13 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

13

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter

Misuse


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Addictive Behavior Psychoactive Drugs Alcohol Tobacco


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Drug: Any chemical, other than food, intended to affect the structure or function of the body

Psychoactive drug: A drug that can alter a person’s state of mind or consciousness

Intoxication: The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally, a state of being poisoned)


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Addictive behavior: Any habit thathas gotten out of control resulting in a negative effect on one’s health Originally, addiction applied only to

habitual use of a drug that produced a chemical change

Some scientists now believe that certain activities can be addictive

▪ Trigger release of chemicals causing euphoria and lead to psychological and physical dependence


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Addiction: Psychological or physical dependence on a substance or behavior characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for the substance or behavior

Dependence: Result of physiological or psychological adaptation that occurs in response to frequent use of a substance; typically associated with tolerance and withdrawal


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Substance misuse or abuse: Use of any substance despite adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences; the use may be intermittent and with or without tolerance and physical dependence


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Tolerance: Lower sensitivity to a drug, so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed

Withdrawal: Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug on which a user is physically dependent; symptoms may be mild or life-threatening


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American Psychiatric Association: refers to two forms of substance (drug) disorders:

▪ Substance abuse and substance dependence▪ Recurrent drug use that results in failure to fulfill major responsibilities; poses a physical hazard; is associated with legal problems; or causes or exacerbates interpersonal problems

▪ Pattern of drug abuse may be constant or intermittent, and physical dependence may or may not be present


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Drug or substance dependence involves at least three of seven symptoms Developing tolerance to the substance Experiencing withdrawal Taking the substance in larger amounts or

over a longer period than originally intended Expressing desire to cut down

or regulate substance abuse

(Continued on next slide)


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Drug or substance dependence Spending a great deal of time

obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects

Giving up or reducing important school, work, or recreational activities because of substance abuse

Continuing to use the substance in spite

of recognizing that it is contributing to a psychological or physical problems


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Addictive behaviors typically share some general characteristics Reinforcement Compulsion or craving Loss of control Escalation Negative consequences


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Addiction often starts when a person does something to bring pleasure or avoid pain

Potential for addiction determined by: Personality Lifestyle Heredity Social and physical environment Nature of the substance or behavior


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Compulsive gamblingCompulsive buying Internet addictionOther behaviors like exercise, eating,

watching TV, and working out can also become addictive


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Psychoactive drugs include legal compounds such as caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol as well as illegal substances such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD


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Drug use and abuse occur at all income and education levels, among all ethnic groups, and across all age groups Brain chemistry or metabolism Psychological risk factors Social factors


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Characteristics of people who are higher-than-average risk for trying illegal drugs: Being male Being young Having exposure to drugs through

family members or peers Troubled adolescents Having a risk-taking-personality


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No single best methodTreatment must:

Deal with the reasons behind the abuse

Help individuals change their attitudes and behaviors and develop a social support system


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Signals that suggest drug dependence: Sudden withdrawal or emotional distance Rebellious or unusually irritable behavior Loss of interest in usual activities or hobbies Decline in school performance Sudden change in group of friends Changes in sleeping or eating habits Frequent borrowing of money


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Creative efforts are needed to stop the demand for drugs

The best solution is prevention


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Before trying a psychoactive drug, ask yourself: What are the risks involved? Is using the drug compatible with your

goals? What are your ethical beliefs about drug

use? What are the financial costs? Are you trying to solve a deeper

problem?


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Ethyl alcohol: Intoxicating ingredient in fermented liquors; a colorless, pungent liquid Proof value: Two times the percentage

of alcohol in a beverage, measured by volume; a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol

One drink: Amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounce of alcohol; also called a standard drink


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Blood alcohol concentration (BAC): Amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight per unit volume; used as a measure of intoxication If a person drinks slowly, blood

alcohol concentration (BAC) remains low Consuming more than is

metabolized causes BAC to rise and results in intoxication


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Low levels of alcohol induce relaxation and release inhibitions Higher levels can result in:

▪ Reduction of motor coordination, intellectual functioning, and judgment

▪ Flushing and sweating▪ Decreased sexual performance▪ Disturbed sleep patterns▪ “Hangover”


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Legal limit for BAC in all states is 0.08% Many states have “zero tolerance” laws

for drivers under age 21 Alcohol impairs the user even at much

lower BACs than 0.08% Learn to be alert to erratic driving from

impaired drivers


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Alcohol abusers have a life expectancy 15 years shorter than that of nonabusers Cirrhosis: Disease in which liver is

severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or infection

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): Characteristic group of birth defects caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother


