Naval Shiphandling

Naval Shiphandling

• AGENDA:– Describe the effects of momentum and inertia. – Discuss “controllable” and “uncontrollable”

shiphandling forces.– Describe the pressure/suction effect on ship’s

maneuverability during alongside operations and operating in shallow water.

– Understand Standard Shiphandling Commands– Become familiar with standard mooring lines and

line handling commands and safety.– Describe Man Overboard recovery techniques.

• Applicable reading: SSO Ch. 1, 2; WOG Ch. 6, 8.

• There may be more than a dozen forces acting about the vessel’s axis at a given moment, and the resultant may not be as anticipated but due partially to a force which has escaped discovery. This is not ‘mysticism’ as much as lack of the research which takes the art of shiphandling into the finite world of applied science.

– P.F. WILLERTON, BASIC SHIPHANDLING

Shiphandling Theory

MOMENTUM & INERTIA

• MOMENTUM: “Generally, we consider momentum as the motion of a ship at the time we no longer want it, especially when we have taken action to obtain the opposite effect. ... Momentum is the quality of motion measured by the product of mass & velocity.”

• INERTIA: Inertia is the quality of motion that causes a ship to resist a change in motion. “A force exerted on a ship will result in motion after inertia has been overcome.”

Hooyer - Behavior and Handling of Ships

Ship's Tactical Data Folder

# of Screws

# of Rudders

Length/Beam

Pivot Point

Turn Diagrams

Acceleration/Deceleration

Advance/Transfer

Navigational Draft

PIVOT POINT

HEAD WAY, STEADY COURSE & SPEED

AHEAD BELL FROM DIW... LONG STEERING LEVER FROM PROPS/RUDDERS

ASTERN BELL FROM DIW... NO EFFECTIVE STEERING LEVER UNTIL SOME STERN WAY

Advance for 90

FinalDiameter

TacticalDiameter

Transfer

PIVOT POINT

PIER PIER PIER

DIW - BOTH TUGS EQUAL LEVERAGE

SLOW HEAD WAY- AFT TUG HAS MORE LEVERAGE

SLOW STERN WAY - FWD TUG HAS MORE LEVERAGE

SHIPHANDLING PRINCIPLES CONTROL vs. FAITH

• CONTROL: Precise and constant ability to adjust to changing circumstances.

• FAITH: Yielding control to natural forces

Shiphandling Forces

CONTROLLABLE• ENGINES/PROP(s)• RUDDER• BOW THRUSTERS• TUGS• ANCHORS• LINES

UNCONTROLLABLE• WIND • CURRENT

SEMI-CONTROLLABLE• SHALLOW WATER

EFFECTS• PASSING EFFECTS

SHIPHANDLING FORCES CONTROLLABLE

• ENGINES/PROPELLER(s)

• RUDDER

• BOW THRUSTER / APUs

• TUGS

• ANCHORS

• LINES

PROPELLER FORCES STERN WALKS THE SAME DIRECTION PROPELLER TURNS

LONGITUDINAL THRUST

TRANSVERSE THRUST

(SIDE FORCE OR PADDLEWHEEL

FORCE)

COUPLE (TWIST)

Visualize the lower blades walking along the bottom.

Side Force

SINGLE PROPELLER STERN WALK

CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS

STERN WALKS TO STBD

FFGDD/CG/MCMDD/CG DEVELOP STERN WAY @ 0% PITCH AND

WHEN TWISTING DDG 51

RUDDER EFFECTIVENESS

• RUDDER PLACEMENT

• COORDINATING RUDDER & ENGINES

• IMPLICATIONS OF ALL STOP• PUMP TO THE RUDDER (KICK AHEAD)

DDG-79 Rudder

Placement

Auxiliary Propulsion Unit (APU)

Bow Thruster

BOW THRUSTERS / APUs

270 090

BOW THRUSTER APU

TWO UNITS EACH 360 DEG INDEPENDENT ON - OFF ONLY

FFGLST/LHA/ARS/MCM

Tugboats

Cruiser

Tugboat

Assist maneuvering bypushing or pulling.

