13. Tables 1-5, 38-42 (other tables on disc)

389Van den Bergh. The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geol., 117 (1999)

Manis palaeojavanica +Manis javanica + +Ursus malayanus +Paradoxurus hermaphroditus + +Arctogalidia sp. + +Panthera sp. +?Panthera tigris subsp. + + + + + +Prionailurus (=Felis) bengalensis + + +Aonix (=Amblonix) cinerea + +Lutrogale palaeoleptonyx +Martes flavigula + +Hyaena brevirostris +Mececyon trinilensis +Cuon? javanicus +Cuon javanicus (=alpinus) +Sinomastodon bumiajuensis +Stegodon cf. elephantoides +Stegodon trigonocephalus + + + +Stegodon? hypsilophus +?Elephas hysudrindicus + +Elephas maximus + +Rhinoceros sondaicus + + + + +Rhinoceros unicornis kendengindicus +Tapirus indicus + + + +Hexaprotodon simplex +Hexaprotodon sivalensis + + +Muntiacus muntjak + + + + + +Cervids + + + +Tragulus javanicus + +Axis lydekkeri + + +Axis kuhli +Rusa sp. + +Rusa (=Cervus) timorensis + +Duboisia santeng + +Capricornis sumatraensis +Epileptobos groeneveldtii +Bubalus palaeokerabau + + +Bubalus bubalus (= arnee) + +Bibos palaesondaicus + + +Bibos sp. +

Sati

r

Buk

uran

sit

e,be

low

tuff

9

Ci S

aat

Tri

nil

Ked

ung

Bru

bus

Nga

ndon

g

Punu

ng

Hol

ocen

e ca

ves

com

posi

te

Rec

ent

13. Tables 1-5, 38-42 (other tables on disc)

Table 1. Faunal lists of the fossil vertebrate localities from Java discussed in this paper. The localitiesare placed in chronological order from old (left) to young (right) (based on de Vos et al., 1982, Son-daar, 1984, Cranbook, 1987, and own data).

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 389

Van den Bergh. The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geol., 117 (1999)390

Fossil species lacking stratigraphical information: Hystrix giganteaHemimachairodus zwierzyckiiMeganthereon sp.Homotherium ultimumPanthera pardusLutrogale robustaMegacyon sp.Nestoritherium cf. sivalenseMerycopotamus dissimilisLeptobos? problematicus+“Elephas” indonesicus

Bos javanicus (=Bibos sondaicus) + +Bovidae +Sus brachygnathus + +?Sus macrognathus + +Sus scrofa vittatus + + +Sus sp. +Sus verrucosus + +Nycticebus coucang + +Presbytis (=Trachypithecus) cristatus + + +Presbytis comata +Macaca fascicularis + + + +Macaca nemestrina +Hylobates syndactylus +Hylobates moloch +Pongo pygmaeus +Homo erectus +? + + +Homo sapiens + + +Hystrix (=Acanthion) brachyurus + + +Hystrix javanica + +Panthera pardus +Felis viverrina +Herpestes javanicus +Viverricula indica +Mustela lutreolina +Melogale personata +Mydaus javanensis +Lutra lutra +Lutra sumatrana +Arctitis binturong +Prionodon linsang +

Sati

r

Buk

uran

sit

e,be

low

tuff

9

Ci S

aat

Tri

nil

Ked

ung

Bru

bus

Nga

ndon

g

Punu

ng

Hol

ocen

e ca

ves

com

posi

te

Rec

ent

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 390

391Van den Bergh. The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geol., 117 (1999)T

able

2. P

oint

coun

t res

ults

of 2

2 sa

ndst

one

sam

ples

of t

he W

alan

ae F

m. A

nd T

anru

ng F

m. O

f peb

bly

sand

ston

e sa

mpl

es o

nly

grai

ns s

mal

ler

than

2 m

m h

ave

been

cou

nted

. “-”

ind

icat

es “

not p

rese

nt; “

+”

ind

icat

es “

trac

es p

rese

nt”.

Fel

dsp

ar in

clud

es a

ll K

-Fel

dsp

ar a

nd p

lagi

ocla

se w

itho

ut a

lbit

e tw

inni

ng.

sam

ple

sect

ion/

stra

tigr

aphi

cce

men

t%

gr

ain

sort

ing

volc

anic

pyro

-pl

agio

clas

efe

ldsp

arm

agne

-m

ono

und

ulou

s +

cher

tbi

otit

ebi

ocla

stsi

licic

last

.ca

lcar

eous

gran

ite/

wea

ther

edot

hers

loca

lity

unit

type

cem

ent

size

xene

(alb

ite)

tite

quar

tzpo

lyqu

artz

sed

imen

t.se

dim

ent.