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Alcohol misuse: Use of alcohol to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in behavior harmful to others

Alcohol use disorder: Chronic psychological disorder characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking, and measured as mild, moderate, or severe


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Warning signs for alcohol abuse: Drinking alone or secretively Repeatedly using alcohol to cope with

problems Discomfort at social events without alcohol Drinking more than usual Heavy drinking in risky situations Getting drunk regularly or more frequently Drinking in the morning or at unusual

times


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Binge drinking: Periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication 4 drinks in a row for men or 3 drinks in

a row for women within 2 hours▪ 2009 survey: 24% of people over age of 12 were binge drinkers


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Characterized by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms When alcoholics stop drinking, they

experience withdrawal symptoms that can be life-threatening

▪ DTs (delirium tremens): State of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in an alcohol-dependent person; other symptoms are sweating, trembling, anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures


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Examine drinking behavior and motives for drinking and staying in control

Drink in a way that keeps BAC low and behavior under control


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U.S. Surgeon General: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of illness and death in the U.S. 440,000 Americans die prematurely from

smoking-related causes All forms of tobacco are unsafe,

including pipes, chewing tobacco, and clove cigarettes


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Nicotine: Poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco If addicted tobacco user does not

have a steady amount of nicotine circulating in the body and going to the brain, s/he experiences such withdrawal symptoms as muscular pain, nausea, insomnia, and headaches


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Smoking has profound negative effects Chemicals in tobacco

include carcinogens, cocarcinogens, agents that irritate respiratory tissue, and carbon monoxide

Nicotine can either excite or tranquilize the nervous system


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Smokers lose about 14 years of life on average.

Smoking linked to: CVD Lung disease Cancer Tooth decay and gum disease Menstrual disorders Motor vehicle crashes


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Cigars and pipes Cigar and pipe smokers at risk for many

health problems faced by cigarette smokers

Cigars contain more nicotine and tar than do cigarettes

Cigar smokers who don’t inhale have a six-times greater risk of throat cancer than nonsmokers


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Clove cigarettes and bidis Clove cigarettes contain chopped cloves

and about twice as much tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide as conventional cigarettes

Bidis, or “beadies,” are small cigarettes imported from India

▪ Tobacco is different from that used in U.S. cigarettes

▪ Contain up to four times more nicotine and twice as much tar as U.S. cigarettes


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Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco Spit (smokeless) tobacco can

be used as snuff or chewing tobacco Chewing tobacco increases

the risk of oral cancer Snuff increases the risk

of cheek and gum cancer Both lead to nicotine addiction


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E-Cigarettes Battery-powered device that

resembles a real cigarette▪ Uses changeable filter that contains one or more chemicals, such as nicotine and flavorings

▪ FDA warns consumers that the same carcinogens are present in these products


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Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, and smoke exhaled by smokers; also called secondhand smoke Mainstream smoke: Smoke inhaled by a

smoker and exhaled into the atmosphere Sidestream smoke: Smoke from the

burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe


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Known human carcinogen and causes

3,400 lung cancer deaths annually Contributes to heart disease and

aggravates such respiratory conditions as allergies and asthma


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Infants and children breathe more quickly and weigh less than adults, so they inhale higher concentrations of pollutants ETS increases incidence of bronchitis,

pneumonia, asthma, reduced lung function, and ear infections

ETS results in 15,000 hospitalizations annually


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Speak up tactfully Don’t allow smoking in you home or

room Open a window Sit in the nonsmoking section in

restaurants and other public areas Fight for a smoke-free work environment Discuss quitting strategies


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Fetuses are even more vulnerable: Smoking nearly doubles risk of

miscarriage Increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy,

premature delivery (and death), problems with the placenta, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

▪ 16% of pregnant women still smoke throughout their pregnancy


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Fetuses are even more vulnerable: Children of mothers who smoke

more than two packs per day:▪ Perform poorly on developmental tests just after birth

▪ Later in life exhibit hyperactivity, short attention span, andlower language scores


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Action Against Tobacco Tobacco consumption in the

U.S. is declining among some groups▪ Local ordinances that have banning smoking in public places

▪ Restricting advertising▪ Lawsuits against the tobacco industry


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Giving Up Tobacco Quitting means breaking physical

and psychological dependence There are several methods to use

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13 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education