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The Battlefield Environment Model (BEM)

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The Battlefield Environment Model (BEM) P,.

R. S. ConkerJ. R. Davidson

P. K. Groveston .

R. 0. Nugent

September 1983

MTR-83W00245

SPONSOR:Army Model Management Office

CONTRACT NO.:F]9628-84-C-0001

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The MITRE CorporationMITRE C'1 Division

Washington C3! Operations1820 Dollev Madison Boulevard

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ABSTRACT

-This report describes the Battlefield Environment Model (BEM), a

computer model implemented by MITRE for use in conducting simulations of wemilitary combat. Specifically, the model simulates Red unit observables

against which Blue sensors can operate. The modeling effort employs object-

oriented programming techniques using the RAND-developed ROSS

programming language. The BEM provides a stream of realistic sensor reports

for ANALYST, an expert system for determining battlefield activity. In

addition, the BEM provides an experimental environment for studying C,

structures and various approaches to sensor tasking. Future enhancements of

the BEM are also presented.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

*" " 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

*: 1.1 Background and Purpose 11.2 Object-Oriented Programming 2

1.2.1 General 21.2.2 Programming Using Object-Oriented 2

Languages1.2.3 ROSS 3

1.3 Organization of the Report 5

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLEFIELDENVIRONMENT MODEL (BEM) 11

2.1 Model Overview 11

2.2 Input Data 11

2.2.1 Red Units 112.2.2 Blue Sensors 13

2.3 Description of a BEM Simulation 13-, 2.4 BEM/ANALYST Work Stations 19

2.4.1 BEM Controller Station 212.4.2 Blue Sensor Control Station 332.4.3 ANALYST Station 37

3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEM 51

3.1 Model Overview 51 ..-

3.2 Actors - Actor Files in the BEMSimulation 55

3.2.1 Simulator 553.2.2 Scenario 56

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":3.2.3 Artist 57 -'3.2.4 Node/Node Environment File 59 P

" 3.2.5 Pathfinder 60 :"-

S3.2.6 Scheduler 60',3.2.7 Sector/Sector Environment File 62 !

. 3.2.8 Flightplanner 683.2.9 Mathematician 70. _,3.2.10 Interface 713.2.11 Unit 72

.3.2.12 Control-Unit 733.2.13 Action-Unit 753.2.14 Unit Property File 76Fie53.2.15 Red Instance File 773.2.16 Sensor 77

3.2.17 Sensor-Control-Unit 78romn-ie63.2.18 Sensor-Action-Unit 793.2.19 Generi Sensors 803.2.20 Sensor Instance File 81

3.3 Considerations For Using ROSS/LISP 81

4.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF THE BEM 83.."

4.1 Formal Sensor Models 83

4.2 Two-Sided Simulation 834.3 Speed-up of Processing 84

APPENDIX I SENSOR RESEARCH FOR THE BEM 85

APPENDIX THREAT RESEARCH FOR THE BEM 115

4.1NDI Forma DAASSen MOdel 8HETRPEETTO39

FOR THE BEM

(CLASSIFIED SECRET-PUBLISHED SEPARATELY)

APPENDIX IV ROSS-LANGUAGE CODE FOR THE BEM 141

APPENDIX V DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES 205

GLOSSARY 211

REFERENCES 213

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Number Page

1-1 Object Hierarchy 41-2 Example Generic Object Creation 61-3 Example Instance Object Creation 71-4 Example Object Behavior Definition 82-1 High-Level View of the BEM/ANALYST Models 12

. 2-2 Red Units in the BEM 142-3 Example of ROSS Messages on the Text Terminal 172-4 BEM/ANALYST Work Station Configuration 202-5 Symbology Used in the Ground Truth Display 232-6 Current Node Network 252-7 Terrain Background 272-8 Red Threat Units Representing a Division 312-9 Ground and Airborne Sensors and Their Coverages 35

Over the Battlefield2-10 BSCS - Gray Map Background with Menu Overlay 392-11 BSCS - Map, No Menu, Sensors and Reports 412-12 BSCS - Interactive Querying Capability 432-13 ANALYST Station Display - Initial Cluster 47

Reports2-14 ANALYST Station Display - Showing Determined 49

and Undetermined Military Objects3-1 ROSS Object Hierarchy in the BEM 523-2 Sectors in the BEM 633-3 Example Racetrack Pattern Constructed by 69

FlightplannersU1-1 Tank Division 131I-2 Motorized Rifle Division 13211-3 Army Level Units 133V-1 SPL Configuration 209V-2 CAMIS Laboratory Configuration 211

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3-1 Major Elements of Sensor Control and Detection 543-2 Sensor/Threat Unit Events Which Trigger 66

Detection Process OI-1 Sensor Properties 971-2 Generic SIGINT System Platform Characteristics 1001-3 Generic SIGINT System Collector Characteristics 1011-4 Generic SIGINT System Ground Processing 102

Station Characteristics1-5 Generic Photo Imagery System Platform 1021-6 Characteristics1-6 Generic Photo Imagery System Collector 103

Characteristics1-7 Generic Photo Imagery System Ground Processing 103

Station Characteristics1-8 Generic IR System Platform Characteristics 1041-9 Generic IR System Collector Charactristics 1051-10 Generic IR System Ground Processing Station 105

Characteristics1-11 Generic Imaging Radar System Platform 106

Characteristics1-12 Generic Imaging Radar System Collector 106

Characteristics1-13 Generic Imaging Radar System Ground Processing 107

Station Characteristics1-14 Generic MTI System Platform Characteristics 1071-15 Generic MTI System Collector Characteristics 1081-16 Generic CM/CB System Platform Characteristics 1091-17 Generic CM/CB System Collector Characteristics 1191-18 Generic CM/CB System Ground Processing Station 110

Characteristics1-19 Generic REMS System Collector Characteristics 1101-20 Generic REMS System Monitor Characteristics 1111-21 Generic Jamming System Platform Characteristics 1111-22 Generic Jamming System Jammer Characteristics 11211-1 Maneuver Units 122U1-2 Engineer Units 1231-3 Artillery Units 12511-4 Air Defense Units 12711-5 CSS Units 129

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Purpose

This report was prepared to provide a description of the MITRE

Battlefield Environment Model (BEM), a computer model used in conducting

simulations of military combat. The BEM model is designed to generate Red

unit observables against which Blue sensors can operate; specifically, it is

designed to generate sensor observables from a Soviet division-sized force at

company resolution. With this model, enemy tactical events such as

movement, communications, artillery and air defense firings, and radar

emissions are generated and subsequently detected by Blue (NATO) force

sensors. The resulting stream of sensor reports is sent by the BEM to the

ANALYST, an expert system used to determine enemy tactical disposition on V

the battlefield.

Both the BEM and the ANALYST are enhancements of previous modelswhich employed conventional, procedural programming techniques. The

predecessor of the BEM was the MITRE Threat Event Generator (MTEG)(1,2),

a model written in Pascal which generated sensor reports by parametrically

filtering the observables. The BEM evolved from this model through three

significant enhancements:

o a more realistic threat representation.

o a cause and effect modeling of sensor detections.

o implementation using object-oriented techniques and the ROSSprogramming language (to be discussed).

The current ANALYST(') is LISP-based and is operational on both a VAX

11/780 and a LISP machine.

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1.2 Object-Oriented Programming

1.2.1 General -

The essence of object-oriented programming is that it is centered

around objects (actors in the simulation) which communicate with each other -

by way of messages. Features of the technique provide promise to overcome

many of the limitations of conventional procedural programming in the areas

of intelligibility, modifiability, understanding, and performance

characteristics. (See MITRE WP83-W004074 for an evaluation of the use of

object-oriented programming).

The remainder of this section provides a discussion of object-oriented

languages in general and of ROSS, the object-oriented language in which the

BEM is implemented.

1.2.2 Programming Using Object-Oriented Languages

The use of object-oriented programming for simulation purposes requires

that simulation objects be created to represent the systems being simulated

(e.g., the military units). Those objects must have characteristics and

behaviors sufficiently defined for them to adequately portray the system or

units being represented.

Objects have property lists and behaviors associated with them. The

properties can represent such items as the numbers of vehicles, location, and

radio frequencies. Behaviors are the actions taken by the objects upon

receiving a message. Both properties and behaviors may be modified during

the simulation.

There are two types of objects called basic and auxiliary objects. Basic

objects are actors in the simulation and have some real-world representation

suc h as the military units being simulated. Auxiliary objects assist in the

construction and conduct of the simulation; an example is the Mathematician,

which centralizes most of the computation, thus making the basic object

behaviors cleaner and therefore more readable. Basic objects may be generic

objects, to represent classes of objects, or instance objects, to represent the

actual unit or object being simulated.

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Objects are organized into a hierarchy which permits them to inherit , 9

properties and behaviors from ancestor objects in the hierarchy. This allows

the programmer to establish the property or behavior at the highest common

level and aids in the construction of the simulation. Inherited properties may

be modified at the lower level before or during the simulation. An example of

a hierarchy used for implementation is depicted in Figure 1-1. The top-level

object of the hierarchy is called "Something". "Something" has properties and

behaviors which allow it to be called upon to create offspring. In turn, these

offspring at the generic level can be called upon to create their own offspring

at either the generic or the instance level. The example shows how a generic

tank company might be created and how it in turn could be asked to create an

instance tank company, one of the basic objects in the simulation.

All action in the simulation is controlled through message passing and

the object behavorial rules. Object behaviors are in the form of IF-THEN

-4 rules which list the actions to be taken by an object on receipt of particular

messages. These actions frequently involve sending messages to other objects

or planning for action to be taken at a future time in the simulation.

1.2.3 ROSS

The particular object-oriented simulation system chosen to implement

the BEM was the RAND Corporation's Rule Oriented Simulation System

(ROSS). ROSS was developed by RAND specifically to demonstrate the

application of artificial intelligence techniques to military combat

simulation.(5,6)

1.2.3.1 ROSS Commands. ROSS is invoked through the use of

commands in the ROSS language. The format of a ROSS command is

< ask or tell> <object><message> )where the parentheses set off a list as in LISP, the language in which ROSS is

based, and the greater-than/less-than ( > , ) signs set off parts of the

command for explanation purposes. "Ask," used interchangeably with "tell,"

alerts the object to receive a message, that is, it involves a LISP macro to

process the remainder of the list, sending the message to the object.

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receipt of a message constitutes what is known as a behavior. The

command to give an object a behavior is of the form( <ask or tell> <object>

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<message>:. . < action(s) >)

Figure 1-2 gives an example of how a previously created generic 0"Action-Unit" could be tasked to create another generic unit "Tani

Action-Unit would inherit the behavior ability to create another objectthe top-level object Something. The object property list is in the foslot-value pairs, e.g., "tanks", and "10,"1 indicating that each tank cor

begins with ten tanks. The semi-colons set off comments and are us

make the code more readable or to provide explanation.

Figure 1-3 gives an example of how a generic unit could be tas

create instances of itself and provide additional properties to the instane

An example is given in Figure 1-4 of an object behavior. The ex

also demonstrates some of the features of the ROSS language, in partthe abbreviation package which aids in the readability of the code.

behavior is given to the generic object "Unit" and would therefore be inh,by all descendants, both generic and instantiated, of Unit. This bel

consists of four actions which include sending messages to other a

sending messages to the unit itself, and modifying unit properties.

Another feature of the ROSS language demonstrated in the exam... ' that of pattern-matching. This feature allows the use of symbolic variat

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1.3 Organization of the Report

Section 2.0 provides an overview of the BEM model, a descriptio

BEM simulation, and a description of the components of the BEM/ANALI

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work stations. A more detailed description of the BEM is presented in Section r

3.0, which details the "actor files" in the BEM simulation. Section 4.0

describes future enhancements of the BEM. Appendix I and II contain sensor

and threat research for the BEM. Data lists of threat representation for the

BEM are presented in Appendix III, which is classified SECRET and published

separately. Appendix IV presents the ROSS-Language code for the BEM, while --

Appendix V describes the BEM development and demonstration facilities.