pert

hite

S-49

III

Bur

ecin

g M

b.ca

lcit

e29

coar

sepo

or34

32

11-

-1

++

232

8-

412

S-29

BPu

ncak

oro

Bur

. Mb?

calc

ite

30co

arse

good

392

19

--

11

130

48

-2

1S-

43II

ISa

mao

ling

Mb.

bas

esi

der

ite

30m

ediu

mgo

od36

22

15-

58

34

-17

-2

6-

S-37

XI

Sam

aolin

g M

b.si

der

ite

35ve

ry fi

nego

od20

19

91

2714

13

-5

-7

-3

S-39

XI

Sam

aolin

g M

b. m

idd

lesi

der

ite

31fi

ne-m

ed.

good

273

58

-18

71

15-

2-

85

1S-

46II

ISa

mao

ling

Mb.

top

sid

erit

e35

fine

-med

.go

od57

113

62

44

21

--

-3

43

S-34

ISa

mao

ling

Mb.

top

mic

rite

36

coar

sepo

or53

233

46

11

22

-1

1-

3-

mat

rix

+ c

alci

teS-

30I

Ber

u M

b. b

ase

sid

erit

e30

coar

sego

od68

15+

51

71

3+

--

-+

--

S-41

IVB

eru

Mb.

bas

esi

der

ite

25co

arse

good

2143

18

19-

11

--

--

-5

1S-

42A

IIB

eru

Mb,

Sub

unit

Asi

der

ite

43ve

ry c

oars

epo

or45

84

12

86

4-

-1

16

113

S-42

BII

Ber

u M

b, S

ubun

it B

calc

ite

26ve

ry c

oars

epo

or45

323

-2

--

2-

-3

--

121

S-50

VII

IB

ase?

Ber

u M

b.si

der

ite

49ve

ry c

oars

epo

or48

303

31

6-

--

-4

--

41

+ li

mon

ite

S-70

IXB

eru

Mb.

Sub

unit

B,

sid

erit

e30

pebb

ly s

st.

poor

4433

-3

+1

-1

--

-12

32

1ba

se+

lim

onit

eS-

71IX

idem

sid

erit

e28

pebb

ly s

st.

poor

3842

--

3-

-1

--

-12

31

-+

lim

onit

eS-

17IX

idem

sid

erit

e51

very

coa

rse

poor

5415

211

4-

-2

3-

2-

1-

6+

lim

onit

eS-

23V

Ber

u M

b. S

ubun

it B

,ca

lcit

e38

very

coa

rse

good

4324

12

310

+-

--

2-

210

3M

idd

leS-

24V

idem

sid

erit

e24

very

coa

rse

good

5421

+-

16

-3

1-

1-

39

1S-

6L

enra

ngB

eru

Mb.

sid

erit

e40

fine

-med

ium

good

704

27

+1

22

1-

1-

16

2(F

VL

-8)

S-57

Paro

toB

eru

Mb.

si

der

ite

37fi

nego

od47

201

95

61

2-

--

-2

43

(FV

L-1

4)Su

buni

t B, t

opS-

27B

ulu

Cep

oB

eru

Mb.

si

der

ite

48fi

nego

od28

162

715

129

21

-1

--

61

(FV

L-1

3)Su

buni

t BS-

54T

anru

ngT

anru

ng F

m.

calc

ite

23pe

bbly

sst

poor

4-

25

-10

11-

-17

243

-3

3R

iver

(gra

nule

s)S-

64T

anru

ngT

anru

ng F

m.

calc

ite

25pe

bbly

sst

.po

or16

-7

6-

389

6-

35

8-

+2

Riv

er

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 391

Van den Bergh. The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geol., 117 (1999)392T

able

3.S

hort

des

crip

tion

of m

icro

scop

ic s

ampl

es n

ot in

clud

ed in

Tab

le 2

.

Sam

ple

Sect

ion/

Loc

alit

ySt

rati

grap

hic

Uni

tT

ype

of S

ampl

eSh

ort D

escr

ipti

on

S-55

Tan

rung

Riv

erT

anru

ng F

mV

ery

coar

se c

alca

reou

s sa

ndst

one

Sim

ilar

as s

ampl

e s-

54S-

65T

anru

ng R

iver

Tan

rung

Fm

Cal

care

ous

cong

lom

erat

eSi

mila

r as

sam

ple

s-64

S-12

Lak

ibon

g FV

L-6

Ber

u M

b., S

ubun

it B

Ver

y co

arse

san

dst

one

Con

tain

ing

volc

anic

roc

k fr

agm

ents

, pyr

oxen

e, m

agne

tite

,pl

agio

clas

e, fe

ldsp

ar; s

ider

ite

cem

ent

S-21

Vi

Ber

u M

b, S

ubun

it B

Fine

san

dst

one

Con

tain

ing

volc

. Roc

kfra

gm.,

Pyro

xene

, qua

rtz,

feld

spar

; wit

hsi

der

ite

cem

ent

S-36

IB

eru

Mb,

Sub

unit

AC

lays

tone

Cal

care

ous

clay

ey m

icri

te w

ith

clia

chit

e lu

mps

(bau

xite

)S-

33I

Sam

aolin

g M

b, T

opC

lays

tone

Cal

care

ous

clay

ey m

icri

teS-

60C

iang

kang

e (F

VL

-21)

