1450- 1750 CE: The “Early Modern” Period

• The two hemispheres are joined in sustained contact AND so world trade networks flourish- fewer people remain outside of its influence- process of real GLOBALIZATION begins

• Balance of power in the world shifts in favor of Western Europe• Land based empires retain control and power through use of gunpowder (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals)

• Labor systems transformed: slavery becomes central to world economy and expands to New World/ social systems established in Americas based on race

• Previously held belief systems are challenged (Reformation) while in some places reaffirmation of traditional beliefs=stability• Population compositions change world wide (plague, contact with Americas, reconfiguration of family, role of women)

Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

1. What are the preconditions for exploration in the 15th C?

We have seen Transoceanic Encounters Before- EXAMPLES??

We have seen Global Connections Before-EXAMPLES?

Political Stability Economic strength and wealth (government taxes or investors)Willingness to take risksSkilled and educated workersTechnological Innovation 1. Why the West?

Why the West?:Answers lie in:

geography political and economic

pluralism military inventions

empowerment of middleclass

spirit of invention andfree enterprise

(By 1900, Europe controlled 85%Of the globe)

RECOVERY: Western Europe

State Building (by late 15th C)• Regional states rather than centralized authority• HRE in name only: power falls to German princes• standing armies established (except England) (FR: 15,000)

• ability to levy taxes and to keep the nobility in check• asserted authority of central govt over nobility• Spain united by marriage of Fernando of Aragon andIsabel of Castile (= reconquista)• technology strengthened power of the states• Grand Prince Ivan III declared independence from Mongol Khan (Golden Horde)

City States• Began in Italy: Milan, Florence, VeniceRome, Papal States• levied direct taxes, issued long term bonds

FR: salt and sales tax

GB: hearth tax, head tax,

plow tax

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)• England vs. France• Regional monarchies assert their power for control of FR• ends with expulsion of House ofAnjou/ victory for House of Valois

Cross bow/gunpowder/cannon =

RECOVERY: Western EuropeThe Renaissance

• “Rebirth” (Greek bible)• Art, Architecture, Scholarship and Literature• Humanism= (literature, history, moral philosophy: committed to Christianity)• Linear Perspective• John Gutenberg (1439)• (paper from Arabs, who learned from the Chinese)• the Medici family

Possible to live a virtuous life and not be a monk

Michaelangleo (1475-1564)

The Sistine Chapel, Vatican City 1473

Lorenzo de Medici

Erasmus

Harder for the Churchto control or censor what

was being written

Medieval vs. Renaissance Art

Raphael: 1483-1520“The School of Athens”

Plato

Aristotle

Michaelangelo

Ptolemy

Raphael

Socrates

Sandro Botticelli: 1444-1510

“Birth of Venus”

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) El Duomo: 142 feet high, 4 million bricks

Rise of towns and cities = loss of status of nobility and guilds peasants attain higher standardof living = new consumers expanded internal markets, demand for goods fuel desire for new routes to obtain products from Asia

Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519

“Mona Lisa”

Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519

“The Last Supper” 1498

Individualism = Individuals are capable of greataccomplishments

Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519

Jan van Eyck: 1395- 1441“Portrait of Giovanni

Arnolfini and his Wife”

Clothing and interior of room=Signs of wealthInscription on wall: Jan van Eyck was here. 1434

Symbolic of typical gender roles:Woman stands near the bed andWell into the room=caregiverGiovanni stands near open window=Interface with outside world

His vertical hand = authorityHer obedient gaze but relatively equal,not casting her eyes to ground likelower class

She may/may not be pregnant- maySymbolize fertility/ Mirror= eye of God?

Hands clasped + Van Eyck testimonial=Marriage contract?

Dog = loyalty Green = hopeSingle lit candle = typical Flemish marriage custom

Pieter Bruegel: The Peasant Wedding 1568

The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by

Hans Holbein the Younger

Anatolian carpetClerical and secularCelestial globeSun dialCompassOpen bookAnamorphic skullTelescope Three levels??

Mixed Motives:

New technologies used in navigation:

Chapter 23: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Ptolemy’s View of the World (from Geographia c: 150 CE)- allowed European cartographers to reconstruct Ptolemy's world view when an ancient Greek manuscript was translated into Latin around 1300.

Psychological and physical obstacles impededearly explorationThought there was a vast southern land mass that wouldblock travel to the East around AfricaThought the earth was 7/8 land, underestimated size of earth

Chinese and European Exploration: 1405-1498• motives = profit (sugarcane, slavery, gold) trade, missionary activity, show of power• Portuguese excel: Prince Henry the Navigator (Gibraltor 1415)• wanted to avoid Muslim “middlemen” in trade with the East• (collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 affected the trade routes… )• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope• 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama : sailed to India and back• 1492: Columbus: sailed to the “Indies” (a.k.a San Salvador)

“good voyage” = scurvy claimed the lives of only 20% of the crewDa Gama lost 126/170 men

Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans

______________________________________________________________________1400 1500 1600 1700

1800 CEPrince Henry (P) Alfonso English East James Cook (GB)Motives? d’Albuquerque (P) India Co (GB) Vitus Bering (Russia)Effects? Effects? United East Seven Year’s War

India Co (VOC) 1756-1763Bartholomeu Dias (P) (Dutch) Effects? GLOBAL COMPETITIONVasco de Gama (P) MERCANTILISM (Dutch kick out Portugal,Motives? Ferdinand Magellan (S) FR and GB compete for India,Effects? Effects? FR, GB and SP in Americas)

Christopher Spain capturesColumbus(S) PhilippinesMotives ? Sir Frances Drake (GB) Russia expands into SiberiaEffects? Effects?

Effects:FR out of IndiaGB got FR colonies in CanadaFR kept Caribbean postsSP kept CubaGB took FloridaGB wins: British hegemony

WHY PortugalAnd Spain first?

Martin Behaim: creator of the first spherical globe of the Earth

Used Ptolemy’s calculations for circumference = 16,000 miles (9000 miles short)Insisted until the day he died (1504)that he reached Asia

Spain

Portugal

Treaty of Tordesilla 1494

Pope Alexander VI issued a “Line of Demarcation” in 1493…

Establishment of Trading Post Empires

• Portuguese first (economic reasons)

• Alfonso d’Alboquerque(safe conduct passes?)

• Portuguese control declinesby end of 16th C (WHY?)

English and Dutch Trading PostsEnglish East India Trading Co

Dutch United East India Co (VOC)

How were these trading companies organized and administered?

How were they able to establish themselves in Asia?

Spanish in the PhilippinesVs.

Dutch in Indonesia?

(Direct vs. Indirect rule)

Roald Amundsen1872-1928

EFFECTS? •Demographic (+)/ Migrations of Populations (+)(-)•Economic Growth/ Creation of First Global Trading System (+)•Creation of New Business Opportunities (+)•Global Diffusion of Food and Domestic Animals(+)•Increased Health and Nutrition (+) Permanent Alteration of Earth’s Cultural Exchange (+) Environment (-)(+)Devastating Spread of Disease Pathogens (-)

Waldeseemuller’s world map 1507

Jan Stobnicza 1512

European Exploration 1519-1780