SHIPHANDLING FORCESSEMI-CONTROLLABLE

• SHALLOW WATER EFFECTS– SQUAT– BANK SUCTION / CUSHION– INCREASED TACTICAL DIAMETER

• PASSING SHIP EFFECTS– MEETING– OVERTAKING/UNREPS

2.5 X DRAFT

SLOW DOWN TO REDUCE EFFECTS

SHALLOW WATER EFFECTSSQUAT

SHALLOW WATER EFFECTSBANK SUCTION/CUSHION

PASSING SHIP EFFECTSMEETING/OVERTAKING

SHIPHANDLING FORCES UNCONTROLLABLE

• WIND

• CURRENT

Balance of Forces

Rudder(30 )

Wind(30 KTS)

Current(3 KTS)

Propeller(15 KTS)

Some Other Terms

• “Kick the stern-out”

• Sternway

• Headway

• Bare steerageway

• Propeller wash

HELM/LEE HELMCONNING OFFICER

Command Reply

ReportAcknowledgement

Standard CommandsBasic Format

• Crisp, loud voice

• Voice level should indicate confidence

• Always “very well”.

• Verbatim restatement of command

• Not given until command has been carried out completely.

Standard CommandsBasic Format - Helm Orders

• Basic FormatA. Direction of Rudder - right or left

B. Amount of Rudder - standard, full, 5º, 10º, 25º, etc.

C. Course to Steer - in degrees

EXAMPLE (1):• Right full rudder, steady on course 270.

– “Right full rudder, steady course 270, aye, sir.” – “Sir, my rudder is right full coming to course 270. Very well.” – “Sir, steady on course 270, check course 274 magnetic. Very well.”

Standard CommandsHelm Orders - Examples

OTHER COMMANDS:• Rudder amidships• Increase your rudder, ease your rudder• Shift your rudder• Steady as you go• Meet her

EXAMPLE (2): Course change of < 10 degrees• Come Left, Steer course 265

– “Come left, steer course 265, aye, sir.”

– “Sir, steady on course 265, checking course 269 magnetic. Very well.”

EXCEPTION: HARD RUDDER

- The maximum rudder angle possible

- Amount of rudder given first, then direction.

**Used for emergency situations!**

"Hard right rudder!!" "Hard right rudder!!"

Standard CommandsHelm Orders - Exceptions

Standard CommandsHelm Orders - Exceptions

When course to steer is not given:– Helmsman ends report with “no new course given”.

– Helmsman reports passing headings every 10 degrees.

– Conning officer stops passing reports with: “Belay your headings.”

Standard CommandsHelm Orders - Tips

• Don’t precede your commands with “Helm”.• Before giving turning commands, visually check

your bridgewing to ensure it’s safe to turn.• The amount of rudder used should not exceed the

amount of your course change.• After giving a command, visually confirm the

position of the rudder(s). • Consider the “Rule of 30”.• Never use “Belay my last”.

Standard CommandsBasic Format - Lee Helm Orders

• Basic FormatA. Engine Desired - port, starboard, all

B. Direction Desired - ahead, back, stop

C. “Bell”/Speed range - 1/3, 2.3, Standard, Full, Flank

D. Revolutions desired - “indicate turns for ____ kts.”

EXAMPLE (1):• All engines ahead two-thirds, indicate turns for 10 kts.

– “All engines ahead two-thirds, indicate turns for 10 kts, aye, sir.”

– “Sir, engine rooms answers all engines ahead two-thirds, indicating turns for 10 kts. Very well.”

Standard CommandsLee Helm Orders - Examples

OTHER COMMANDS:• % Pitch commands

• Restricted Maneuvering

• Zero Thrust

EXAMPLE (2): Port/Starboard Twists• Port engine ahead one-third, starboard engine back one-third.

– “Port engine ahead one-third, Starboard engine back one-third, aye, sir.” – “Engine room answers port engine ahead one-third, starboard engine back

one-third. Very well.”