Col

luvi

umC

alic

he c

oncr

etio

n in

foss

il bo

neB

one:

col

orle

ss c

ollo

phan

e bu

ndle

s; c

alic

he: m

icri

te a

nd

mic

rosp

arit

e lu

mps

. Silt

-siz

ed s

ilici

clas

tic

grai

ns a

nd c

lay

lum

ps w

ith

spar

itic

rim

. Tub

ulou

s ca

viti

es w

ith

spar

ite-

lath

rim

s (r

ootl

ets)

. Ir

regu

lar

limon

ite

crus

ts a

roun

d b

one,

mic

rite

lum

ps a

nd tu

bule

s.Sp

arit

e in

cra

cks

in b

one

and

mat

rix

S-25

Lak

ibon

g (F

VL

-5)

Ber

u M

b., S

ubun

it B

Cal

iche

con

cret

ion

from

foss

ilife

rous

cla

yM

icri

tic

lum

ps w

ith

mic

rosp

arit

e pa

tche

s an

d o

paqu

e he

mat

ite

patc

hes.

Som

e m

icri

te lu

mps

wit

h ad

mix

ture

of c

lay,

oth

ers

part

ly

repl

aced

by

spar

ite

wit

h m

icri

tic

isla

nds.

Cle

ar b

lock

y sp

arit

e in

fill

ofca

viti

es, c

rack

s an

d tu

bule

s, a

nd a

roun

d d

etri

tal s

ilt-s

ized

gra

ins

S-61

A &

BB

ulub

arer

e (F

VL

-28)

Ber

u M

b., B

ase

Foss

ilife

rous

gra

vel w

ith

clay

ey m

icri

teG

rave

l: vo

lcan

ic r

ock

frag

m.,

Che

rt, b

one,

she

lls. M

atri

x: b

row

nish

mat

rix

clay

ey m

icri

te w

ith

sand

and

silt

-siz

ed d

etri

tal g

rain

s. B

iocl

asts

st

rong

ly a

ltera

ted

to m

icri

te. B

one:

col

orle

ss a

pati

te a

ggre

gate

s w

ith

brow

n ad

sorp

tion

rim

sS-

62M

aral

e (F

VL

-19)

Ber

u M

b., S

ubun

it B

Foss

ilize

d W

ood

Cal

cifi

ed w

ood

; ori

gina

l cel

l str

uctu

re p

oorl

y pr

eser

ved

. Cel

l wal

ls

visi

ble

as b

row

nish

ferr

ogen

ous

incl

usio

ns in

larg

e ir

regu

lar

calc

ite

crys

tals

. Eac

h ca

lcit

e cr

ysta

l cov

ers

man

y ce

llsS-

63B

ulu

Cep

o (F

VL

-11)

Ber

u M

b., S

ubun

it A

Foss

ilize

d W

ood

Silic

ifie

d w

ood

; ori

gina

l cel

l str

uctu

re p

erfe

ctly

pre

serv

ed. C

ells

re

plac

ed b

y m

icro

-cry

stal

line

cher

t, ce

ll w

all v

isib

le a

s co

lore

d b

and

sS-

64)

Paro

to (F

VL

-14)

Ber

u M

b., S

ubun

it B

Foss

ilize

d W

ood

Silic

ifie

d w

ood

; ori

gina

l cel

l str

uctu

re p

erfe

ctly

pre

serv

ed. Q

uart

z cr

ysta

l siz

e va

riab

le fr

om m

icro

-cry

stal

line

cher

t to

sing

le c

ryst

als

filli

ng c

ells

. Opa

que

crys

tal a

t cel

l bou

ndar

ies.

Bla

ded

qua

rtz

crys

tals

in c

avit

ies

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 392


Table 4A. Microfossil analysis of samples from marine layers of the Walanae Formation, SengkangAnticline area, South Sulawesi (sections I and III). Stratigraphic position of the samples is indicated inFig. 40. Foraminifera were determined by Sudijono, nannofossils by A. Priadi.

