ISSN 0036-8075

14 December 1984Volume 226, No. 4680

LETTERS The Merck Index Online: M. Windholz; The Twitch: A Cautionary Tale: R. Reid;Firewood Conservation: A. C. Stern; A. M. Squires; Evolution: An ExpandedView: M. Burd; The Garrison Project and Drainage Divides:I. G. Grossman ......................................................

EDITORIAL Effects of SO2 and NO, Emissions.

ARTICLES Generation and Migration of Light Hydrocarbons: J. M. Hunt ..................

Intrinsic Mechanisms of Pain Inhibition: Activation by Stress:G. W. Terman et al....................................................

Trends in Industrial Use of Energy: R. C. Marlay .............................

Influence of Clonal Selection on the Expression of Immunoglobulin VariableRegion Genes: T. Manser, S.-Y. Huang, M. L. Gefter .....................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

A Silver Lining for the Weather Satellites? ...................................

NSF Readies New Education Program .......................................

Pests Prevail Despite Pesticides .............................................

European Synchrotron Choice Draws Protests ................................

Mixed Signals on Export Controls ...........................................

Briefing: Weinberger Backs Biowarfare Lab; NCI Tightens Security After BombThreat; Farm Mechanization Suit Enters New Phase; Lawsuit Seeks a Cap onFluorocarbon Production; Comings and Goings............................

Probing the Long Tail of the Magnetosphere ..................................

Free Electron Lasers Show Their Power .....................................

Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion, reviewed by I. A. Johnston; ComparativeNeurology of the Optic Tectum, W. Wilczynski; The Geochronology and

1250

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1295

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1300

Evolution of Africa, M. P. A. Jackson; Ice Sheets and Climate,G. E. Birchfield; Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas,T. G. Forbes; Books Received .......... ................................ 1308

REPORTS Deposit from a Giant Wave on the Island of Lanai, Hawaii:J. G. Moore and G. W. Moore ......... ................................. 1312

Specific Sequence Homology and Three-Dimensional Structure of an AminoacylTransfer RNA Synthetase: T. Webster et al. ...... ....................... 1315

Inability of Mouse Blastomere Nuclei Transferred to Enucleated Zygotes toSupport Development in Vitro: J. McGrath and D. Solter ..... ............. 1317

RNA Required for Import of Precursor Proteins into Mitochondria:F. A. Firgaira et al .1319

Persistence of the Entire Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Integrated into HumanLymphocyte DNA: T. Matsuo et al. ........ ............................ 1322

Monoclonal Idiotope Vaccine Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection:M. K. McNamara, R. E. Ward, H. Kohler ................................ 1325

Essential Role of Insulin in Transcription of the Rat 25,000 Molecular WeightCasein Gene: P. Chomczynski, P. Qasba, Y. J. Topper ..................... 1326

Carbohydrate Dramatically Influences Immune Reactivity of Antisera to ViralGlycoprotein Antigens: S. Alexander and J. H. Elder ..... ................. 1328

Pollen Feeding in an Orb-Weaving Spider: R. B. Smith and T. P. Mommsen...... 1330

Auditory Illusions Demonstrating That Tones Are Assimilated to an InternalizedMusical Scale: R. N Shepard and D. S. Jordan ............................ 1333

Activated Expression of the N-myc Gene in Human Neuroblastomas and RelatedTumors: N. E. Kohl, C. E. Gee, F. W. Alt ................................ 1335

JC Virus Enhancer-Promoter Active in Human Brain Cells: S. Kenney et al. 1337

Purified Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: DirectAction on Neutrophils: J. C. Gasson et al . ............................... 1339

Elevated Concentrations of CSF Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-LikeImmunoreactivity in Depressed Patients: C. B. Nemeroffet al . ............. 1342

Amino-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence of the Silkworm ProthoracicotropicHormone: Homology with Insulin: H. Nagasawa et al .................... 1344

Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in Glial Cells: B. A. MacVicar ............ 1345

COVER

Basic oxygen fumnace beneath ladle tilt-ed to the charging position to receivethe liquid hot metal portion of tIecharge before refining iron into steel.Energy-intensive industrial processesare in a state of transition, both techno-logically and in the demand for theirproducts. This has implications for fu-ture energy demand and the changingcomposition of U.S. industrial produc-tion. See page 1277. [U.S. Departmentof Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585]

14 December 1984, Volume 226, Number 4680

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SCIENCE

s of SO2 and NO. Emissionsmn about acid rain continues to mount, ensuring efforts to enactn designed to curtail it when Congress meets again. Earlier,for abatement centered around acidification of some lakes andlanadian protests about transboundary flow of some of our emis-itely, attention has been drawn to possible effects of pollutants onPathology has been noted recently in trees at higher elevationsmountains from the Northeast to Georgia.

,tent of the problem in the United States is minimal in comparisonn West Germany. In just a few years observed occurrences ofy in the forests there have increased from a few percent to moreercent. The news from West Germany is alarming, and its impact isdemand for action here.roposal is that SO2 emissions should be cut in half. The Electricesearch Institute has estimated that the cost of such a program$10 billion a year for many years. In this country, the contributiono the formation of hydrogen ions is about two times that of theoxides. If the target of an effort is solely to diminish the acidity ofuction of SO2 emissions is a logical objective. However, if the goalid possible pathological effects on forests, the focus of abatementrobably should be NO,. The nitrogen oxides do much more thanto nitric acid. They are involved in photochemical reactions thatxidants such as ozone that are highly toxic to plants and trees.these effects have been noted for many years in the vegetation ofCalifornia. In that area, there are negligible amounts of sulfur

out substantial quantities of NO, and photochemical oxidants.from ozone to trees such as ponderosa pine has been extensive andeen in trees as far as 120 kilometers east of the urban centers.tave shown that chronic exposure to 6 parts per hundred millionof ozone results in visible damage to some conifers.On control in West Germany has lagged behind that in the United'he Germans have no speed limit on their autobahns, and thedo not have catalytic devices to minimize NO. emissions. Vehiclesr the greatest source of NO5, and the total tonnage of NO2 emittedirces is greater than that of SO2. Measurement of ozone concentra-ie Black Forest has yielded a value of about 9 pphm and a peakhigh as 27 pphm. Explanations advanced by German scientists forzlogy noted in their forests include effects of acid on foliage andavy metals, aluminum toxicity, insects, and diseases. The truthlies in a combination of all these, together with photochemical

are many gaps in our knowledge about pollutants. A major one is:ive effects of wet and dry deposition. The amounts of wetin are well known. They account, however, for only 20 to 30)f total emissions. What happens to the remainder is a mystery.or important unknown is the rate at which lakes are being acidified.idence exists that many lakes are undergoing substantial changee Environmental Protection Agency is conducting measurementsakes to establish a database. The magnitude (large or small) of theion problem should be evident in a few years.-r unknown is the relation of sources to deposition. Many peoplehat burning of coal in the Midwest is the source of acidification ofthe East. However, local sources are apparently also important;ors to acidification.are only a few examples of the lack of knowledge about the effectsints. A determined effort is now being made in the United StatesGermany to better understand the phenomena and to learn how to

h them. West Germany apparently needs to take quick action, butiited States there is time to seek knowledge before committing tos expenditures that might prove misdirected.-PHILIP H. ABELSON