12. the Scapegoat

7/21/2019 12. the Scapegoat

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The Day of Atonement

(Leviticus 16: 20-22a

)

Scapegoat

When he has finished purging the inner sanctuary, the

tent of meeting and the altar, Aaron shall bring

forward the live goat. Laying both hands on its head,

he shall confess over it all the iniquities of the

Israelites and their trespasses, including all their sins,

and so put them on the goats head. He shall then

have it led into the wilderness by an attendant. The

goat will carry off all their iniquities to an isolated

region.


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After the purgation rite, Aaron moves on

to the scapegoat rite.

The scapegoat is chosen by lot, either

by Aaron using the urim and thummim

contained in the pocket of his breast

piece, or by special lots used for the

occasion, bearing the inscription: 1)

leYHWH (belonging to the Lord) or 2)

laazazel (belonging to Azazel).


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Azazel seems to be a vestigial remnant of

Mesopotamian polytheistic belief emblematic of

chaos and disorder, a hint of its presence still

faintly felt like fading dream in Leviticus.

Azazel is only used in the Bible here in

Leviticus 16, but later Jewish thinking

usesthe word as the name of one of the fallen

angels in the Book of Enoch.(Enoch is not a book of the Bible; it was

written around 200 B.C., and it is part of the

Pseudepigrapha, a collection of 63 works on

biblical themes written between 200 B.C. and

A.D. 200).


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William Tyndale, the Protestant reformer and

Bible translator, first rendered aza zel as

scapegoat, following the Greek Septuagint by

properly translating azas goat and azel as

a form of the verb to go away; hence

aza zel is the go away goat, or

scapegoat.

As we noted in Lesson 11, placing both

hands on the goat, signifies transference,

unlike the one-handed gesture of giving to

God that we have seen in the 5 Great

Sacrifices.


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As we also noted in Lesson 11,

iniquities denote ritual and moral

impurities; trespasses denote sins resulting

from open and wanton rebellion against

God.

Aaron confessing the iniquities and

trespasses of the Israelites is crucial, for

by confessing them, they are transformed

into inadvertences, thus qualifying them

for sacrificial expiation.


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The Suffering Servant

(Isaiah 53: 4-6)

Yet it was our pain that he bore,

our sufferings he endured.

We thought of him as stricken,

struck down by God and afflicted.

But he was pierced for our sins,

crushed for our iniquity.

He bore the punishment that makes us whole,

by his wounds we were healed.

We had all gone astray like sheep,

all following our own way;

But the Lord laid upon him

the guilt of us all.


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But when Christ came as high priest of the good

things that have come to be, passing through the

greater and more perfect tabernacle not made by

hands, that is, not belonging to this creation, he

entered once for all into the sanctuary, not with the

blood of goats and calves but with his own blood, thus

obtaining eternal redemption. For if the blood of goats

and bulls and the sprinkling of a heifers ashes can

sanctify those who are defiled so that their flesh is

cleansed, how much more will the blood of Christ, who

through the eternal spirit offered himself unblemished

to God, cleanse our consciences from dead works to

worship the living God.

(Hebrews 9: 11-14)


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12. the Scapegoat