A: Foraminifera (Biozones according to Berggren, 1995)Sample Stratigraphic Unit Contents Biozonation/Age Environment

Planktonoic foraminifera:F-9B: Section III, Globigerina bulloides, PL1-PL2 open sea,

Burecing Member; Ga. Decoraperta, (latest late outernear the base of Ga. Venezuelana, Miocene to early sublittoralexposed sequence Globoquadrina altispira, Pliocene) to upper at the core of the Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostalensis, bathyalSengkang Anticline Globorotalia (Globorotalia) menardii,

Gt. (Gt.) margaritae,Gt. (Gt.) tumida,Gt. (Gt.) plesiotumida,Globigerinoides extremus, Gds. Conglobatus, Gds. Obliquus, Gds. Immaturus,Gds. Trilobus,Hastigerina aequilateralis,Orbulina universa,Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina,Sp. sphaeroides,Pulleniatina primalis,Globorotalia flexuosa.

Benthonic foraminifera:Planulina wuellerstorfi,Lenticulina sp.,Gyroidina sp.,Oridorsalis umbonatus,Pleurostomella alternans,Pleurostomella sp.,Bulimina striata,Uvigerina hispida,Uvigerina peregrina,Uvigerina proboscidea,Sphaeroidina sp.,Textularia flinti,Melonis sp.,Stilostomella sp.

F-13 sandstone reworked assemblage with early Pliocene underlying Tanrung amongst others: or youngerFormation (Walanae Sphaeroidinella dehiscensFormation?), 3 kmwest of Mancirivillage.

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 393


A: Foraminifera (continued)Sample Stratigraphic Unit Contents Biozonation/Age Environment

F-1 Section I, ostracods, ? lagoonalSamaoling Member, echinoderm fragments3 m below basal fluvialsandstone of Benthonic foraminifera:the Beru Member Elphidium advenum,

Ammonia spp.,Ammonia gaimardi,Lenticulina spp.,Florilus spp.,Rectobolivina sp.,Operculina ammonoides

F-6 Section I, similar as sample F-1 ? lagoonalBeru Member,35 m above basalfluvial sandstonelayer of Beru Member

F-4B Puncakoro, marine Planktonic foraminifera: PL1-PL2 open seainterval of clays similar as sample F-9B.and sandstones(Burecing Member?),Walanae Formation. Benthonic foraminifera:

Lenticulina spp.,Heterolepa praecinctus,H. subhaidingeri,Cyclammina sp.,Quinqueloculina sp.,Martinottiella sp.,Textularia sp.,Dentalia sp.,Cibicides ungerianus.

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 394


Table 4B: Calcareous nannoplankton (Biozones according to Okada & Bukry, 1980).

Sample Stratigraphic Unit Contents Biozonation/Age

SF1/211091 Section I, Samaoling Member, Reticulofenestra minuta ?390 m below the basal fluvialsandstone layer of theBeru Member.

SF3/211091 Section I, Samaoling Member, Helicosphaera selli, ?415 m below the basal fluvial Pontosphaera japonica,sandstone layer of the Reticulofenestra minutaBeru Member.

SF11/211091 Section I, Burecing Member, Poatosphaera japonica, CN12 (late Pliocene)850 m below the basal fluvial Calcidiscus leptoporus, sandstone layer of the Discoaster brouweri, Beru Member. Discoaster decorus,

Discoaster sp., Helicosphaera carteri,Helicosphaera selli,Rhabdosphaera procera,Sphenolithus moriformis.

SF1/221091 Section I, Burecing Member, Discoaster brouweri, CN12 (late Pliocene)1200 m below the basal fluvial Helicosphaera carteri, sandstone layer of the Helicosphaera wallichi, Beru Member. Reticulofenestra minuta,

Sphenolithus abies.

SF3/221091 Section I, Burecing Member, Calcidiscus macintyrei, CN12 (late Pliocene)1430 m below the basal fluvial Discoaster brouweri, sandstone layer of the Helicosphaera carteri, Beru Member Helicosphaera selli,

Pontosphaera sp. Reticulofenestra minuta,Sphenolithus abies.

SF5/221091 Section I, Burecing Member, Discoaster brouweri, CN12 (late Pliocene)1650 m below the basal fluvial Discoaster decorus, sandstone layer of the Discoaster tristellifera, Beru Member Helicosphaera carteri,

Helicosphaera wallichi, Rhabdolithus sp.,Reticulofenestra minuta.

