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Pharmacology

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Today’s topics….

What is pharmacology? Drug nomenclature & classification Pharmcokinetics Pharmcodynamics Effects of medications Sources of drug information Antiinflammatories & analgesics Adrenal steroids

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What is pharmacology?

The science of drugs Why does the athletic trainer

need a working knowledge of pharmacology?

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Nomenclature & Classification

Chemical, generic or trade name

Over-the-counter (OTC)

Prescription drugs

- controlled substances

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Pharmacokinetics

Pharmaco – Kinetics-

How drugs are administered Absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and

eliminates

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How drugs are administered?

Enteral – digestive system

Nonenteral (parenteral) – other pathway

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Drug absorption & distribution

Definition Diffusion or transport

Distributed by circulatory system

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Metabolism & excretion

Making substances water soluble for excretion in bile or urine

Role of the liver

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Pharmacodynamics

What effect a drug has on the body How it produces that effect

Bind to specific target receptors on cell’s exterior, triggering cellular process

Agonists versus antagonists

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Pharmacodynamics…

Efficacy –

Potency – measure of dose needed to produce a specific effect

Tolerance – body built up resistance to drug (increased amounts now needed)

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Ill Effects….

Side effect –

Allergic & anaphylactic reaction –

Drug interaction -

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Sources of drug information

PDR –

NCAA

USOC

Product information

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Inflammation & drug treatment

Inflammation: vascular response Response limits spread of injury-causing

agents into adjacent tissues Dispose of cellular debris Sets stage for repair process to begin

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NSAID’s

Inhibit inflammatory response Questionable timing of use Side effects

GI irritationRenal disordersReye syndromeAspirin overdose, intolerance or

hypersensitivity

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Classes of NSAID’s

Grouped according to chemical similarities Few clinical differences Trial & error…??

Acetic acids: indomethacinEnolic acids: phenylbutazonFenamic acids: meclofenamicProprionic acids: ibuprofen, naproxenCarboxylic acids: aspirin, salicylate

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Steroid compounds

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) Excellent anti-inflammatory action

– Reduction of tissue heat, erythema, control swelling, decrease local tenderness

Side effects:– Tendon rupture

Types: cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone

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Pain & Analgesics

Acute, chronic or iatrogenic ALWAYS 1° treatment goal Pain = signal…masking???? Meds: OTC controlled substances Relationship of NSAIDs and analgesics Non-narcotic and narcotic

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Non-narcotic pain relievers

Salicylates, ibuprofen, acetominophen– Aspirin: fever reducing (antipyretic) also

Buffered products Side effects

– Ibuprofen: analgesic effect 2-4 hrs? – Acetominophen: analgesic only, safe w/children

Can supplement with narcotic agent (codeine)

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Narcotic pain relievers

Limited use for sport injuries Severe pain following surgery Opioids: physical and psychological addiction

– Bind w/CNS to interrupt pain transmission– Exogenous: morphine, codeine, heroin– Some (endogenous)are produced in the body

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, constipation

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Anesthetics & muscle relaxants

Surgical use and anti-spasmolytics Surgical anesthesia is technical due to

potential C-V effects Local anesthetics: block nerves in area Topical anesthetics?? Epidural injections??

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Muscle relaxants

Sedation: opioid or non-opioid Side effects: interfere with ADLs Drowsiness, dizziness, vision…..

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Non-orthopedic medicines

Cough & cold “stuff” Bronchodilators Antibiotics Antifungals Laxatives – antidiarrheals Antiemetics Antacids

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Next time…..

Psychology of injury….