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2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT

MODEL (BEM)

2.1 Model Overview

As noted in Section 1.0, the primary purpose of the BEM is to produce

realistic sensor reports for the ANALYST, MITRE's expert system for

intelligence fusion. The BEM also provides a testbed environment where

various C structures and approaches to sensor tasking can be modeled. -

Figure 2-1 shows a high-level view of the BEM/ANALYST models.

In addition to the computer code necessary to run a BEM simulation,

there is a database related to the movement of a Soviet division-level force in

the Fulda Gap of Germany. This data originates in the Scenario Oriented

Recurring Evaluation System (SCORES) ( 7 ) which provides battalion-level

resolution. Previous work at MITRE( 8 '9 ) has expanded this data to company

level, and from this, beginning and ending times and positions have been

generated (See Section 2.2.1). Path construction routines which can be used

dynamically during a simulation are also used prior to a BEM run to generate

routes for all threat units. These routes are constructed with the aid of a

nodal network which includes the road network and any other trafficable path

for a company-sized unit. 2."

Currently, sensor detection in the BEM extends only to the point of

determining whether a given observable event has taken place within the

geographic coverage area of a relevant sensor. Other considerations related

to sensor detection, such as terrain masking and signal attenuation, will reside

in formal sensor models and appear in a future version of the BEM.

2.2 Input Data

2.2.1 Red Units

Red units in the BEM represent a first-echelon Soviet division in the

Fulda Gap area of Germany on D + 1, i.e., one day after the start of

hostilities. The division consists of three tank regiments, one motorized rifle

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regiment, their regimental artillery groups, an artillery regiment, an air

defense battalion, and combat service support units. Units are represented

down to company level, with headquarters represented from battalion to

division level. Unit positions are developed for 0330 hours and 0930 hours on

D + 1 of SCORES European Sequence II a. Figure 2-2 depicts the command 0

structure.

Common unit data are developed and stored at the generic unit level.

These data include the number and types of vehicles and radios and other

characteristics such as march length and speed and radio nets. Individual unit

data such as location and radio frequency are developed and stored at the

instance unit level. Appendix II (published separately) presents

representative data at both the generic and instance levels.

2.2.2 Blue Sensors

The BEM employs five generic types of sensors:

o MTI (moving target indicators) which detect unit movement on thebattlefield.

o COMINT (communications intelligence) which detects radiocommunications.

o CMCB (counter-mortar/counter-battery) which detects mortar,rocket, missile and artillery firings.

o ELINT (electronic intelligence) which detects radar emissions.

o IMINT (imagery intelligence, specifically photo).

CMCB is only represented on the ground while IMINT is only represented

" airborne. All others are represented both on the ground and airborne.

COMINT sensors are omnidirectional. All others are directional, with IMINT

having a squared coverage area directly beneath the platform, and MTI,

CMCB and ELINT having a fan-shaped coverage.

" "2.3 Description of a BEM Simulation

The BEM has a scenario file with particular events set to occur at

specified times during the simulation. First among these events is the

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delivery of orders down through the Soviet military chain of command 0

beginning at division level and proceeding to the company/battery level.

Movement of these threat units will not begin before their start times as

prescribed by the SCORES data.

A second major event set in motion by the scenario file is the initiation

of artillery firings, and anti-aircraft radar and firing activity. In a two-sided

simulation, many of these events would be generated on the Red side in

response to events occurring on the Blue side. Since the current BEM is one-

sided, it is necessary to generate these events artificially. Once set in

motion, these activities can continually be produced throughout the simulation

by Monte Carlo techniques.

The third major activity initiated by the scenario file is the tasking of

ground and airborne sensors. Ground sensors will travel along the node

network until they reach a point where they will stop and begin their

mission. Passive sensors (COMINT, ELINT) will remain on for the duration of

their mission, while active sensors (MTI, CMCB) will periodically turn on and

off. Airborne sensors will start from and return to a specified airport.

Airborne MTI, ELINT and COMINT sensors will fly to designated points and

proceed to traverse racetrack patterns with their sensors turned on during

each leg of the racetrack and off during each turn. Photo-imagery sensors

will be given specified flight points over which a picture will be taken.

Although this preprogramming of sensor tasking allows the simulation to run

systemically, it is nevertheless possible to interactively task sensors during

the running of the simulation.

As previously noted, the current BEM employs object-oriented

programming techniques using the ROSS programming language. Events and

calculations occur in response to messages sent amongst the various objects.

Part of the BEM Controller Station is a text terminal which, in addition to

allowing interaction with the BEM, can display the ROSS messages sent during

a simulation. An example of some of these messages is shown in Figure 2-3.

The format of a line of the message is the time the message was sent, the

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object to whom the message was sent, and the message itself with any

variables evaluated (as is) in it. The user may have all messages print out or

only those of particular interest. The messages may also be sent to a file on

the disk. The complete set of messages is an invaluable aid to debugging,

whereas a carefully chosen subset is displayed during demonstrations to better

understand the progression of events exhibited on the Ground Truth Display.

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2.4 BEM/ANALYST Work Stations4

During the running of a full-up BEM simulation (which involves the

ANALYST), user interaction is accomplished by means of three work stations:

o BEM Controller Station

o Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS)

0 ANALYST Station

Figure 2-4 shows the current BEM/ANALYST Work Station

Configuration. Each of these stations contains a keyboard and graphics

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r display. (See Appendix V for a description of the laboratory configuration.)The BEM Controller Station controls the simulation itself. The

simulation is initiated from the text terminal of this station and can at any

time be suspended. During a suspension, the user can change certain kind of

data and even alter sections of code. The simulation can then be restarted

and it will take up where it left off.

The Blue Sensor Control Station serves to monitor Blue sensor movement

and sensor reports coming from the BEM. This station also serves as a vehicle

for dynamically tasking sensors. In the real world, intelligence missions are

conducted primarily in an effort to discover information relating to enemy 5

tposition capability and intention. In the analytical environment, it is

inappropriate for the collection manager to be able to view the enemy order

of battle. For this reason, the Blue Sensor Control Station is remoted from

4 the BEM. Although its functions belong in fact to several intelligence

organizations in the field, it has been useful to combine them at one station

for purposes of analysis.

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their respective graphics displays and make enquiries as to the nature of an

object displayed there.

The next four sections of this report discuss these stations and their

. displays in more detail.

2.4.1 BEM Controller Station

The BEM simulation is projected graphically onto the Ground Truth

Display. This display is comprised of three functional parts: (1) a node or

terrain background, (2) the Red threat units, and (3) the Blue sensor units. In

addition, the activities of the military units are dynamically displayed. Figure2-5 shows the terrain symbology used.

2.4.1.1 Background Displays

2.4.1.1.1 Trafficable Path Network Background. Threat and sensor

ground units are constrained by terrain features to a limited set of trafficable

paths. These paths are represented by 493 nodes in the BEM simulation. Each

of these nodes has properties describing its type (city, bridge, obstacle or road -

intersection), its location, and any neighboring nodes to which there are

trafficable paths. The graphics system can portray this nodal network to

support development of route selection criteria or to enhance other detailed

threat analyses. Figure 2-6 shows the current node network.

2.4.1.1.2 Stylized Terrain Feature Background. Demonstrations of the

.',. BEM require a graphical background which has more militarily significant

information. Major terrain features such as high speed roads, major rivers,

- .and forested areas need to be displayed, along with large urban centers and

" •key bridges. Here the viewer is able to watch the simulation against an

aggregated background where model details are less important than major

O trends in behavior. This is the default background for the BEM Ground Truth

Display. Figure 2-7 shows the terrain display.

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2.4.1.2 Red Threat Units. Threat units in the BEM are of five basic

types: tank, motorized rifle, artillery, air defense, and combat service

support. These require symbols to reflect both their function and their size,

e.g., company/battery, battalion, regiment and division. The symbology used

is similar to approved military convention while allowing for rapid recognition

in a complex display. Figure 2-8 shows Red threat units representing a

division.

2.4.1.3 Blue Sensor Units. As stated earlier, the BEM uses five basic

types of sensors: MTI, COMINT, ELINT, IMINT (photo), and CMCB. The

symbology used to represent sensors does not distinguish between sensor types

but rather whether the sensor is airborne or on the ground. The symbols were

chosen to make sensors easily distinguishable from the Red threat units.

2.4.1.4 Enemy and Sensor Activities. The Ground Truth Display

*'.- dynamically portrays not only the simulation units but also their activities. "

These are discussed below.

Threat and sensor units that move require a graphics display of that

movement. Basically, movement is depicted by erasing a unit's symbol at the

current position, drawing a vector to the destination, erasing the vector, and

displaying the symbol at the end location.

Military communications (for the threat units only) are represented as

radiating concentric circles centering on the transmitting element and colored

to correspond with the type of communications currently used in the BEM, ;-.

i.e., fire call, net call, ready call, control call, sitrep call, and confirm call.

There are four types of threat radars used in the BEM: meteorological,

fire control, heightfinder, and surveillance. Each radar "on status" event is .-

represented as the displaying of a radar symbol next to the transmitting unit

in a color appropriate to its function.0:,

There are three types of firing events shown on the Ground Truth 0

Display: artillery, missile, and rocket. Each type requires a separate color

and is shown as a flashing asterisk near the firing unit.

29

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There are currently three types of sensor coverage displayed on the

Ground Truth Display. Airborne photo-imagery is represented by a square

with the current sensor location in the center. Omnidirectional sensors

(COMINT) require a circular coverage display, while directional sensors (MTI,

ELINT, CMCB) require a fan-type coverage display with the origin at the

current sensor location. Displays of sensor coverage are used to depict

graphically the tactical duty cycle of particular sensors. Figure 2-9 decpicts

ground and airborne sensors and their coverages over the battlefield.

2.4.2 Blue Sensor Control Station

The Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS) is a separate process from the

BEM, designed to provide an interactive window into the sensor tasking and

execution functions contained in the battlefield simulation. Additionally, the

Blue Sensor Control Station displays the results of BEM sensor operations in

the form of tactical intelligence reports displayed on the graphics screen.

2.4.2.1 Utility. The Blue Sensor Control Station enables the user acting

as a collection manager to formulate sensor taskings for each of five types of

intelligence sensors. These taskings are then passed to the BEM for

implementation. Providing there are available sensors, the BEM orchestrates

the performance of the sensor platforms and collection devices. Sensor

platform positions and coverage areas are displayed at the Blue Sensor

Control Station Display, allowing the collection manager to monitor the

execution of earlier taskings. The BEM sends tactical sensor reports to the

Blue Sensor Control Station which displays them on the graphics screen. The

Blue Sensor Control Station also records reports in history files for use in

-"-" later evaluations. At any point, the user can interact with the Blue Sensor

.:. Control Station display to obtain information relating to a particular sensor or

report on the screen. The mission tasking, monitoring, and assessment cycle

'O continues throughout the simulation, and the collection manager at any point

can control sensor employment in the BEM through this station.

33

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2.4.2.2 Operation Once the BEM is running, the user then loads the Blue

Sensor Control Station environment into a ROSS program in the same working

area as the BEM and prepares the station with the following command:

(ask station-manager prepare the station)

This behavior is principally graphical in nature. It displays the stylized

terrain background and the station menu on graphics screen. Figure 2-10 is a

view of the station after this command is completed.

The user can now cause the station to begin looking for sensor position

updates and sensor reports put out by running BEM. The command to issue is:

(ask station-manager turn the station on)

At this point the station is running and the user controls its operations

with the menu shown in Figure 2-10. By placing the joystick cursor over the

desired circle option and pressing a key, the user can select among the choices

shown.

The menu shown allows for selective decluttering of the display by

alternately showing or hiding parts of the display such as the map, sensor

* positions or sensor reports, or the menu itself. A joystick is used to "pick"

sensors and sensor reports whose detailed information is to be displayed.

- - Figure 2-11 shows the station during a simulation with several sensors

operational, their coverage areas and sensor reports of several types displayed

on the screen. The station's interactive querying capability is shown in Figure

2-12, where the user has picked an ELINT sensor report. The user can read

the report's property list while the station continues to process incoming

sensor position updates and/or additional sensor reports.