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 395

Van den Bergh. The Late Neogene elephantoid-bearing faunas of Indonesia. Scripta Geol., 117 (1999)396T

able

5. N

umbe

r of

id

enti

fiab

le f

ossi

l sp

ecim

ens,

att

ribu

tabl

e to

one

of

the

taxa

dis

ting

uish

ed, f

or t

he m

ost

impo

rtan

t fo

ssil

vert

ebra

te l

ocal

itie

s (F

VL

). T

heFV

L a

re o

rder

ed p

er s

trat

igra

phic

uni

t, ro

ughl

y in

chr

onol

ogic

al o

rder

fro

m o

ld (

left

) to

you

ng (

righ

t). N

umbe

rs w

itho

ut b

rack

ets

refe

r to

the

am

ount

of

insi

tu c

olle

cted

foss

ils a

ttri

buta

ble

to a

cer

tain

taxo

n, w

here

as th

e nu

mbe

r of

sur

face

col

lect

ed fo

ssils

for

a ce

rtai

n ta

xon

are

ind

icat

ed b

etw

een

brac

kets

. Exc

ept

othe

rwis

e in

dic

ated

, the

fos

sil s

peci

men

s w

ere

colle

cted

in th

e co

urse

of

this

stu

dy

betw

een

1990

and

199

4. F

ossi

ls c

olle

cted

ear

lier,

but

of

whi

ch th

e or

igin

alst

rati

grap

hic

leve

l (=

loc

.) co

uld

be

asce

rtai

ned

are

des

igna

ted

wit

h th

e fo

llow

ing

sym

bols

: *

= f

ossi

ls c

olle

cted

by

Azi

z in

198

5/86

; #

= f

ossi

ls w

hich

are

rolle

d (o

nly

ind

icat

ed fo

r FV

L-2

1 an

d F

VL

-29)

; + =

foss

ils fr

om th

e M

PC.

Stra

tigr

aphi

c U

nit

Ber

u M

embe

r, B

ase

Subu

nit A

Ber

u M

embe

r, B

ase?

Ber

u M

embe

r, S

ubun

it A

Ber

u M

embe

r, S

ubun

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--

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1(1

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(2)

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)St

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ssils

in s

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01

810

184

00

10

114

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371

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in s

itu

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413

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59

9520

284

2567

523

182

13

905

442

215

113

36

629

23

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 396


Table 38. Ridge-crest formulas of selected Stegodon species. Incompletely developed halfridges are notincluded in the formulas. Notes: 1) S. ganesa (Falconer & Cautley, 1846) and S. insignis (Falconer &Cautley, 1846) are distinct species based on differences in skull morphology, but their molars cannotbe distinguished (Saegusa, 1987). 2) S. shinshuensis from Japan is by some authors considered to be asynonym of S. zdanskyi from China (Saegusa, 1996). The M3 of S. shinshuensis bears 7 to 9 ridges,whereas the M3 bears 8 to 9 ridges (Taruno, 1991). Its plateformula is thus slightly more advancedthan the Chinese species. 3) The M3s of S. orientalis from Japan bear 10 ridges, both the lowers anduppers (Taruno, 1991). This is less than in the mainland variety listed in the table.

Species dP2 dP3 dP4 M1 M2 M3 Source

S. elephantoides (Clift, 1828) upper - - - 6 6 - Osborn, 1942lower - - - - - 10

S. zdanskyi Hopwood, 1935 upper - 4 5 5 5-6 6-7 De Chardin &lower - 4 6 5 6 7-8 & Trassaert, 1937

S. aurorae (Matsumoto, 1918) upper - - - - - 11-13 Taruno, 1991lower - - - 8 10 12-13

S. orientalis Owen, 1887 upper 3 5-6 6-7 6-7 6-8 11-12 Colbert & Hooijer, 1953;lower 2 5-6 7 7-8 7-9 12 Hopwood, 1935; this thesis

S. bombifrons (Falc. & Cautley, upper - 4 6 6 7 9 Osborn, 19421846) lower - 4 6-7 7 8 9

S. insignis (Falc. & Cautley, upper 2 5-6 7 7-8 7-8 10-11 Osborn, 1942; this thesis1845) lower 2 6 7-9 7-10 9 11-13

S. trigonocephalus Martin, 1887subspec. S. t. trigonocephalus upper 3 6 7-8 7 9 11 this thesis

lower 2-3 6-7 8 8-9 10 13subspec. S. t. ngandongensis upper - - - 8 - - this thesis

lower - 7 9 9+ - -

S. florensis Hooijer, 1957 upper - - - 7 - 12 this thesislower - - 7+ 9 10 14

S. sondaari nov. sp. upper - 6-7 6 6-7 - - this thesislower - 6 - - 8 8

S. sompoensis Hooijer, 1964 upper - - 7 - 8 8-9 this thesislower - - - - 8 9-10

S. timorensis Sartono, 1969 upper - - - - 7 - Hooijer, 1969, 1972alower - - - - 9 10

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 397


Table 39. Mean directions of the Natural Remanent Magnetization of the samples from the two sec-tions shown in Fig. 65. n = number of samples; D = mean declination; I = mean inclination; k = Fish-er’s precision estimate; α95 = semiangle of cone of 95% confidence; N = Normal magnetization; R =Reversed magnetization.

