Important Constituents and their Sources Colour Natural, Domestic and Industrial Wastes Odour Natural, Domestic and Industrial Wastes Temperature Doemstic and Industrial Solids Domestic, Industrial, Natural, Soil Erosion, Inflow and Infiltration

Important Constituents and their Sources (Contd.)Organic matter Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture, CommercialAlkalinity Domestic, Industrial, InfiltrationChlorides - Domestic, Industrial, Infiltration, SofteningHeavy Metals - Industrial

Important Constituents and their Sources (Contd.)Nitrogen Industrial, AgriculturepH IndustrialPhosphorous Industrial, DomesticSulphur - Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture,InfiltrationSulphides IndustrialMethane Natural, Domestic

Important Constituents and their Sources (Contd.)Animals Treatment Plants, NaturalPlants - Treatment Plants, NaturalProtista - Treatment Plants, Natural, DomesticViruses - Domestic

CHARACTERISTICSColour Fresh water colourless Sewage Fresh Grey Like soap SolutionOld BlackIndustrial Depending on the Industry

CHARACTERISTICSOdourFresh Sewage Musty Not OffensiveOld OffensiveWater No Odour

CHARACTERISTICSTemperatureWater Pleasant 10 20 degree CentigradesSewage Slightly higher than waterWarm 20 to 25 degree CentigradesIncreases metabolism of organismsaffects viscosity tends to settleDecreases solubilityHelps growth of aquatic plants

CHARACTERISTICSTurbidity and SolidsDepends on strength of sewageSolids 0.1 % solids and 99.9 % water

CHARACTERISTICSpHFresh water depends on source Fresh Sewage alkaline becomes acidic with time alkaline again when relatively stable

CHARACTERISTICSChloridesIndicator of ContaminationHuman waste 6 8 gm/person/dayIndustries like Ice plants, fishing, water softeners reduce ChloridesInterferes in oxygen transfer capacityNot affected by bacteriaAffects uptake by plants

CHARACTERISTICSNitrogenNitrites methemeglobinemiaSewage Nutrient valueIndicates age of sludge

CHARACTERISTICSIron and ManganeseColour to waterDepends on sourceInduces bacterial reductionCorrosion of pipes

CHARACTERISTICSAlkalinity

OH-, HCO-3, CO-3

CHARACTERISTICSHardness

CHARACTERISTICSHardness (Contd)

Impacts

CHARACTERISTICSSurfactantsPrimarily from synthetic detergents Induces foamingAlkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) normally used in synthetic detergents non biodegradable

CHARACTERISTICSFats, Grease and OilInterferes in treatmentReduces Oxygen transferClogs treatment unitsForms ugly scums

CHARACTERISTICSPhenolsCauses OdourNon-biodegradable ( if >5000 mg/L)Toxic

CHARACTERISTICSToxic CompoundsCations : Copper, Lead, Silver, Chromium, Arsenic, BoronResults in malfunctioning of Treatment plantsAnions: Cyanides, Chromates

CHARACTERISTICSOrganic MatterHighly putrescibleDemands Oxygen for stabilizationStable forms Carbon di-oxide and waterDegrades anaerobically or aerobically