2.4.3 ANALYST Station

2.4.3.1 Utility. The ANALYST Station allows the user to interact with

the fusion model and depicts on a graphics screen the results of processing

sensor reports from the BEM. The ANALYST is an expert system which

transforms sensor reports to meaningful hypotheses as to the current state of ..-.

the battlefield by applying various knowledge-bases. •'" -,

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2.4.3.2 Operation. Sensor reports, collected from the BEM, are O

partioned into five groups corresponding to five types of sensors. Knowledge

is applied to each group of sensor reports to produce localized clusters of

activity as shown in Figure 2-13. The numbers represent the

number of reports making up the cluster, and the color represents the type of

activity, i.e., green for radars, red for firings, etc. Pattern knowledge is then

applied to these clusters to hypothesize the existence of military entities. If

the ANALYST is not sure of an entity at this point, it is shown in pink. Figure

2-14 shows another look at the screen with some military objects determined

and others in an uncertain state (i.e., those shown in pink).

General military knowledge is next applied in an all-source process to

refine the situation. Some information about known objects may be

transferred to those close by which are unknown; initial disparities will be

resolved; and enemy doctrine will be examined to approve or disapprove of

conclusions already made. "

Finally, information both received and hypothesized which is dated will

be purged from the system after a certain length of time. Purged units are

shown in dark blue.

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3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEM

3.1 Model Overview

As discussed in Section 1.0, of major importance in the design of theis the use of object-oriented programming techniques. Constructing the

with the ROSS language was considered an important test case in determthe applicability of the object-oriented programming to other forms of

modeling. For a report on the evaluation of object-oriented programmir

Army modeling, see the MITRE Working Paper. ( 4 )

As noted earlier, objects in the BEM can generally be divided intothat have some real-world counterpart and those that do not. This 1

group is referred to as auxiliary objects, which perform computationsservice to the real-world objects of threat units and Blue sensors. Figur

shows the ROSS object hierarchical structure of the BEM. The rightcolumn headed by Scenario comprises the auxiliary objects in the BEM.

properties and behaviors resident at one level of this hierarchy cainherited by any actor at a lower level. Conversely, any property or beh

at a lower level can overide the same property or behavior resident

higher level. Thus, in order to save space, properties and behaviors ifBEM are placed at the highest level of commonality.

The primary purpose of the BEM is to generate realistic sensor rep

So that this function may be better understood in the BEM/ROSS environnTable 3-1 portrays the major elements of controlling sensors and of s(

detection oi Red units. A view of the process is given here by stelthrough the sequence of message passing from the first tasking of a senso

the ultimate detection of a threat unit. The example uses an airborne Esensor which is capable of detecting emissions from Red unit anti-airl

radars if those emissions fall within its coverage area. The messages depi

are the actual ROSS messages sent.

51

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The actor "Scenario" is the BEM's source of initiating events. The event

of interest in the case shown in Table 3-1 is the tasking of an ELINT sensor.

*This tasking alternatively could have been generated by the Blue Sensor

* Control Station through interaction with the user.

In the initial message in Step 1, controll, elint, 8, 3, and (50 25)

represent the specific values of variables within the message. All other words-

form the static format of the message. This message is sent to a sensor-

control-unit called Controll, which will determine which sensor is available

and construct a task and plan for it using the incoming information.

In Step 2, when Controll, sends the message, the expressions !task and

!plan will be evaluated and sent to the sensor-action-unit indicated by the

variable "sensor".

Step 3 indicates that the sensor-action-unit will ask an auxiliary unit

* called Flightplanner to construct a route for the airborne sensor, and also ask

* ano~ther auxiliary unit, Mathematician, to determine when the coverage areaof the sensor penetrates (i.e., turns on in) the global sector (an intermediary

between Blue sensors and Red units).

In Step 4, Mathematician will, in response to the previous message, send a

message to the global sector telling it what sensor has penetrated it and

* sending pertinent additional information such as the next time the sensor will

turn off.

In Step 5, the sector will ask the Mathematician to determine the time

and space overlaps between the ELINT sensor and any Red radars. The result

will be a list of the Red radars which are on within the ELINT's coverage area

at the same time the ELINT sensor is turned on. Also returned will be the

times when these detections first occur. When these times are reached in the

simulation, the Sector will send a message to the appropriate sensor to check

for sensor detection as indicated.

* * In Step 6, when this message is received by a generic actor Sensor, the

proposed detection is passed on directly to the Interface telling it which

53 .-

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0Table 3-1

Major Elements of Sensor Control and Detection

Actor Example of Message Sent by Actor

1. Scenario file"tell controll send up airborne

or elint sensor in 8 km racetrackpattern 3 times around with

Sensor Control Station initial pt (50 25)"

2. Sensor-Control-Unit "tell !sensor move airborne sensorin racetrack pattern with !taskand !plan"

3. Sensor-Action-Unit "ask flightplanner move airbornesensor !myself using racetrackpattern"

"ask mathematician determine pene-tration of global generic sectorwith airborne sensor !myself"

4. Mathematician "tell sector !sensor has pene-trated the sector with !sensor-data"

5. Sector "ask mathematician determinetime/space overlaps between elint!sensor-data and any red radars" .

"tell !sensor check for sensor .-

detection of !unit of type !typeand frequency !frequency" :."-,

6. Generic Sensor Type "tell interface !myself hasdetected !unit at !frequency and!duration"

7. Interface Extracts from the database the0, O-type of information that parti- .

cular sensor would report and.. sends it (if required) to Blue

Sensor Control Station or ANALYST

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sensor has detected what threat unit and relaying the detected emission

frequency and duration.

In Step 7, the Interface will extract from the unit's database only the

information that a sensor could realistically detect. These sensor reports can

then be sent to ANALYST and/or the Blue Sensor Control Station.

3.2 Actors - Actor Files in the BEM Simulation

The following sections of the report discuss the current actors in the BEM

simulation by describing their purpose and their major behaviors.

3.2.1 Simulator

The Simulator is the highest-level actor in the object hierarchy. Createdby the ROSS actor Something, all other actors are directly or indirectly

created from Simulator. A well-defined inheritance tree is thus establishedeven though inheritance features are not used for all actors. Simulator is the

principal BEM object with which the user can control the simulation. Prior to

the beginning of a simulation, the user sends a message to the Simulator by ; "

typing:

(ask simulator prepare simulation using scenario xyz).

Upon receipt of this message the Simulator will:

o override certain of its defaults with those in the scenario filenamed xyz

o ask the graphics generator (the Artist) to draw the appropriateterrain background on the Ground Truth Display

,'. .%

o ask the Artist to draw all of the military units on the Ground TruthDisplay in their initial positions. 7

When this is completed, the user types:(ask simulator start simulation).

When the Simulator receives the "start simulation" message, it:

*. o tells the scenario actor xyz to "prepare to start simulation" whichinitiates all preprogrammed events

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o sets up a loop which will loop once for every simulation time 0segment (tick) required to reach the designated end of thesimulation.

Within the loop for every simulation tick, the Simulator will:

o cheek to see if an interrupt has occurred which is the user'smethod for halting the simulation

0 ask the Artist to print the simulation time on the Ground Truth

Display

o ask the simulation clock to advance one tick

o cause all sensor reports accumulated during the tick to be sent outto ANALYST and/or the Blue Sensor Control Station.

The above two commands are the ones required from the Controller Station to

run the BEM simulation.

The user can also send the Simulator messages to start or stop:

o all graphics on the Ground Truth Display

o sending sensor reports to ANALYST and/or the Blue SensorControl Station.

Finally, by sending the Simulator the message "prepare simulation again," the

-. -user can cause a complete restart of the simulation from the beginning

without reloading the system.

3.2.2 Scenario

The Scenario actor is created by the Simulator and takes a name related

to a simulation being shown. This actor contains property information and

messages which will govern how the BEIM simulation will be run. The graphics

and timing defaults listed as properties of the Simulator can be overridden by

the corresponding properties of the Scenario. The Scenario has only one

behavior. In response to the message "prepare to start simulation," the

scenario will send messages which initiate movement, artillery and air defense

firings, radar emissions and sensor taskings. These messages will be sent at;; specified times during the simulation.

56

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3.2.3 Artist2

The Artist is an auxiliary object which produces the graphics on the

Ground Truth Display. It provides a high-level ROSS interface so that theBEM actors need not concern themselves with the details of graphics

production. In the BEM, medium-level BEM related graphics routines reside in

* . an ARTFNS.L library while BEM- independent, low-level graphics instructions

reside in the AED.L file.

* 3.2.3.1 The Low-Level Graphics Device Driver (AED.L). The device

currently used in the SPL for graphics displays is the AED 512 graphicsterminal. As in the case of any graphics terminal, it has its own set of

firmware which recognizes specific display commands to produce images on

the display monitor. In an effort to make the Artist as device independent as7 possible, these functions were written directly in LISP and placed in a file

separate from the ROSS files for ease of compilation and speed. Other SPLLISP-based systems also use this file as the device driver for the AED, as in

the case of the VAX-based ANALYST. This file is application independent

and represents a LISP graphics library for the AED terminals. An example of

a LISP function used is:

(draw-circle 10)which draws a circle with the origin at the current cursor position in the

current color with a radius of 10 pixels. This function generates a character

stream which drives the AED firmware through an RS232 interface to produce

* the circle.

3.2.3.2 Artist Messages/Behaviors. When receiving the ROSS message

"display node network"

the Artist accesses the BEM node network data structure to produce an image

on the background plane shown in Figure 2-6. This display uses the colors

gray, blue, and black. The cities are represented as blue circles, the bridges

or obstacles as gray circles, and the roads as gray arcs. Black is reserved to

enable erasure which is available by substituting the word "erase" for "display"

in the invoking message pattern. The substitution of "erase" for "display" is

allowed in all Artist messages.

57

When receiving the ROSS message O

"display tic (or grid) marks"

the Artist will cause kilometer-spaced tic or grid marks to be drawn as an aid

in the determination of points of reference. Tic marks are spaced along both

the x and y axes. Grid marks cross the entire screen along both axis. Both tic

and grid marks are drawn in gray.

When receiving the ROSS messages

"display towns and bridges" and "display terrain features"

the Artist draws the stylized terrain display as shown in Figure 2-7. Forested

areas, major highways, cities and bridges are drawn with these messages

:4 where tree symbols are green, roads and cities light blue, and bridges gray.

When receiving the ROSS message

"place > shape at vicinity"

the Artist will draw an object symbol corresponding to the value of "shape" at

the location specified by "vicinity". All threat units and sensors are initiallydisplayed with this command.

When receiving the ROSS message

"move > actor from > location to > destination using > shape"

the Artist erases the specified shape at the specified location, draws a line in

the appropriate color to the specified destination, erases the line, and places

the symbol at the destination to give an appearance of object movement. The

actor variable holds the actor name involved, and although this information is

not currently exploited, it aids considerably in tracing the Artist behaviors.

...7 When receiving the ROSS messages

"display >type com m at >location"

or "display >type radar at >location"

or "display > type burst at > location"

the Artist will draw special symbols at the specified location representing one

of these activities. For the "comm" request, the Artist will display and then

- .automatically erase four concentric circles in an appropriate color to indicate

a tactical communications event. For the "radar" request, the Artist will

58 "'"

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display an appropriately colored radar symbol to the left of the locationspecified. For the "burst" request, the Artist will display an appropriately-

colored asterisk to the left of the specified location. Because this depicts a

firing event, the symbol will be erased automatically.

When receiving the ROSS message"display > actor sensor coverage"

the Artist will display the particular sensor's coverage area using the sensor's

range, current location, and coverage shape (circle, fan, or square). All of

these shapes are orange colored and will be appropriately clipped at the edges

of the Ground Truth Display.

When receiving the ROSS message -.

"update the clock to > time"

the current value of simulation time is displayed at the upper left hand corner

of the screen.

The ROSS message"correspond"

enables user interaction with the Ground Truth Display screen for information

' query. The Artist initiates a dialogue with the user on the text terminal of

the Controller Station concerning the objects on the Ground Truth Display. -"-

The user may request information about nodes, sectors, threat units, and

sensors, by "picking" them on the graphics terminal with the cursor. The

Artist will then list on the text terminal the full property list for that item.