Sample Lithology n D I k α95 Polarity

01 very fine sandstone 5 147 14 13.1 17.1 R02 silty sandstone 5 238 -20 10.1 14.1 R03 silty sandstone 4 189 -10 10.2 13.0 R04 very fine sandstone 4 14 -5 9.3 23.0 N05 tuff 6 160 -20 9.6 18.1 R06 siltstone 6 234 -39 12.1 16.1 R07 tuff 5 34 -13 5.1 23.0 N08 silty sandstone 5 40 -24 4.3 20.0 N09 siltstone 5 59 -80 173.8 4.7 N10 siltstone 4 7 -19 4.0 35.0 N11 siltstone 4 213 -23 15.7 17.6 R12 siltstone 5 188 -14 4.7 22.0 R13 sandstone 4 253 -7 104.1 6.9 R/N14 siltstone 5 322 -65 6.1 25.3 N15 very fine sandstone 4 36 -27 6.8 25.7 N16 silty sandstone 4 2 -33 38.3 11.3 N17 silty sandstone 5 350 -24 318.5 4.7 N18 limestone 6 - - - - -19 very fine sandstone 6 341 -30 66.9 7.0 N

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 398


Table 40. Body mass estimations of adult individuals of various Indonesian Stegodon species, based ontotal length of femur or humerus, or based on midshaft circumference of femur or humerus. FemurCD-4315 bears a label indicating that it originates from Trinil, but not from the ‘Haupt-Knochen-schicht’. The label states that it comes from a layer at an elevation 4 to 5 m above the lowest waterlev-el of the Soloriver, whereas the fossils from the ‘Haupt-Knochenschicht’ were excavated from belowthe lowest waterlevel (de Vos & Sondaar, 1982). Unlike the brown-coloured fossils from the ‘Haupt-Knochenschicht’, femur CD-4315 has a reddish colour and a red sandstone matrix attached to it. Forfurther explanation of the mass estimation methods see text. Mass estimates based on shaft circumfer-ence are more than twice as large as estimates based on length. These discrepancies are caused by therelatively sturdy built limbbones of Stegodon. The length-based bodymass estimates are thought toapproach the true bodymass closer. In addition, the circumference-based bodymass estimate for ahumerus of “Elephas” celebensis is given.

species element specimen length circumference mass estimate mass estimate(mm) (mm) based on length based on cir-

(kg) cumf. (kg)

S. sondaari sp. nov. femur TT-4083 460e ± 50 151.5 207 +65/-54 553diaphysis

S. florensis humerus CV-72 630 - 852 -(Hooijer,1972a: 23)

S. florensis humerus (Hooijer, 530+ 273e-280e - 2169-23171957a: 125)

S. t. trigonocephalus femur CD-2890 922 307 1310 4072



S. sompoensis humerus LR-3707 452e ± 8 199 350 +17/-12 950

"Elephas" celebensis humerus PL-3736 - 187 - 807

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 399

Table 41. Successive stages which can be distinguished in a single, progressing elephantoid molar(after Beden, 1979). 11 stages were defined, designated with the combination of a letter (A-D) and anumber (except for stage C). To the right the alveolar states, corresponding with the successive molarstages, are indicated. For further explanation, see chapter 8.


opening of thealveole

(0)

new

Sta

te o

f th

e m

olar

Sta

te o

f th

e al

veol

e

posterior ridges not yetconsolidated

entire molar consolidated

cementum worn

a few ridges worn

half of the ridges worn

all ridges worn (except insome cases the posteriorhalfridge)

most of the ridges worn

half of the ridges gone

anterior border of the firstridge partially brokenaway

first ridges gone

remnant of a few ridgesleft

pro

gres

sive

wea

r of

mol

ar

increasingnumber ofridges in function

all ridges infunction

progressivedestructionof ridges

molar crownpartly visible

molar crownvisible

rootmass stillvisible

1

A

B

C

2

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

(A)

(A)

(B1)

(B2)

(B3)

B4 (B4)

C (C)

(D1)

D1

D2

D3

D4

D

0

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 400


Table 42. Five age groups that are here distinguished for reconstructing mortality profiles of elephan-toid dental assemblages. Each age group represents a lifespan of approximately 12 AEY. The dentalwear age classes of Beden (1979) were used for aging individual elephantoid dentitions and certainclasses define the boundaries of the age groups (see also Figs. 75-76). The corresponding dental wearage classes of Laws (1966) are also given.

age social status range of dental wear classesgroup after Beden (1979) after Laws (1966)

1 juveniles 0 - M1A I - XI2 young adults M1A’ - M2A XII - XVII3 prime adults M2B - M2/M3B’ XVIII - XXI4 senior adults M2/M3C - M3B XXII - XXIV5 senile M3C - M3E’ XXV - XXX

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 401


Plate 1

Figs. 1-4. Stegodon elephantoides (Clift, 1828) MPS-358, Bukuran, Central Java; Lower Pleistocene; mandible with both M3s; 1: oblique occlusalview; 2: lateral view; 3: frontal view; 4: occlusal view.

