determination (TSD).

TSD – Temperature Sex

Determination

Turtle Families (13)

• Testudinidae

• Bataguridae

• Emydidae

• Trionychidae

• Carettochelyidae

• Dermatemydidae

• Kinosternidae

• Cheloniidae

• Dermochelydiae

• Chelydridae

• Chelidae

• Pelomedusidae

• Podocnemidae

Testudines

Podocnemidae

• Podocnemis expansa - Amazon &

Orinoco river

• Mainly herbivores, though they may

eat invertebrates and carrion

• Eggs harvested for food

Pelomedusoidae “African Mud

terrapins”

•Inhabit slow moving water,

bottom

walkers

•carnivorous

Chelidae – 11 genera (50 species)

• Chelids are predominantly aquatic, rarely

leave the water except to deposit eggs.

Chelydridae

•Large-headed, have broad flattened

carapaces with reduced plastra,

Chelydra – defensive posture

Alligator snapping turtle

Sea turtles:

• Cheloniidae– (5 genera, 6 sp.)

– Flattened, streamlined shells

– Forlimbs modified into large flippers

• Dermochelyidae– Leatherback sea turtles

– Ridged shells lack epidermal scutes

Emydidae –12 genera, 40sp.

Testudinae – Tortoises (11 genera, 40 sp.)

•herbivores, or omnivores

Trionychidae – “Soft shell turtles” (14 genera, 27 sp.)

•Softshells are flattened, pancake-shaped turtles that have reduced

• bony carapaces and plastrons

•carnivorous

Kinosternidae – “mud or musk turtles” (2 genera, 20sp.)

Small size

Live in slow-moving water

Carnivorous – omnivorous

Migracije - Chelonia mydas – golema želva

KRAJ