3.2.4 Node/Node Environment File

The Node Environment file is a file of node instances created by the

generic Node object. In this file the individual node properties - position,

associated sector, node type and linked neighbor nodes - take on specific

values. Nodes do not have behaviors. They exist in the current BEM as a

convenient, easily accessible database. The 493 node instances create a nodenetwork corresponding to the road network depicted in the previous chapter.

The property "linked-nodes" is a list of other nodes to which there exists a

59.

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trafficable path. This information is used by path construction routines togenerate routes for the movement of ground units, both threat and sensor.

3.2.5 Pathfinder

Pathfinder is an auxiliary object created at the instance level. It is usedboth in the preprocessing of input data and dynamically in the simulation to

find paths for the Red units and Blue ground sensors over the traffic ability* network. The Pathfinder accesses unit and network data and determines a -

- .~ time-ordered route using pathfinding and other algorithms written in LISP.

The Pathfinder does not have any properties but has three behaviors:

0 To determine a time-ordered network path for a Red unit

0 To determine a time-ordered network path for a Blue groundsensor

0 To move either a sensor or unit over the network path at thepredetermined times.

3.2.6 Sc heduler

Scheduler is an auxiliary object created at the instance level. The

purpose of Scheduler is to create those events which are either of a random

nature or would be created by the interaction of opposing units in a two-sided

simulation. Events currently modeled are as follows:

0 Artillery fire missions

0 Air defense engagements

0 Radar on-off status.

Sc heduler has the following properties which control the frequency of events:0 Preparation-frequency, the mean frequency with which artillery -

preparation fire missions are generated

0 Fire-mission-frequency, the mean frequency with which artillerytarget-of -opportunity fire missions are generated

0 Firing units, a list of the artillery fire units available depending onthe type of mission

60

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0 Artillery preparation start-time, stop-time and length, set by theinitiating message

o Air defense engagement frequency.

The Scheduler has eight behaviors described below:

o "Initiate call for fire." This causes the Scheduler to take threeactions:

- schedule the next "initiate call for fire" according to anexponentially distributed random variable time in minutes withmean of the fire mission frequency

- randomly pick one of the maneuver companies in contact to

call for artillery support

- send a message to that company to make the call for artillery.

0 "Cease call for fire." This causes the Scheduler to unplan its next"initiate call for fire" and thereby terminates the cycling until it isreinitiated.

0 "Conduct > t-length minutes fire starting at time >t-start.1' Thiscauses the Scheduler to set its property values for the preparationstart-time, length and stop-time and to call itself to "fire the

* preparation."

o "Fire the preparation." Upon receipt of the message, theScheduler takes the following three actions:

- reschedules the next "fire the preparation" message to itselfunless the preparation stop-time has been passed

- randomly picks an artillery battery which is available to fire(not moving or otherwise engaged)

pll:- sends a message to the unit to fire.

0 "Cease fire the preparation." This causes the Scheduler to unplan"fire the preparation" and thereby stops the cycling of calls untilreinitiated.

0 "Initiate Red radars." This causes the Scheduler to

.- . - schedule a "create air defense acquisition" message accordingto an exponential distribution with a parameter of the airdefense engagement frequency

61

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schedule a duty cycle for each of the various units with radars "i(See section 3.2.8 for more description of the SA-6 acquisitionsequence).

0 "Create air defense acquisition." This message causes theScheduler to

- reschedule another "create air defense acquisition" message toitself

- check each air defense battalion and if one is found that has itssurveillance radar on, the Scheduler sends a message to thatunit telling it it has acquired a target.

" "Cease air defense acquisition." This message causes theScheduler to unplan "create air defense acquisition" and stops thecycle until it is reinstated.

3.2.7 Sector/Sector Environment File

The Sector is an auxiliary object which performs two functions for a BEM

simulation:

o It acts as a third party between sensors and threat units.

o It can localize the search for threat units by some sensors.

The battlefield is divided into rectangular sectors which do not correspond to

any military sectors. These sectors are all created as ROSS instances and are

defined in the Sector Environment file. There are no behaviors in this file;

* the only data slot is for the position of the sector instances. The position is

given in the form of four x-y locations of the corners of the sector. Figure 3-2 shows the allocation of sectors over the battlefield in the current BEM. .,-_,

Sector behaviors reside in the generic Sector actor, referred to as the

global sector when the entire battlefield is treated as one sector. When this

.. occurs, the global (generic) sector acts as an instance would, and messages are

sent directly to it instead of the actual sector instances.

3.2.7.1 Sector as Third Party. All five sensor types use the sector as a

third party between them and the threat units. This is done to increase

the integrity of the simulation since it is not appropriate to have sensors

accessing threat unit information. Since the sector can know the dispositions

" 62

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of both sensors and units, it acts to complete the sensor detection process

once an initiating event has occurred.

Table 3-2 shows the events which trigger the detection process inSector. The occurrence of any of these events results in a corresponding

S message being sent to either the global sector or a sector instance. Thusthere are seven behaviors within Sector.

The time duration of events is crucial to determining how the sensor

detection process works. Even though voice communications, artillery firings,

and picture-taking do have time lengths associated with them, these times are

considered small enough so that the event can essentially be considered to

occur at a single point in time. Therefore, when voice communications occur,

the global sector will receive the ROSS message

.unit has voice communication with

frequency > freq and duration > duration"

and when artillery or missile firings occur, the global sector will receive the

message

"unit has fired > artillery-missile".

The response to these messages is essentially the same. The Mathematician is

asked to search the list of relevant sensors in order to determine time/space

overlaps between sensors and units. For each sensor having a time/space

overlap with the unit, a message will be sent to it telling it to "check for

sensor detection..." This is the essence of what the Sector does, although the

time/space overlap computations in the Mathematician vary widely.

to Sector responds to IMINT events upon receipt of the message

"sensor has taken picture at > point"The response is similar to that described above except that in this case the

sensor originated the event, and Sector will check all units within the relevant .

sensor coverage area. 0

Because enemy anti-aircraft radars have long duty cycles compared to

radios and because movement of threat units through sectors is continuous,

detection of these events is dependent on the time intersection between

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sensor and unit events. Therefore, for these kinds of detections, the Sectormust respond to both the threat unit event and the sensor turning on. For

ELINT detections the threat and sensor related messages to Sector are

respectively

Y" unit has turned > type radar on at frequency > freq

and duration >duration""- and "sensor has penetrated the sector with sensor-data".

" For MTI detections the threat and sensor related messages to Sector are

respectively

"unit has penetrated sector with >unit-data

" and "sensor has penetrated the sector with >sensor-data".

Sector has four actor property lists which relate to the four messages above:

0 Active -Red-radars

o ELINT-sensors

o Units

o Sensors (for MTI).

Every time Sector receives one of the four messages above, it adds the threat

unit or sensor to its relevant property list and plans to remove it from the

property list when that unit or sensor leaves the Sector (or stops moving,

etc.). Thus at any given time, all ELINT and MTI sensors active in the Sector

and all units which they could detect are known to the Sector. A time overlap

is simply that time intersection when both sensor and unit are active in the

Sector. The Mathematician is asked to determine this and for those

sensors/units which have time overlaps, a second check for space overlaps will

be performed. If time/space overlaps exist, the relevant sensor will be

...) informed.

3.2.7.2 Sector for Localized Computation. The second use of sectors is

for localization of computations. Because the number of sensors and events

for COMINT, CMCB, IMINT and ELINT are relatively few, localization (or use ,--

of the sector instances instead of the global sector) is not employed for these

sensors. Only MTI sensors can use localization since there are a large number

of threat units spread out over the battlefield, and most of them are capable

67

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* .. * .

". ," .• . . . . ... - . . . .. .. . . ..... ,,,., - .- °, -. J-.. . . . .. , . - *.1, ,.. ... •

.......... * ,:..* :. > ' .

of movement. The idea behind localization is that it is not necessary to check Wunits over the entire battlefield if the sensor covers only a small part of it.Since the sensor coverage for airborne MTIs is extensive, there is noadvantage to using the smaller sectors. Consequently, only ground-based MTlsuse the smaller sectors.

* 3.2.8 Flightplanner

Flightplanner is an auxiliary object which constructs routes for theairborne sensors to fly. It contains two behaviors-one which constructs aracetrack pattern and the other which constructs a route based on a list ofarbitrarily specified points (used only for IMINT sensors). The relevant ROSSmessages to which the Flightplanner responds are, respectively:

"move airborne sensor >sensor using racetrack pattern"and "move airborne imint sensor> sensor along points> points". '-

For the racetrack pattern, information relating to the leg length, number

of times around, and initial point have been placed in the sensor's "plan"property. This plan will be reworked to form a list of points and associated Stimes which establish a template for the racetrack pattern. The first and lastpoints on the route are the airport. The initial timing of the route is set so

- .that an aircraft takes off as soon as possible, i.e., after an appropriate

response delay. The initial point is the lower right hand point of the racetrack* . pattern. A total of six points will be calculated based on the initial point, and

associated times will be calculated using the speed of the aircraft. Theaircraft always flies around the racetrack in a counterclockwise direction.Figure 3-3 shows the route constructed for an example sensor with a fan-shaped coverage area. For the template points on revolutions beyond thefirst, times will simply be updated with the time it takes to make a completecircuit of the racetrack pattern. When the template plan is finished,

S Mathematician is asked to "calculate update points for !sensor". Thisprocess will generate intermediate points according to the resolution specifiedby the user for use with the graphics displays of the Ground Truth and Sensor

68

Pt 3

Pt 4 Pt 2

Pt 5 ,,Pt 1- initial pt

.Aipor

FIUR 3-EXML RAERC/ATR

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Control stations. This updated plan is stored back into the "plan" property ofthe sensor.

The routes for IMINT sensors are constructed from the list of points

passed in the message. Times at these points are calculated using the

aircraft's speed and, as before, Mathematician is asked to refine the route by O

calculating intermediate times and points.

3.2.9 Mathematician

The Mathematician is an auxiliary object which serves the computational

needs of the other objects.

The twelve behaviors of the Mathematician are divided into three

categories:

o Determination of time/space overlaps

o Calculation of sector penetrations by units and sensors

0 Refining stored data.

The determination of time and space overlaps was first described in the

section on the actor Sector. The messages are all of the general form

"determine time/space overlap between > a and > b," where "a" is a sensor,

and "b" denotes the list of relevant units to be searched. If the event is a type

that has no time duration (as discussed in Section 3.2.7), a simple

determination of space overlap will be made which entails calculating whether

a unit is within a sensor's coverage area at the given time. If the event has

significant time duration, a calculation will first be made to determine the

time overlap. A time overlap is simply the intersection of the time intervals

of the unit and the sensor within the sector. Using lower-level LISP routines,

further calculations are made to determine if there was a space overlap

within that time overlap.

The second major function of the Mathematician is the calculation of .

sector penetrations by sensors and units. For sensors, penetration applies not

to the sensor itself but to its coverage area. A sensor coverage area

"penetrates" a sector either when the sensor first turns on or during

70

6 S..)." . p *

"" " ° "" """ " " " ' " " "- .-'.. ... . ."". ""

- - .o ".o"

movement when the coverage area first intersects a sector boundary, and

when the sensor coverage area exits the sector. In the case of units, sector

penetration means movement of the unit both into and out of the sector. If

the unit was already in a sector and not moving, the initiation of its

movement would constitute a sector penetration.

Finally, the Mathematician can refine existing data. One method,

discussed in Section 3.2.8, was the calculation of intermediate time and

position points for a more roughly laid out plan. These calculations are done

solely to smooth out sensor and unit movement on the graphics displays. A

second form of data refinement occurs when the Mathematician receives the

message:

"reconstruct cycle definition for > object".

It then takes information on a sensor's mission start-time, mission duration,

and duty cycle and creates a list of sublists which contain on/off times for the

entire duration of the mission. The information, put in this form, is used by a

variety of other actors.

3.2.10 Interface

Interface is an auxiliary object which acts on messages from the sensor

actors (MTI, COMINT, CMCB, ELINT, IMINT) to the effect that a specified

unit has been detected. The messages coming from the five sensors are:"mti >sensor has detected >unit"

-'omint > sensor has detected > unit at frequency > freq and_-•duration duration"

'mcb - sensor has detected > unit""elint > sensor has detected >unit of type> type andfrequency > freq"."imint >sensor has detected >unit at time >time".