1

3

2

4

50 cm

50 cm

50 c

m

20 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 402


Plate 2

Figs. 1-2. Stegodon trigonocephalus ngandongensis subsp. nov.1: GRDC/K-330B, Ngandong excavation; Upper Pleistocene; dex. dP3 occlusal view.2: GRDC/K-330A: dex. dP3, Watualang excavation, occlusal view.

Figs. 3-4. Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758GRDC CPD90-1, sin. M2, Cipeundeuy sand quarry, West Java; Upper Pleistocene; 3: occlusal view; 4:medial view.

12

3

4

5 cm 5

cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 403


Plate 3

Figs. 1-7. “Elephas” celebensis (Hooijer, 1949)1-2: GRDC S-3949; loc.: FVL-25 (Sompe), South Sulawesi; Upper Pliocene; mandible fragment withdP3 and anterior dP4 fragment; 1: occlusal view; 2: lateral (buccal) view. 3: GRDC Lp-3192; loc.: FVL-1 (Lepangeng), South Sulawesi; Upper Pliocene; dextral mandibularramus with roots of dP4 and P3 and the M1 in the alveole. 4-5: GRDC 1307; loc.: FVL-5 (Lakibong), South Sulawesi; Lower Pleistocene; sinistral mandibularramus with P4; 4: occlusal view; 5: lateral view; 6-7: GRDC 1344; dextral maxilla fragment with P3; 6:occlusal view; 7: lateral view.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

10 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 404


Plate 4

Figs. 1-4. “Elephas” celebensis (Hooijer, 1949)1-2: GRDC 1342; loc.: FVL-5 (Lakibong); dextral dP4; 1: occlusal view; 2: lateral view.

Figs. 3-4. Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer, 1964 GRDC MUTL/171186-1; loc.: c. 1 km east of FVL-17 (Alupang), South Sulawesi; dextral mandibularramus fragment with M3 fragment; Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene; 3: occlusal view; 4: lateralview.

1

2

3

4

5 cm

10 cm

10 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 405


Plate 5

Figs. 1-2. “Elephas” celebensis (Hooijer, 1949) GRDC LWTL/151186-1; loc.: FVL-7 (Lakibong), South Sulawesi; Lower Pleistocene; skull with M3; 1:frontal view; 2: lateral view.

1

2

20 cm

20 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 406


Plate 6

Figs. 1-5. Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer, 19641-2: PMC C3/2/79; loc.: FVL-17 (Marale), South Sulawesi; Lower Pleistocene; sin. mandible with pos-terior M2 fragment and M3 in alveole; 1: lingual view; 2: occlusal view. 3-4: GRDC PA-3730; loc.: FVL-9 (Paroto) South Sulawesi; Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene; dex-tral dP4; 3: occlusal view; 4: buccal view. 5: GRDC L/III-3036; loc.: FVL-2 (Palangiseng); Lower Pleistocene; premaxilla, dorsal view.

13

4

2

5

5 cm

10 c

m

20 c

m

10 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 407


Plate 7

Figs. 1-4. Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer, 1964 GRDC BC-3050; loc.: FVL-10 (Pajalela), South Sulawesi; adult skull lacking dentition; 1: ventral view;2: lateral view; 3: occipital view; 4a, b: frontal view.

3

2

1

4a 4b

20 cm

20 cm20

cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 408


Plate 8

Figs. 1-2. Stegodon sp. B Loc.: FVL-29 (Tanrung River), South Sulawesi; Middle Pleistocene; 1: GRDC TA-3711; M1 sin; occlusalview. 2: GRDC TA-3712; dP4 remnant and M1; 2a: occlusal view; 2b: buccal view.

Figs. 3-4. large-sized Stegodon sp. GRDC L/III-3040; loc.: FVL-2 (Palangiseng), South Sulawesi; Lower Pleistocene?; sinistral lowermolar fragment; 3: occlusal view (lingual side partly embedded in matrix; 4: buccal view.

1

2a

2b

34

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm 5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 409


Plate 9

Figs. 1-3. Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer, 1964 Loc.: FVL-24 (Lonrong), South Sulawesi; Upper Pliocene; 1: GRDC LR-3707; dextral humerus; anteriorview; 2-3: GRDC LR-3546; dextral radius; 2: posterolateral view; 3: anteromedial view.