Standard Mooring Lines

1 2 3 4 5 6

BOW LINE

FWD BOW SPRING

AFTER BOW SPRING

FWD QTR SPRING

AFT QTR SPRING

STERN LINE

CV/CVN Mooring Lines

14 3 2

5678

912 11 10

13

1. BOW LINE 6. AFT WAIST SPRING 11. QTR BREAST 2. AFT BOW SPRING 7. FWD WAIST SPRING 12. FWD QTR SPRING 3. BOW BREAST 8. WAIST BREAST 13. STERN LINE 4. FWD BOW SPRING 9. AFT WAIST SPRING 5. FWD WAIST SPRING 10. AFT QTR SPRING

Standard CommandsLinehandling

• STAND BY YOUR LINES• PASS / SEND LINES OVER• TAKE A STRAIN • SLACK • TAKE IN SLACK• EASE• TAKE TO POWER / CAPSTAN• HEAVE AROUND• AVAST HEAVING

• SURGE

• DOUBLE UP

• SINGLE UP

• TAKE IN

• CAST OFF

• CHECK

• HOLD

Standard CommandsLinehandling

Linehandling Safety

• Bights of lines– Never stand in the bight

• Positioning of personnel– In swath of snapback

• Tattletales– Indicate amount of strain

Mooring Equipment

Cleat - Consists of a double- ended pair of horns, used for securing a line or wire.

Bitts - Pairs of heavy vertical cylinders, used for making fast lines led through chocks.

Bollard - Strong cylindrical upright on a pier, about which a mooring line is placed.

Mooring Equipment

Chock - Heavy fitting with smooth surfaces through which mooring lines are led.

Open Closed

RollerRollers help reduce friction.

Tug tie-ups

SingleHeadline Headline

Double Power

PILOT’S ROLENAVREGS 0856

• Pilot is merely an advisor to CO• Pilot’s presence onboard does not

relieve the CO from responsibility for navigation or shiphandling.

• Exceptions:– Panama Canal – Dead stick move– Drydock (sill)

MAN OVERBOARD

• Recovery methods

• Immediate action

• Maneuvering

• Considerations

Immediate action• Receive report• Direct conning officer to initiate appropriate

turn for the circumstances– Immediately put the rudder over to the side the

person went over• Drop a smoke in the water

– note: no smoke for aircraft crash (fuel in water)• Keep man in sight (searchlights at night)

– Have someone keep eyes-on and point to the man overboard

• Sound 6 or more short blasts• Pass man overboard on the 1MC twice

Additional actions• QMOW mark position

• Notify Captain, TAO and Flag

• Hoist Oscar flag (day); turn on red-over-red pulsating (night)

• Notify other ships in company

• Additional information (reports from CIC)– how long man has been in water– water temp and stay time– bearing and range to man

Recovery Methods• Helicopter

– Average time to ready for takeoff is 10-12 mins– Fastest Recovery method if already aloft– Can easily pick up a helpless person

• Small boat– Average time to launch 6-8 mins– Can pick up a helpless person

• Ship– Fastest method (if helo is not aloft)

Shipboard Man Overboard Recovery

• 4 basic shipboard types of recovery– Williamson– Anderson– Race Track– Y-Backing

• All have there advantages and disadvantages

• Used by ships that have considerable power and tight turning characteristics

• Fastest recovery method but requires proficient ship handling ability. Not a straight approach.

Man Overboard ProceduresAnderson Turn

• Used in low visibility because ship returns on original track

• Used when man overboard not in sight.

• Slow to execute

• Initially takes ship far from original position

Man Overboard ProceduresWilliamson Turn

• Used in good visibility when a straight approach leg is desired.

• Slower than Anderson turn

Man Overboard ProceduresRacetrack Turn

• Y-backing

- poor control- poor control

- keeps ship- keeps ship close toclose to manman

Man Overboard ProceduresY-Backing

MOB Considerations• Muster the crew

• Turn time

• Night or day/weather

• Helicopter, small boat or ship

• Lost sight

• Information when man lost

– DRT mark

– Smoke

– GPS mark

• The plan

– Beginning of each watch

– About each hour / wind spin

Ship Handling Tools

• Binoculars

• Stadimeter

• Radar

• Bearing circles