Some of these messages pass variables relating to frequency or duration

since these can only be known at the time a unit initiated the event resulting

O in its detection. Interface exists to combine these data with other types of .

" data stored in the threat units' data base. The information will be formatted

-. into a sensor report which contains only that information which that sensor

-" could reasonably detect. Sensor reports are accumulated and sent out to the

71

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,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-....". .. ' .. .....-.'. .- ,' . ... - . . - .. . --. . .-.. . . . . . . . -, ,-... . '' . ",--%.JI-

% * % % , , , = % , " . = = k% ' ' °' M . " . = " - * - " " • " - " = . " • " - " * " " - " ''

'= ~ -e ?" , -= " I"q r=

• =,• v" " r .° ' . , .' . ,' ° "* .' •' ' ",, ,' ' ' . ' . .".,.

.7.- V%.. . 7

ANALYST and/or Blue Sensor Control Station by the Simulator at a frequency

related to the simulation clock step size.

3.2.11 Unit

Unit is a high-level generic actor with few assigned property values but

which has most of the behaviors presently provided to any of the Red units in

the simulation. Its parent in the object hierarchy is the generic actor

Simulator, its subordinates are Action-Unit and Control-Unit. The other

property slots which are assigned values are times such as communication

delay time, response delay, fire mission call time and other lengths of

communications.

There are five unit behaviors stored at this level of the actor hierarchy. V.

These are behaviors in response to the following messages:

o "Proceed to> position". This causes the unit to take the followingactions:

- notify the Artist to move the unit position on the Ground TruthDisplay

- set the unit position to the next position

- shut down its surveillance radar if it has one

- set the unit activity to moving.

0 "Move according to plan." This causes the unit to take thefollowing action:

- notify the Artist to display a confirmation communications call

- notify the Sector of the communications call

-request the Pathfinder to move the unit from its presentposition to its destination.

0 "Have arrived at node >node." This causes the unit to take thefollowing actions:

- notify the Artist to display a control call communication

- notify the Sector that a voice communication has been made andletting it know of the radio frequency and length of call.

72

PP0

. -..,-.

'1

o "Have arrived at final destination." This causes the unit to takethe following action:

- notify the Artist to display a closing call communication

- notify the Sector of the communication, frequency anddirectives

- set its activity to "in-position"

- send a message to Scheduler to begin recycling of the unitsradar if it has a surveillance radar.

o "Turn >type radar >onoff." If the unit is moving, then it sets itsradar status to off, unplans any future planned radar cycle, andtells the Scheduler to unplan any cycling. If the unit is not movingand the message is to turn the radar type on, then it takes thefollowing actions:

- notifies the Artist to display the radar symbol

- notifies the Sector that the radar has been turned on and statesthe frequency and duration

- sets the radar status to on.

If the unit is not moving and the message is to turn the radar off, then

the unit makes the notifications to the Artist and Sector and sets its radar

status to off.

3.2.12 Control-Unit

Control-Unit is the generic actor from which all the control units (i.e.,

those with subordinates in the military hierarchy) stem. The actor parent of

Control-Unit is the generic actor Unit, while the subordinates are the types of

control units, e.g., tank battalion headquarters, tank regiment headquarters, -

division headquarters.

The properties for the Control-Unit are inherited from its parent, Unit.

Control-Unit has four behaviors. The first is for all control units; the second

is for maneuver (tank or motorized rifle) battalion headquarters; the third and

*ll fourth are for an air defense regimental headquarters. O

o "Implement battle plans." This message comes initially from thesimulation scenario to the division headquarters and is passed on throughthe military chain of command until reaching the resolution level, theindividual companies in the simulation. On receipt of the message,

4 QControl Units take the following actions:

* 73

.... - ... *... . . . . .

,_... .. ,-.

issue a confirmation call acknowledging receipt of the message

-- issue a communication call to each of its subordinates to

"implement the battle plan"

"- notify both the Artist and the Sector of the above communication

- ask Pathfinder to move the unit according to its pre-arrangedmovement plan.

The behavior for the maneuver battalion command observation post

(COP) is in response to the message "request fire support" from one of the

.*.-" subordinate companies. This simulates the joint effort of the maneuver --

battalion and the collocated artillery representative. The actions taken are as

follows:

o A communication is made acknowledging receipt of the message, andthe Artist and Sector are notified accordingly.

o A check is made of the artillery battalions available to support thatmaneuver unit; the artillery must be within range to provide support,

-- and must not be moving or already engaged in firing.

o The number of volleys of fire needed for the target is generated using aPoisson distribution; this determines both the number of communications -

to the firing unit for adjusted fire and the number of firings by theartillery unit for that mission.

o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communications calling thisartillery unit to fire.

The first behavior for the air defense regimental headquarters is in

response to the message "target acquired" which is generated by the Schedulerto simulate an airborne target being detected by the regiment surveillance

radars. The following actions are taken:

o the regiment headquarters turns its heightfinder radar on and notifiesthe Artist and Sector accordingly

o the regiment headquarters picks one of its batteries to engage thetarget, the battery must not be moving or already engaged in firing

o a communication is made to the battery to "engage the target" and theArtist and Sector are notified accordingly. kb-.

74

0'. .. ....

• -. . = - .. . o - ,- * - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . ., . . . . S .* h. . . " •

-. .

The second behavior for the air defense regiment headquarters is in

-; response to the message "mission complete" when it receives a message from

one of its batteries that a mission has been completed. The following actions

° are taken:

o The headquarters issues a communication acknowledging receipt of thecall and notifies the Artist and Sector accordingly

o The headquarters sends a message to itself to turn off its heightfinderradar.

3.2.13 Action Unit

Action-Unit is the generic actor from which all the company level units

(those without subordinates) stem. The actor parent of Action Unit is the

generic actor Unit; the subordinates are the types of action units, that is, the

generic company level units.

Five behaviors are stored with Action Unit. The first deals with the

battle plan implementation and is used by all action units; the second is for

maneuver companies requesting artillery support, the third is for the artillery t-O

' .batteries providing the fire support, the fourth is for air defense batteries

*' • engaging a target, and the fifth is for artillery units firing preparatory fires.

The message "implement battle plan" is received from the units military

superior and, if the unit is scheduled to move during the time slice, the O

Pathfinder is asked to move the unit according to the plan, on the units

property list.

A maneuver unit in contact may receive a message "call for fire" fromthe Scheduler telling it to call for fire support as if the unit were engaging an

,.-. enemy target. The unit sends a communication to its battalion headquarters

,.-.-requesting artillery support; the Artist and Sector are notified of this

communication.

A behavior for an artillery battery is in response to the message "fire

mission" which it may receive several times, simulating additional calls to

adjust effects on the target. The following actions are taken:

75

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.. "..' . -.. " ' -" " "" "" " . . . . .' . .".".".""" "'... . . "-... . . . . . . . .."" "" - "''i"%" . . °. .. /* 4. • - . - " .-.- "-* " - . * . * . , .

* h . -. °. -

o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communication callacknowledging receipt of the message.

o The Artist and Sector are notified of the firing.

o The unit sets its activity to firing and then "in position" at the end ofthe mission.

The behavior for the air defense battery is in response to the message"engage the target" which it receives from the regiment headquarters. The . -

following actions are taken:

o The Artist and Sector are notified of the communication acknowledgingreceipt of the message.

o The Artist and Sector are notified of each time an air defense missile isfired.

o The unit sets its activity to "firing" during the mission and to "inposition" after completion of the mission.

o The number of missiles which the unit fires is determined according to aPoisson distribution.

o A communication is made to the regiment headquarters on missioncompletion, and the Artist and Sector are notified of this thiscommunication.

The other behavior for artillery batteries is in response to the message

* . "fire preparatory fires" which it receives from Scheduler. The following

-. actions are taken:

o The unit sets its activity to "firing".

o The unit notifies Artist and Sector of the firing.

o The unit sets it activity to "in position" at the mission completion.

3.2.14 Unit Property File

* This file contains the generic unit property data, that is, each of the

actors just above the instance level. There are forty generic units currently

in the BEM. These include the combat, combat support and combat service

support units at company level and their headquarters from battalion to

• division level. The parent of each of the action units, i.e., those at company --

76

. - . .- .- '.

°° - -° ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ° ........%-°' .. ..... . -.... °..... :.. =°. .-......... ° °. .. " ° " ° o ° ° - - " - • ' . ., • - ' . ° - ° ° - , .• • . - . ° . ° -° • , • % .. .• ." • ° . • • ., * * .~.. *., -' . ,

level, is the generic actor Action-Unit. The parent of each of the control

units, i.e., the headquarters units, is the generic actor Control-Unit.

Properties for the generic units include the parent unit, offspring units,

numbers and types of vehicles, types of radios, radio networks used, times to

clear from and close into position, convoy speed and convoy length. (See

Appendix I1.)

No actor behaviors are currently stored at this level.

3.2.15 Red Instance File

This file contains the instantiation of each of the 144 basic actors

representing the Red units in the simulation. The actor parents are the

generic units described in the above paragraph. The instance actors do not

have offspring in the actor hierarchy. No behaviors are currently stored at

this level.

It is at this level that the unit receives its individual properties. These

include the starting and final location for the unit in the time slice; the unit's

location in the military hierarchy to include superior unit, subordinate units, ADsupporting artillery units, units supported, combat service support units and

alternate headquarters. Additional properties include the radio frequencies on

which the unit operates in order to communicate with superior, subordinate

and supporting units.

3.2.16 Sensor

The generic object "Sensor" is the highest level object pertaining to

sensors. It contains a property list as a template for lower-level sensor

objects. The values of the elements of the property list are mostly unfilled at

this level. The Sensor has only one behavior and that is related to

movement. Its response to the message

O "proceed to < position" "0'

is to ask the Artist to move a sensor instance from its current position to theposition specified and then to update the property "position" to the new

location.

.7

. P•%. .°

3.2.17 Sensor-Control-Unit O

The generic object "Sensor-Control-Unit" contains the behavioral

responses to the initial tasking of ground or air sensors. Thus, in response to a

message

"send ground > type sensor to setup point > setup-pt 0

for >mission-duration minute mission"

a sensor control unit will find a ground sensor of the type required by checking

through the list of sensors assigned to it until it finds one not currently

tasked. Then a timing task will be constructed containing information related FIG

to the mission duration and duty cycle (if pertinent). A message will then be

sent to the selected ground sensor ordering it to move to the specified setup

point and to start its mission according to the constructed task. Had no

ground sensor of the required type been available, the request would have

been discarded with an appropriate response sent to the user via the text

terminal of the BEM Controller Station.

For airborne sensors, the sensor, control unit would receive a message of

the form

"send up airborne >type sensor in >leg-length Km

racetrack pattern > num-circuits times around with

initial pt >init-pt"

and search for and select the appropriate sensor in the way it did for ground

sensors. The variable information passed in the message - the type of sensor,

- the leg length of the racetrack pattern, the number of circuits around the

racetrack and the initial point of the racetrack - are sufficient to completely

describe the activities of the sensor chosen. Again a message will be sent to

the selected sensor passing timing and route information in a structured

format.

* i A separate behavior exists for airborne IMINT (Photo) sensors since their

behaviors are significantly different from other airborne sensors. Airborne

IMINT sensors travel to specified points to take photographs instead of

following a racetrack pattern. However, the behaviors for selecting a sensor,

78

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'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~." ".. . . .. . . . .. ". ."... .""." " ••.' . ... .. ... ".-".' -. . .. "". "-.""--"".."." "

'4'°

sending a sensor an order to move, and responding if no sensor is available are S

the same as for other sensors.

3.2.18 Sensor-Action-Unit

The Sensor-Action-Unit is a generic object which contains some of the

behavioral responses to the messages sent by a sensor control unit. The

behavior involved with moving an airborne IMINT sensor applies only to IMINT

sensors and is therefore appropriately placed in the generic IMINT actor, one

level down from the Sensor-Action-Unit.

