15. Introduction to Pharmacology

8/9/2019 15. Introduction to Pharmacology

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PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPY:

An Introduction An Introduction

Departement of Pharmaco o!" & therap"Departement of Pharmaco o!" & therap"Medica facu t" # Pad$ad$aran %ni er'it"Medica facu t" # Pad$ad$aran %ni er'it"

HS SW


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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDYBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STUDY

IN PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPYIN PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPY

As prerequisite of Clinical Medicine,

Pharmacology and Therapy is a 2 semestercredit given in 2 nd semester, ill coverseveral !" such as #ntro, P$, P%, &A,

'"%A, #%', A%'(P), PP, %#, prescriptionriting, drug dosage form and Traditionaland Her*al Medicine


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Pharmaco o!"Pharmaco o!"

The (no) ed!e of :Hi'tor"* 'ource * ph"'ica andchemica propertie'* compoundin!*+iochemica & ph"'io o!ica effect'*mechani'm of action' * a+'orption*di'tri+ution* +iotran'formation &

e,cretion *therapeutic & other u'e' of dru!'-.enet*

/0012


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Pharmacology :The science of substances that

used to prevent, diagnose andtreatment diseases Medicalpharmacology

(Katzung, 1 !"


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Pharmacology :Pharmacology :The study of substances that interactThe study of substances that interactwith living systems through chemicalwith living systems through chemicalprocesses, especially by binding theprocesses, especially by binding theregulatory molecules and activating orregulatory molecules and activating orinhibiting normal body processinhibiting normal body process((Katzung)Katzung)


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Pharmacognosy :The branch of pharmacology thatstudy about sources of drugs.

Pharmacy :The scienti c study aboutpreparing, compounding anddispensing of drugs


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Pharmacokinetics The study of absorption, distributions,

biotransformation and excretion of drugs What the body do to the drugs Fate of the drug in the body In ol ed in ho! the concentration of

drug in the body aries !ith time

Pharmacodynamics The study of biochemical and

physiological e"ects of drugs and theirmechanism of action

What the drug do to the body


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#linical pharmacology#linical pharmacology

The scienti c study of drugsin man(WHO, 1970)

Justifed , because drugse"ect :

$ften ha e signi cantinterspecies

ariation

%ay be modi ed by disease


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(e elopment of(e elopment ofclinical Pharmacologyclinical Pharmacology

(related actors)(related actors)

). The increasing number of ne!drugs * drugs explosions +

. The reali-ation that the choice,safe e"ecti e use of drugsdepend on kno!ledge that canbest be obtained by systematic

scienti c study/. The occurrence of se eral

therapeutic disasters

0. Information explosions in


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1cope of clin. pharmacology1cope of clin. pharmacology

). Impro ement of patient care2y promoting the safer and moree"ecti e use of drugs

. Increase researchPharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic,clinical trial, indi idual ariations indrug response, other

/. Teaching%edical students, hospital sta",physicians

0. 1er ices(rugs information, TDM, DUS, D!M ,drug ad iser in some institutions


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&nimal pharmacology : the study of drugs inexperimental

animal

#omparati e pharmacology : the study that compare

pharmacology of drugs inanimal

and man

to claim that animaldrugs studies can bereasonably


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PharmacotherapeuticsPharmacotherapeutics The study of the drugs use in the

pre ention treatment ofdisease

1ome mechanism of actions ofdrugs :

1timulate 3 depress biochemical or

physiological functions relie orelie os"#$to#ss"#$to#s

&lter the course of disease 4liminate the pathogenic cells 3


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PharmacogeneticPharmacogeneticss 1tudy the relationship bet!een

geneticsfactors and ariations in drug

response(%rod", 199&)

#oncerned !ith drugs responsesthat are

go erned by heredity ('aure ce %e et, 19&7)

Inherited causal factors are : %ioche#ical 5 genes go ern the production of

en-ymes


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ToxicologyToxicology The aspect of pharmacologythat

deals !ith the ad erse e"ect ofdrugs(%e et, 1997)

The study of e"ect,antidotes and

detection of poison anddescription of

e"ects of drugs o erdose(%rod", 199&)

#oncerned !ith :


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What is (rugs 6What is (rugs 6

#hemical agent that a"ects li ingprocess

(%e et, 1997)

&ny substance 3 product that isused or intended to be used to modify orexplore

physiological systems orpathological


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These substances may be chemicalsadministered and result in

1# achieve beneficial therapeuticeffects on some process $ithin the

patient %r for

their to'ic effects on regulatoryprocesses in parasites infecting thepatient


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4ssential drugs : (rugs that meet the health needs of the

ma7ority of the populations 1hould be a ailable in the appropriatedosage forms and strengths at all times

8eneric drugs : generic name Patent drugs *branded 5 drugs+:

pharmaceutical products marketed under

brandnames

9erbal medicine

Traditional medicine


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#lass of drugs in market#lass of drugs in marketI. on;ethical drug sold !ithout prescription

imited drugs *W;class+ = semi $T# drugs With cautionary labeling 2lue dot in package eg.: &spirin, paracetamol ; Through apothecary 3 licensed drugs


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II. Ethical drug

Sold base on prescription Red dot in package Two class

- Potent drugs (G-class) eg.: antibiotic antih!pertensi"e

- Narcotics drugs (#-class) eg.: $orphine heroine %nderstrict super"ision


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&a'orit! o cases : rug interacts $ith )eceptor

rugs 1# may be produced by body :*ormones not produced by body : +enobiotics

Poison is drug

To'in is poison of biological origin

norganic poison : lead and arsen

rug enters the bod! changesthe li"ing processes therapeutic

e ect (acti"ating or inhibiting)


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*+T%RE #, R%GS :

-# The Physical .ature of rug

/olid, li0uid, gaseous

# rug /ize Molecular 2eight

3# rug )eactivity and rug )eceptor onds

3ovalent 4 5lectrostatic 4 *ydrophobic

# rug /hape ()asemic"

5# )ational rug esign (.e$ drug"

6# )eceptor nomenclature (decided by 7P*-)"


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The purpose of medicine therapyThe purpose of medicine therapy

1. Prevention

2. Treatment 3. Diagnose

4. In Family Planning/

Contraception


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E ect o rugs :+nalgesic ronchodilator

+ntip!retic asodilator

+ntiin la$$ator! asoconstrictor

+ntibiotic iuretic

+naesthetic epressant

+ntiparasite Sti$ulant

+ntilipide$ia /oagulant

+ntih!pertensi"e +ntihista$inic

+ntiarrh!th$ia Insecticide

+ntidotu$ etc.


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rug Responses Side E ects

0!poreacti"e #toto1ic

0!perreacti"e lood !scrasia 0!persensiti"e 0epatoto1ic

2+llerg! *ephroto1ic

0abituation /ardioto1ic

Tolerance +bdo$inal disc.

Tach!ph!la1is *euroto1ic +ddiction Teratogenic

/arcinogenic


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15. Introduction to Pharmacology