Plate 10

Figs. 1-2. pygmy Elephantoidea GRDC LR-3552; loc.: FVL-24 (Lonrong), South Sulawesi; Upper Pliocene; dextral metatarsus III; 1:anterior view; 2: lateral view.

1

2 3

20 c

m

20 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 410


Figs. 3-6. Elephas sp. Loc.: FVL-29 (Tanrung River), South Sulawesi; Middle or Late Pleistocene; 3-4: GRDC TA-3061; dex-tral metacarpus III; 3: posterior view; 4: lateral view; 5-6: GRDC TA-3062: dextral metacarpus V; 5:posterior view; 6: lateral view.

1

2

3

56

4

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 411


Plate 11

Figs. 1-6. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); 1-2: GRDC TT-4044; dP3 sin.; 1:occlusal view; 2: lingual view; 3-4: GRDC TT-3835; dP4 sin.; 3: occlusal view; 4: lingual view; 5a:GRDC TT-4033; dP4 dex, and 5b: GRDC TT-4034; dP4 sin.; both dP4 constitute a pair; occlusal view; 6:GRDC TT-4034; dP4 sin., lingual view.

12

3 4

5a 5b

6

2 cm

2 cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 412


Plate 12

Figs. 1-5. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); 1-2: GRDC TT-3836; dex. maxil-lary fragment with dP4; 1: occlusal view; 2: lateral (buccal) view; 3: GRDC TT-4032; dP4 sin., mesialview; 4a: GRDC TT-3814; M2 sin.; 4b: GRDC TT-3818; M2 dextral, both M2 constitute a pair; occlusalview; 5: TT-3818: M2 dextral, buccal view.

1

2

3

4a 4b

5

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 413


Plate 13

Figs.1-3. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); holotype; GRDC TT-3837;mandible with both worn M1, slightly worn M2 and the uncompleted sinistral M3 still in the alveolarcavity; 1: occlusal view; 2: lateral view; 3: medial view of the sinistral ramus.

1

2

3

10 cm

10 cm

10 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 414


Plate 14

Figs.1-6. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma).1: GRDC TT-4035; M1 dex., and GRDC TT-4031: M2 dex.; occlusal view; 2: GRDC TT-4037; M1 sin.,and GRDC TT-4030: M2 sin.; buccal view; (teeth figured in figs. 1-2 belong to the same individual asfigured in Pl. 13); 3-4: GRDC TT-3816; M2 dex.; 3: occlusal view; 4: lingual view; 5-6: GRDC TT-4029;M2 sin.; 5: occlusal view; 6: lingual view.

1

2

3

4

6

5

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 415


Plate 15

Figs.1-4. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); 1: GRDC TT-3856; M3 sin. frag-ment, occlusal view; 2: GRDC TT-3887/88; sin. tusk; dorso-medial view; 3-4: GRDC TT-3819; sin. tusk;3: dorso-medial view; 4: ventro-medial view.

1

2

3

4

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 416


Plate 16

Figs.1-5. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); 1-2: F.BS 3.1; atlas; 1: caudal view;2: dorsal view; 3-4: GRDC TT-4086; vertebra thoracale IV or V; 3: lateral view; 4: caudal view; 5: innerenamel layer (IEL) and outer enamel layer (OEL). enamel/dentine junction (EDJ) to the left; polariz-ing microscope.

Fig. 6. Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer, 1964 IEL and OEL. EDJ to the left; polarizing microscope.

1 2

3 4

5 6

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

1 mm1 mm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 417


Plate 17

Figs. 1-6. Stegodon sondaari sp. nov. Loc.: Tangi Talo, west Central Flores; Lower Pleistocene (c. 0.9 Ma); 1-2: GRDC TT-4082; vertebra tho-racale (XVI - XIX ?); 1: lateral view; 2: caudal view; 3-4: GRDC TT-4083; sinistral femur diaphysis; 3:anterior view, 4: posterior view; 5-6: GRDC TT-4065; phalanx I; 5: lateral view; 6: palmar view.

1

2

3

4

5

6

10 c

m

5 cm

2 cm

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 418


Plate 18

Figs. 1-3. Stegodon florensis Hooijer, 1957; west Central Flores.1-2: GRDC DD-4160; loc.: Dozo Dhalu; mandible with M1 remnants and both M2s; 1: lateral view; 2:occlusal view. 3: GRDC MM-4118; loc.: Mata Menge; dextral M3; 3: occlusal view.

1

2

3

20 cm

10 c

m

20 c

m

pp 391-421 15-01-2007 10:57 Pagina 419

Documents

13. Tables 1-5, 38-42 (other tables on disc)