Upon receipt of the ROSS message

"move ground sensor to> point with > task"

the Sensor-Action-Unit will ask the Artist to draw the sensor on the Ground

Truth Display at its initial position. The Artist will also be asked to draw and

erase the sensor's coverage area periodically according to its duty cycle. If

the ground sensor is to be moved, a message will be sent to the Pathfinder

actor asking it to construct for the sensor a route over the road network. The

sensor will be placed on a list of "sensors-in-use" so that it cannot be retasked - -0

during its mission. If the sensor is an MTI, a message is sent to the

Mathematician actor asking it to determine when the sector(s) are penetrated,

i.e., when the sensor turns on and off. Information pertaining to the on/off

status of the sensor will be sent to the Blue Sensor Control Station (BSCS) if it

is turned on so that the appropriate sensor coverage may be displayed on the

BSCS graphics terminal.

Another behavior in the Sensor-Action-Unit responds to the ROSS

message"move airborne sensor in racetrack pattern with > task

and > plan."

Again the Artist will be sent a message to display the airborne sensor at its

initial position (always an airport). The Flightplanner actor will be asked to

construct an airborne route for the sensor. If the sensor uses sectors directly

to help with detection, Mathematician will be asked to determine when the

79

N.

• . . -• , ° . . - - • * . . .. . . .

sensor's coverage "penetrates" the relevant sector(s).The only other bet

of the Sensor-Action-Unit responds to is the message

"fly to > position."

A sequence of these messages are created as a result of the route consti

by the Flightplanner and refined by the Mathematician. The response 1

message principally involves updating current position of the Sens(

asking the Artist to display the movement of both the sensor and its re

coverage area. Since airborne sensors turn their coverage off as they I

their racetrack pattern, the on and off status of the sensor will a

reflected by those same messages to Artist. Finally, the current positi,

on/off status of the sensor will be sent to the Blue Sensor Control Stat

that it may display the sensor's movement and coverage on its own gr

terminal. Thus the sensor will be seen moving on both the Ground Tru

BSCS displays.

3.2.19 Generic Sensors

There are five generic sensor actors - MTI, COMINT, CMCB, ELIP

IMINT - all of which are created by the Sensor-Action-Unit. As

previously, there are currently no formal sensor models in the BEM

detections based on an event occurring within the geographic coverage a

the sensor. When that detection occurs, a message is sent by the Sector

(acting as an intermediary between threat and sensor units) to the

involved asking it to

S'Ycheck sensor detection of > unit."

- Currently the sole response of all sensors is to consider the specified i

be detected upon receipt of this message and to cause a sensor report

sent out to ANALYST or the Blue Sensor Control Station by sending a m

to the BEM actor Interface. In a future version of the BEM, formal

models will reside in the generic sensor actors and will make a I

determination based on terrain, signal attenuation, etc. as to wheth

observable was actually detected.

-80

9

The generic IMINT actof, however, has otner behaviors not related to

sensor detection but to sensor movement. These are behaviors associated

with the "move" and "fly to" messages first discussed in the previous section

on the Sensor-Action-Unit. Although the movement of airborne IMINT sensors

is different from the racetrack patterns of other airborne sensors, the

response to these messages is functionally equivalent to the corresponding

behaviors in the Sensor-Action-Unit.

3.2.20 Sensor Instance File

The sensor instance file contains the ROSS instances for the sensor

control unit and all sensors used in the BEM simulation. There are no

behaviors in this file, only properties relating to sensor range, coverage,

speed, type, and beginning and ending points. This file contains all sensors

known to the BEM although they need not all be tasked by the Scenario actor

during the running of a simulation. By keeping a group of sensors in reserve,

there are always some available for dynamic tasking from the Blue Sensor

Control Station.

3.3 Considerations For Using ROSS/LISP

.*... The use of the ROSS programming language is a very positive feature of

the current BEM. Even though a message-passing environment is radically

different from the standard procedural environment, acclimation to it is fast

and easy. The use of object-oriented programming techniques is most

advantageous at the command and control level. At this high level, the ROSS

messages and objects closely conform to actual communications between real-

world actors. This is true for both threat units and sensors. However, at a

somewhat lower level, where auxiliary actors and their messages have perhaps

no real-world counterparts, the inherent modularity of ROSS code can still

enhance the intelligibility of many processes. It is at the very low levels,

usually involving computational processes, that the efficacy of message

passing breaks down. There is an overhead attached to processing messages;

therefore, the point at which message passing no longer clarifies a process is

the point at which it should be abandoned in favor of LISP function calls.

81

.0.. ',"

Determining where this point is, however, is largely judgmental, and

can even be a matter of style. Many computational processes which might

otherwise have been placed in the Mathematician exist instead in pure LISP

functions. Placing a computation in the Mathematician means that it will be

performed as a result of a message sent instead of a LISP function call. The 0

decision as to which processes to single out in this manner is largely

judgmental and related to a sense of aesthetics and whether the implementor

thinks that an English-worded ROSS message adds something to the

understanding of the simulation.

Another consideration in the use of ROSS/LISP is the resulting

development and demonstration environments. For small programs, use of the

interpreter is a productive method for constructing and debugging. The

process of compiling ROSS code is not fast and the compiler still has some

vagaries attached to its use. However, as the BEM has grown larger, it has

been necessary to run a good portion of the code compiled even when

debugging. For demonstrations, even though almost all code is compiled, the

BEM simulation may run at best with a simulation to real time ratio of 2:1 or

3:1. For many uses this is not undesirable, but as the BEM continues to grow,

speeds less than this would be unacceptable.

4

82

S"~l

.. .. . . . . . , . . -.. , . . . . . . . . . . , . . ,,. - . . a .

4.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF THE BEM

Work has already begun on what is tentatively called BEM 11. Whereas

the current BEM models the activities of a Soviet division with company-level

resolution, BEM II will model echelons above corps with battalion-level

resolution. Some other areas of future development which will be discussed in

the following sections are:

o formal sensor models

o two-sided simulation

o speed-up of processing.

4.1 Formal Sensor Models

As was emphasized in the previous section on Generic Sensors (Section3.2.15), the BEM models sensor detection of threat units by determining

whether a unit or unit activity lies within a relevant sensor's coverage area.This is essentially a first step in the total process of detecting units. The

second step involves the use of formal sensor models which are not now .S

present in the BEM. In the future, detection "candidates" from the first step

may be presented to these formal sensor models which use additional criteria* . to determine whether or not a detection has occurred. Factors such as

terrain, signal attenuation, weather, and sensor errors can all be considered in S. the design of formal sensor models. In addition, various approaches to

modeling multiple sensors on a single platform will be considered. Moredetailed and realistic modeling of sensors must be considered in a future BEM

if it is to become a useful testbed for sensor deployment studies.

4.2 Two-Sided Simulation

The current BEM is one-sided, i.e., there is no modeling of Blue (NATO)

forces other than sensors. Consequently, somewhat artificial means (random

generators) are used to cause Soviet radar emissions and artillery firings,etc. In a two-sided model, these events would most likely stem from a

reaction to Blue force actions. It is therefore desirable to create a

83

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~~~~~~~... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[* representation of the Blue force side (other than sensors) so that the BEM can

further serve as a testbed for command and control studies.

4.3 Speed-Up Of Processing

- The current speed limitations of the BEM were discussed in Section 3.3.

-. *The BEM simulation runs slowest, of course, when all three components of a

demonstration are active - the ANALYST, the Blue Sensor Control Station,

and the BEM proper. The ANALYST currently runs during a demonstration on

the VAX 11/780. When the VAX and the SPL's LISP machine are linked

together, the ANALYST will run on the LISP machine, thus removing a

significant computational burden from the VAX. The Blue Sensor Control

Station can relieve some of the computational burden by not only undergoing a

careful adjustment of its priorities, but also a restructuring of its menuing to

a non-cursor mode. In the BEM proper, many computations regarding threat

movement are currently preprocessed since that movement is determined

from the SCORES data. Some subsequent computations related to this

movement are currently performed during the simulation, but could also be

preprocessed. With these changes and a more careful look at ways to

optimize the modeling effort, the BEM II should be able to maintain an

-. acceptable running time.84.

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APPENDIX I

SENSOR RESEARCH FOR THE BEM* S.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 89

2.0 SENSOR DATA 91

2.1 Sensor Employment 91

2.1.1. SIGINT Employment 912.1.2 MTI Employment 932.1.3 CM/CB Employment 952.1.4 IMINT Employment 95

2.2 Sensor Properties 96

3.0 FUTURE EFFORTS 99

3.1 Data for Formal Sensor Models 99

3.2 Message Formats 99

REFERENCES 113

*1~~ 87

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

The purpose of this appendix is to describe the research that has been

done so far on U.S. sensors for use in the Battlefield Environment Model

(BEM). This research covered two aspects of sensors - employment methods

and properties; the generic sensor types discussed are SIGINT (COMINT and

ELINT), MTI, CM/CB, and IMINT; jammers are not included now, although

they will be in the future.

The research was conducted mainly by consulting personnel at the Signals Pig

Warfare Lab (SWL) , the MITRE Corporation2 , and DIA3 , as well as the

referenced documents.

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2.0 SENSOR DATA S

This section begins with a brief discussion of the employment of each

generic sensor type which is now modeled in the BEM or is intended to be

modeled in the near future; this discussion is followed by a listing of the-- "

properties for each type, in chart form. The information is what was

necessary to support the determination of time-and-space overlaps of sensors

and units used in the initial modeling effort; see Section 3.1 for more

extensive sensor parameters to be used later in the formal sensor models.

2.1 Sensor Employment

2.1.1 SIGINT Employment

Difficulties in modeling IEW are caused by the fact that our current JEW

technology has not been tested in actual combat; therefore there are no firm

and precise procedural guidelines for performing IEW functions. What follows

is a general description of those aspects of SIGINT sensor employment to be

modeled in the BEM and our current understanding of the procedures that will

ultimately be used.

For our purposes, SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) will be considered to be

performed by COMINT (Communications Intelligence) and ELINT (Electronic

Intelligence) sensors. COMINT sensors are intended to intercept and locate ....emissions from enemy radios (current model requirements deal only with.-. -COMINT externals); ELINT sensors perform a similar function on enemy radar

emissions.

COMINT and ELINT sensors are combined here because they involve

similar employment techniques; however, their properties differ enough to-,.S..-

warrant separate representation in the model.

*.. For purposes of discussion, the basic functions of COMINT and ELINT -

sensors are divided into three processes - tasking, collection, and reporting.

91... .... ..... ....

.. . . . . . . .....

Tasking -

Mission tasking for these sensors comes from the S2/TCAE at the CEWI

Group (corps echelon) or CEWI BN (division echelon). Tasking can include:

o mission start and end time

4o location of sensors - For airborne sensors this could be instructions

to proceed to point A and begin flying an ellipse around points A andB.

o targets - This may be a list of frequencies to scan a specified targettype, such as "all artillery battalion command posts," or instructions Oto collect against any emitters for which the sensor has thecapability in a given geographical area.

Collection

When tasking is received, the sensors will move into position and begin

collecting. They will be shown moving within their respective areas -

division for rotary wing and some ground sensors, corps for fixed-wing and

some ground sensors.

Since COMINT and ELINT sensors are passive and not easily subject to .Sdetection by the enemy, the sensors can be on for the duration of the mission,

less travel time to and from position. However, any data links from the

sensor platform are detectable, and are always on when there is no operator in

the aircraft. When there is an operator in the aircraft, he can report signals

as they are intercepted or wait until after the mission; therefore, the data

link may be on or off at any given moment.

The sensors usually operate in groups of two or three for DF fixing; lines

of bearing from individual sensors are correlated to produce target locations.

The geographical area covered is dependent on the sensor's sector scan (in

degrees) and height (for airborne sensors).Movement of airborne sensors is

confined to the mission itself, e.g., an elliptical flight path behind the FEBA,

and travel to and from that path; movement of ground sensors is based on the

combat situation and is generally determined by the movement of the

supported echelon (about twice a day for division).

92

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Reporting ;

Three types of reports are sent back to the TCAE:

1) sensor location, operational status

2) technical reports - These may include frequencies intercepted andlines of bearing for analysis, and will be passed on to the user afteranalysis, stripped of any codeword information.

