1.2 EukaryotesIB Biology HL 1Mrs. PetersFall 2014

A&S 4: Eukaryote: Liver Cell Drawing

• Draw and label a liver cell.

• Must be able to identify the following parts:▫Cell Membrane▫Nucleus w/nuclear

envelope▫Rough ER▫Golgi Apparatus▫Mitochondria▫Lysosome

U 2.Eukaryotes•Specific Characteristics:

▫Contain membrane bound organelles (internal structures with specific functions)

▫True nucleus with DNA▫80s Ribosomes▫Relative size ~20 µm

•Types of Eukaryotes:▫Animal cells▫Plant cells▫Fungi cells▫(we will focus on animal and plant cells only)

U2. Eukaryotic CellsAnimal Cell Plant Cell

U2. Common Eukaryote Structures• *Nucleus: controls cell

functions▫ Largest organelle of the

cell

Parts of the nucleus:• Nuclear envelope with

nuclear pores: a double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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U2. Common Eukaryote StructuresParts of the nucleus:• *Nucleolus: produces

ribosomes• DNA (chromosome,

chromatin): contains the genetic information for the cell; combined with protein

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U2. Common Eukaryote Structures

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): series of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope

U2. Common Eukaryote Structures

• Types:▫ *Rough ER: has

ribosomes attached; transport system for proteins

▫ Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached; produces phospholipids, lipids, breaks down toxins

U2. Common Eukaryote Structures• *Golgi Apparatus:

collects, packages, modifies and transports proteins; a series of flattened, folded membranes

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U2. Common Eukaryote Structures

• *Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration; known as the powerhouse; kidney bean shaped, consists of a double membrane, inner membrane has many folds

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U2. Common Eukaryote Structures• *Ribosomes: site of

protein synthesis; can be free or attached to RER; known as 80S

U2. Common Eukaryote Structures

• *Plasma Membrane: controls the movement of material in and out of the cell, provides a barrier around the cell

U2. Plant Only Structures

• Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, consists of a double membrane

• Central Vacuole: helps give the cell its shape, a sack like structure that contains water and salts

U2. Plant Only Structures

•Cell Wall: rigid outer boundary that provides strength and support for the plant; composed of cellulose

U2. Animal Only Structures• *Lysosomes: break

down worn out cell parts and waste; small sacks that contain enzymes

• Centrioles: form microtubules used in cell division; shaped

U2. Extracellular ComponentsAnimal Cell:• Extracellular matrix

(ECM) forms a supporting network for the cell membrane and allows adjacent cells to attach to one another and communicate; made of collagen fibers and glycoproteins

U2. Extracellular Components

Plant Cell: • The cell wall forms the ECM;

made up of cellulose fibers and glycoproteins; maintains cell shape, allows cell to communicate and bind to other cells

U 2.Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

Structure/Feature Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Wall Present Absent

VacuolesLarge Central

VacuoleSmall vacuoles

sometimes

Chloroplast Present Absent

Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Present, no cholesterol

Present, with cholesterol

Centrioles Absent Present

Storage Stores starch Stores glycogen

ShapeOften squarish, very

rigidOften more round,

flexibleLysosome Absent Present

U1 & 2. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Structure/Feature Prokaryote Cell Eukaryote Cell

Nucleuscontains a nucleoid region, no envelope

Present, surrounded by nuclear envelope

Membrane-Bound Organelles

Not present

Present (mitochondria,

chloroplast, ER, Golgi, etc)

DNANaked (no proteins), 1 circular strand, plasmid

present

Associated with proteins, long strands,

no plasmids

Ribosomes Relatively small, 70S Relatively large, 80S

Cell Wall Always present Only in plant cells

Flagella Sometimes Sometimes

Microscope Practice 3View all 4 slides at 40X, 100X, and 400X;

Label each box correctly, fill the square! Don’t forget to clean up when finished! Turn in all microscope drawings (1, 2 and 3) stapled together.

Slides to make:▫Onion: take a single layer of onion, add one

drop of iodine to the onion, NO WATER DROP▫Cheek Cells: use a toothpick to gently scrape

the inside of your cheek, smear the toothpick on a slide, add one drop of Methylene blue, NO WATER DROP