3) user product (TACREP, TACELINT) - This is immediately usable .-

information normally requiring no analysis. Usually it goes throughthe TCAE first, but may be sent directly to the ultimate user ifnecessary and if it contains no codeword information.

2.1.2 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Employment

The BEM represents both ground-based and airborne MTI radars, the

ground based being a generic ground surveillance radar (GSR) and the airborne

being a side-looking airborne radar (SLAR).

2.1.2.1 Ground-Based MTI (GSR)

Tasking

The GSRs with which the BEM is concerned are organic to the Ground

Surveillance Company of the CEWI Battalion, although they are usually -. *

attached to maneuver brigades or battalions. Therefore, depending on the

sensor used, the radar teams may be tasked by maneuver battalions, brigades,

or divisions.

Collection

GSR's are placed in stationary positions, usually 500 meters to 1 Km

behind the FEBA and, depending on the sensor, may be carried by personnel or

on vehicles. They are used to detect moving targets, either personnel or

vehicles, and employ random operating periods of short duration to avoiddetection.

- 0

93

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Reporting

GSR's provide information on the range, azimuth, elevation, direction of

movement, and vehicle type (tracked or wheeled); since GSRs are usually

attached to a maneuver echelon, reports are usually sent to the intelligence

organization of that supported echelon.

2.1.2.2 Airborne MTI (SLAR)

Tasking

Various platforms such as the Army's OV-1D and Air Force high-altitude

aircraft may be furnished with SLAR equipment; the platform used so far in

the BEM is the OV-1D fixed-wing aircraft. Since this aircraft is a corps

asset,tasking is done by corps through the corps mission management

element. The SLAR is tasked to detect enemy force movements and changes

in enemy activity patterns; it may also perform rear area protection (RAP)

and operations security (OPSEC) support function.

Collection

The SLAR is used mainly as an MTI collector but also has a fixed target -

indicator (FTI) capability: its output is a two-channel film, one channel

showing fixed-target imagery and the other showing bright spots indicating

movement. The platform generally flies a racetrack pattern across the corps

front, approximately 30 Km behind the forward edge of the battle area

(FEBA). The SLAR is unable to distinguish target types or to differentiate

enemy and friendly targets; it reports only the radial components of the

target's velocity, not the transverse.

Reporting

The SLAR film is processed in flight, with a near real-time display in the

cockpit; in addition, the output may be data linked for simultaneous display at

ground data terminals located with the supported units. The data is forwarded ,

to the corps CEWI Group (TCAE).

94

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2.1.3 CM/CB Employment Tasking

The CM/CB radars are organic to the division target acquisition battery,

and are tasked by division artillery.

Collection

CM/CB radars are used to locate enemy mortars, artillery, and rockets.

They are deployed several kilometers behind the FEBA and operate by back-

plotting the weapon's trajectory.

Reporting

Target location and time are data-linked to the direct support or general

support artillery battalions.

2.1.4 IMINT Employment

The two types of imagery researched for in the BEM are photography and

imaging radars; representation of infra-red (IR) photography is not planned for

the near future. Imagery as currently represented in the BEM consists of OV-

ID overflight; the following paragraphs on photography and imaging radars .

describe future capabilities of the BEM.

2.1.4.1 Photography

Tasking

Because the immediate need is for photography deeper in the enemy's

rear areas, the BEM will be representing penetration missions rather than

stand-off photography. The major platform for this type mission would be an

Air Force high-altitude aircraft; therefore, the tasking for the sorties is an

Air Force responsibility, with a specified number of sorties allotted to fill S

Army photo requirements.

Collection

Photo missions will be flown once or twice a day, usually between 1000

and 1400 hrs when lighting conditions are favorable. The flight path used in

the BEM will be a straight line, since the high speed of the aircraft allows it

to cover the BEM's battlefield in a matter of seconds and the aircraft requires

9 5. . ._". . --

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4200 miles for turning. The aircraft cameras take a series of still pictures of

an area approximately 40 miles wide.

Reporting

The film must be taken to a ground imagery interpretation center at

corps for developing and interpretation; this can cause a delay of four to five

hours between collection and reporting to the corps CEWI Group (TCAE).

2.1.4.2 Imaging Radars

The imaging radar represented in the BEM is the Synthetic Aperture

Radar (SAR).

Tasking

Tasking of the SAR depends on the platform used. The platforms

considered here are the Army's OV-ID aircraft and an Air Force high-altitude

aircraft (see paragraph 2.1.2.2 for OV-1D tasking and 2.1.4.1 for Air Force

high altitude aircraft tasking).

Collection

Collection is usually done during penetration missions and results in a

precise digital image that has the appearance of a photographic negative.....

Reporting

______ _.__- .- ,

Since the output is a digital image, there is no delay for ground

processing; the image can be linked directly to the CEWI Group at Corps

(TCAE).

2.2 Sensor Properties

Table 1-I below shows the properties currently used in the BEM for each

generic sensor type modeled; see Section 3 for more detailed properties to be aused in the formal sensor models.

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3.0 FUTURE EFFORTS

Future efforts of concern here are in two areas - the addition of formal

sensor models and the use of realistic message formats for sensor reports. The

paragraphs below ou.tline the data required for these efforts.0

3.1 Data for Formal Sensor Models

Listed in the tables below are suggested properties of each of the sensor

types which wiUl be represented in the future by a formal sensor model. For

each sensor type, properties are given for the platform, collector, and ground -

processing station; some of these properties were suggested by references 2,7,

and 8. Properties are listed for jamming systems and remotely monitored

sensors (REMS), although these systems will probably not be included in the Cnear future.

..2

It should be understood that these properties are likely to change

somewhat; they are included here as an indication of the level of detail

planned.

3.2 Message Formats

THE CO MINT reports in the BEM currently contain only messageinternals - such characteristics as frequency and start/stop times. It is

expected that in the future, report representation will be augmented to

include the text of COMINT interceptions as well as formatted messages such

as TACELINT, PEAR, SITREP, etc.

99

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Table 1-2Generic SIGINT System

Platform CharacteristicsFactor Units -

Payload lb.

Range kmTime on station minutesMax speed knots or km/hOperational speed knots or km/hMax height metersOperational height meters ,O

Fuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nTracks-Ground system only nWheels-Ground system only n -Type ground or airLocation km from FEBA, or x, y, (z)No. of platforms nVulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc.Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

100

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Table 1-3Generic SIGINT System

Collector Characteristics. Factor Units

Crew required nFrequency range n.. nMHzModulation AM, CW, SSB, PM (COMINT

only)Sensitivity db

* - Location error - range metersLocation error - azimuth degrees 7DF fix accuracy metersCoverage range kmSector scan degreesRevisit time secondsMean processing time secondsSaturation rate # intercepts/minuteMethod of reporting meansReporting speed # reports/minuteFreq. measurement error MHzPRF measurement error sec. (ELINT only)PW measurement error sec. (ELINT only)Frequency hop capability Y/N (ELINT only) 0Pulse stagger capability Y/N (ELINT only)Constraints LOS, distance, etc.Data link Y/N, to whereMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

101

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Table 1-4Generic SIGINT System

Ground Processing Station Characteristics

Factor Units

Crew required n .Tether range to platform km# collectors at one time nMean processing delay minutesMean c om munic ations delay minutesSaturation rate # reports/minuteLocation km from FEBA, or x, y

+.- Number of receivers nChannels per receiver n

" Collectible frequency (eac h c hannel) n..nMHz

Table 1-5Generic Photo Imagery SystemPlatform Characteristics

Factor UnitsRange kmTime on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforma nLocation x, y, zVulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc.Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

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Collector Characteristics

Factor Units

Mean process delay seconds0*Data linked n

- obscuration factors foliage, clouds, lightconditions

*- min/max look angle degrees- area covered/opn.ht. sq.km

Crew Required nCollection means film or electro-

optical (if electro-optic al, groundstation processingdelay is 0)

Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

Table 1-7 tGeneric Photo Imagery System

Ground Processing Station Chacteristics

Fac tor Units

Mean process delay minMean commo delay min.Crew required nSaturation rate reports/min.# collectors at atime nLocation km from FEBA,or x, y

103

Table 1-8 6Generic IR System

Platform Characteristics

Factor Units

Range km 'Time on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforms nLocation x, y, zVulnerabilities ADA (because of low

flight), weather, etc. .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

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Table 1-11Generic Imaging Radar System

Platform Characteristics

Factor Units

Type air, ground, manpackRange kmTime on station min.Max speed knotsOperational speed knotsMax height metersOperational height metersFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nNumber of platforms nLocation x, y, (z)Vulnerabilities ADA, weather, etc. .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

Table 1-12Generic Imaging Radar System

Collector Characteristics

Factor Units

Type radar typeCrew required nArea covered at operational square km

heightMean process delay secondsData linked Y/N, to whereRange at operational height meters* Angular resolution degreesOutput digital display, film -.Vulnerabilities active emitterMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

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Table 1-13Generic Imaging Radar System

Ground Processing Station Characteristics

Factor Units

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Mean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Crew required nSaturation rate reports/min.# collectors at atime nLocation km from FEBA, or x, y

Table 1-14Generic MTI System

Platform Characteristics

Factor Units

Type air, ground vehicle,manpac k

Location x, y, (Z)Number of platforms nRange kmTime on station mn.Max speed knots or Km/h :Operational speed knots (Air only) or Km/h v"Max height meters '.

Operational height metersFuel load lbs.Crew required nSurvivability index nVulnerabilities ADA, weather for airTracks n, ground onlyWheels n, ground onlyMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

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Table 1-15Generic MTI System

Collector Characteristics

Factor Units

Target types detected personnel, vehicles

(tracked, wheeled)Constraints LOS, etc.Data linked YIN, to whereVelocity threshold/target type km/nCrew required nResolution metersMean process delay secondsRange resolution metersAngular resolution degreesOutput digital display, filmVulnerabilities active emitterMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hoursPower WattsCrew required n# collectors at one time nMean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Saturation rate # reports/min.Location km from FEBA, or x, y

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Table 1-16 6Generic CM/CB SystemPlatform Characteristics

Factor Units

Number of platforms nLocation X9 yFuel load lb.Crew required nSurvivability index nVulnerabilities active emitterTracks nWheels nMean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

Table 1-17 .Generic CM/CB System

Collector Characteristics

Factor Units

Frequency range n..nRange resolution meters -..Angular resolution degreesReporting speed reports per minuteConstraints limited operator timeOutput real-time target -S

location; hard copyMean processing delay secondsTarget types detected artillery, mortarsData linked Y/N, to whereVulnerabilities active emitterCrew required n .Mean time between failures hoursMean time to repair hours

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Table 1-18Generic CM/CB System

Ground Processing StationCharacteristics

Factor Units

Crew required n# collectors at one time nMean processing delay min.Mean commo delay min.Saturation rate # reports/min.Location km from FEBA, or

x, y

Table 1-19Generic REMS System

Collector Characteristics

Factor Units

Sensing life hoursFrequency range n..nMHzAccuracy emplacementData link Y/N, to whereRange kmConstraints emplacement may require

penetration of enemyterritory

. * Vulnerabilites environmental noise, heatvibrations, etc.

- , Mean processing time seconds" Location x, y

Output target locations,number, direction

* Saturation rate # reports/min.

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Table 1-20Generic REMS System

Monitor Characteristics

Factor Units

Channels n# collectors monitored n

Location x, y; or with what unit

Mean processing delay min.

Mean commo delay min.

Saturation rate # reports/min.

Table 1-21Generic Jamming System

Platform Characteristics

Factor Unit

Type air or ground

Crew required nFuel load lbs.

Z Location x, ySurvivability index nVulnerabilities AD for air

Tracks n

Wheels n

- Mean time between failures hours

..." Mean time to repair hours

' Max speed knots or km/h

Operational speed knots or km/h

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-11

REFERENCES

1. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Field Manual 34-10, CombatElectronic Warfare Intellizence Battalion (Division) (Coordination Draft), June1979.

2. The MITRE Corporation, Army Intelligence Capabilities ReferenceHandbook (U), MTR-79W00461, R. P. Bonasso, November 1979, SECRET.

3. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Electronic WarfareOperations, July 1980.

.- .o.-

4. U.S. Army Electronics Materiel Readiness Activity, USAEMRA Tactical* SIGINT/EW Reference Guide, July 1982. 5.Discussions with MITRE personnel.

5. Discussions at Signals Warfare Lab, May 5, 1983.

6. Discussions with MITRE personnel.

7. The MITRE Corporation, Current, Planned, and Future Army SensorCapabilities - Working Input to Critical Nodes Targeting Study )U, DRAFT, E.J. Boyle, B. Hart, June 1982, SECRET.

* 8. TRW, POSSIM Methodology Manual (Preliminary), (U), CDRL A018,October 1979, SECRET

9. Department of the Army, Training Circular 34-50, Reconnaissance andSurveillance Handbook, January, 1980

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THREAT R~EARCH FOR THE REM

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 118

1. 1 Purpose 1181.2 Outline of the Appendix 118

2.0 SUMMARY 119

3.0 SCENARIO 120

3.1 Description and Sources 1203.2 Unit Representation 1203.3 Scenario Development 121

4.0 FORCE STRUCTURE 130

5.0 GENERIC UNIT DATA 134

5.1 Equipment 1345.2 Radio Nets 1355.3 Other Data 135

6.0 FUTURE EFFORTS 136

REFERENCES 137

117 .

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose

This appendix is intended to describe the research conducted to derive f

the Soviet threat data used to support the Battlefield Environment Module

(BEM) developed in MITRE's Secure Processing Laboratory (SPL). The BEM

supplies the battlefield environment - the Red units, their

moving/shooting/emitting events, and Blue sensors - and produces threat

observables and Blue sensor detection for use by ANALYST, a developing

expert system for intelligence fusion.

1.2 Outline of the Appendix

Section 2 provides a short summary of the intent of the threat research

discussed in this appendix and some of the problems encountered. Section 3

/ describes the scenario used as a basis for the SPL simulation and the

development of that scenario over time. Section 4 describes the

representative force structure used, and Section 5 details the characteristics

of the generic unit types used in the simulation. Finally, Section 6 provides a

glimpse of the future efforts needed in threat research for the SPL. Appendix

l of this paper, published separately, consists of the data lists, such as tables

of unit positions, radio nets, and generic unit data.

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2.0 SUMMARY

The picture that emerges from this research is intended to fit the*purposes of the SPL; that is, it is required to support a scenario that will

produce a sufficient number of threat observables with sufficient realism to

* adequately test the fusion capability of the ANALYST system. For this

-reason, it is intended to be a representative portrayal of the threat rather

* than an exhaustive one.

In researc hing a subject such as the Soviet threat, several factors

conspire, against a perfect representation: threat organizations and equipment*are constantly changing while the system needs to be continuously in use and

development, and various sources provide conflicting data which need to bereconciled before being entered into the system. In addition, theclassification of sources can be a problem; because of computer facility

*restrictions, it was necessary in the earlier stages of research to keep the

data at the unclassified level. It is now possible to run SECRET level data,

with a higher level capability planned for the future. These increased

capabilities will necessitate changes in the data; it is expected that the

object-oriented approach used in the evolving system will facilitate

.,.-",

S incorporating those changes into the system.

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3.0 SCENARIO

3.1 Description and Sources

The scenario used for the simulation is based on the Scenario Oriented

Recurring Evaluation System (SCORES), Europe I Sequence 2A, in which the'0

U.S. Army V Corps defends/delays against an attack by the Soviet 1st Guards

Tank Army east of Fulda, in the Federal Republic of Germany. In keeping

with the objective of producing threat moving, shooting, and emitting

observables, only Soviet units are portrayed in the simulation. In order to

4 provide a representative sampling of units and procedures, the organizations

d selected for the simulation are a first-echelon tank division, the 6th Guards

Tank Division, a second-echelon motorized rifle division, the 27th Motorized

Rifle Division, and essential Army-level units. The time period covered is

from 0330 on the second day of combat to 0330 on the third day. .

The sources used as a starting point for the scenario development were

the SCORES documentation and MITRE documents.(17 Alterations made to

the scenario portrayed by these documents are described in Section 3.3. In

addition, some unit capabilities were referenced from documentation for the

Corps/Division Evaluation Model (CORDIVEM).( 8 )

3.2 Unit Representation

Each unit in the scenario is given a unit type number from one to sixty;

this number corresponds to one of the unit types in the Generic Unit Data File

and indicates the equipment and other characteristics of the unit. The unit is

further identified by a unique, eight-digit unit identification number of the

-. form CC/BB/RR/DD, which identifies the company number and the battalion,

regiment, and division to which the unit belongs. Segments of the format

which do not apply are filled with zeros; for example, the antitank battalion

command post which is organic to Army has the number 00/83/00/00, since it4 is not a company and is subordinate to neither a regiment nor a division.

120

%4%

,Nv.°

~• o

Each unit is assigned a geographical position for the beginning of each

timeslice of the scenario period; these timeslices are 0330-0930 D+1, 0930-

2130 D+1, 2130 D+1-0330 D+2, and 0330-0930 D+2. For each of these -

timeslices, each unit is given a status code indicating "assembled," "moving,"

or "in contact," according to its activity in that time period; if the unit is an

artillery unit, it is also given a number indicating the regiment it supports

during the timeslice.

Below is a listing of the unit types and their basic capabilities, organized

by functional area.

3.3 Scenario Development

Several changes were made to the scenario as portrayed in SCORES.

* First, the level of resolution was extended downward from the battalion to the

company. Next, unit positions were refined to more closely reflect terrain

-" restrictions. Then units were added to the scenario which had not been

included in SCORES, such as division and maneuver regiment forward

-- command posts, and the antitank battalion and independent tank battalion of

the second echelon division. Finally, the representation was expanded upward

*- to include Army-level units.

The system is currently running at the level of one division, with data

available for the two divisions and Army units.

..... *' ..

121

V . . . ..- .. .

. .. ' .... - .

Table 11-1KMANEUVER UNITS

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

1 MR CO maneuver, delivery of fires

2 NOT USED

3 MR BN CP C2 of 3MR CO's

4 MR RGT FWD CP C of 3MR BN's & 1TKBN(forward position of CMDR)

5 MR RGT MAIN CP C2 of 3MR BN's & 1TK BN42

6 MR DIV FWD CP (cr-C of 3 MR RG PS, 1 TK RGT,1 Independent KB(cmmander's forward position)

7MR DIV MAIN OP C2 of 3 MR RGT's, 1 TK RGT,1 Independent TK BN

8 TK CO Maneuver, dalivery of fires

9 NOT USED

10 TK BN CP c2 of 3 tank companies

11 TK RGT FWD CP Forward position of Tank RGTCornmander

12 TK RGT MAIN OP C2 of 3 tank BN'S

13 TK DIV FWD OP Forward position of Tank Div.Cornmander

14 TK DIV MAIN CP C of 3Tank RG'S & 1MR RGT

*44 TK ARMY FWD OP Forward position of Tank ArmyCornmander *-

45 TK ARMY MAIN OP C2 of Tank Division I MR Div.

122

Table 11-2 ADENGINEER UNITS

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

-2

52 Army Eng. ROT CP C2 of Army Construction BN(type 53) & Army Engr. BN(type 3 3)

*53 Army Construction BN o Emplace and remove span(considered action bridgesunit, not broken o Road construction &further) maintenance

o Operate Sawmill

33 Eng. BN (Army) o water crossing-boats, ferries,(considered action amphibians, truck launchedunit, not broken bridgesfurther) o Emplace & remove counter

mobility obstacles, (mines,abatis, booby tr, craters,etc.)

56 Army Pontoon RGT o Emplace & remove pontoon(action unit, not bridgesbroken down) o Launch and recover amphibians .

57 Army Assault Crossing o Launch tracked ferries andBN (not broken down amphibians (not bridges)

7.33 Eng. BN CP (Div) C2 of Pontoon Co; AssaultCrossing Co, (also, there is a"Road-Bridge Const. Co." at

-Div., it is omitted along with"technical Co.?, etc.)

~...

*(Capabilities are based on inferences fran equipment tables, andsane capabilities listed in Red FAlR)'S; however, Red FAR)'s showdifferent units, so again, inferences were made.)

123

.%9%

......--.-...

(type. 53 & rm Er. -N A.W

* Table 11-2(Concluded)

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

37 Pontoon Co. of Div See #56Eng. BN0

38 Assault Crossing Co. See #57of Div. Eng. BN

28 Eng. Co. of Maneuver See #33 (Eng. BN, Army)Rgts.

% V

412

timl

. .. .

77 3.

2- .

Table 11-3 SI

ARTILLERY UNITS

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

" 15 ARTY BTRY (122) fire support to maneuverregiments (Div. artillery

* ROT)

16 ARTY BN CP (122) C2 of 3 - 122 Batteries (Div.Artillery RGT)

17 GUN-HOW or Howitzer fire support to division unitsBTRY (152) (Army Artillery RGT)

18 GUN-HOW or Howitzer C of 3 - 152 Batteries (ArmyBN CP (152) Artillery RGT)

19 GUN BTRY (130) fire support to division units(Army Artillery RGT)

20 GUN BN CP (130) C2 of 3 - 130 Batteries (ArmyArtillery RGT)

21 ARTY RGT CP (Div. C2 of artillery batteries foror Army) Division or Army

41 TGT. ACQ. BTRY (ARTY Radar acquisition of groundRGT., Div. or Army) targets

22 FROG BTRY Chemical, nuclear coventional, "long range fire capabilityagainst targets in enemy area

23 FROG BN CP C2 of 3 FROG batteries

24 MRL BTRY Multi-barreled rocketlaunchers, heavy fire on high-priority targets at decisivepoints, chemical orconventional

25 MRL BN CP C2 of 3 MRL batteries

42 NOT USED

43 NOT USED

125

a.. .'-

-. - .... - .. . - . . . - -. ... .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .... . * . . . . . . , .

(Table 11-3)(Concluded)

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

49 SCUD Bde CP C2 of 3 SCUD BN'S

50 SCUD BN CP C2 of 3 SCUD Btry's

51 SCUD Btry Fire support for Armyoperations (conventional,nuclear, or chemical missiles -i

to range of 280 KM, tracked orwheeled vehicle launcher)

58 Antitank BN C2 of 2 Antitank BatteriesArmy/MR Div and 1 ATGM Battery

59 Antitank Btry. Provide antitank support toArmy/MR Div unit (guns)

60 *ATGM Btry Provide antitank support toArmy/MR Div maneuver units (guided

missiles) - effective range4-5 Km L

-° - -- -- -

. 4 -.-

Anti-tank missile battery also exists in each 71K& MR IM, but hasnot been included here.

126

J_ . '... . ...

• - - . , .. iW4% '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 11-4AIR DEFENSE UNITS

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

26 SA-6 BTRY Engage low-to-medium altitudeattacking aircraft andhelicopters; area defense to

xx division, point defense to* maneuver regiments, Division

HQ,and FROG BN

39 SA-6-TGT-ACQ BTRY Radar acquisition of enemyaircraft targets

27 SA-6 RGT CP C2 of SA-6 BTRY's, & TGTACQ BTRY

46SA-4 Bde CP C2 of 3 SA-4 BN'S

47 SA4B PC2 of 3 SA-4 Btry's

48 SA-4 Btry Acquire & engage medium-to-high altitude aircraft attackingdivisions, Army HQ, or SSMBde (No TAB for SA-4;acquisition radars are in the

batteries)

127

.k 1

.. . . . -- . .... --

Table 11-5CSS UNITS

TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

29 MTCE CO. (of Light repairs, clear damagedmaneuver RGT's) vehicles from roads, report to

Div. MTCE BN repairs beyondcapabilities

34 Div. MTCE BN Division level repair, recovery,clearing routes of damagedvehicles

30 Medical Co. (of Emergency medical treatment,RGT's) evacuation to Regimental

S-. Medical Points from BNMedical Points, notify Div.Med BN to pick upcasualties

35 Div. Med. BN Collection from RegimentalMedical Points to Divisional.. Reception Stations, triage,treatment (including surgery)evacuation to Army-Fronthospitals

31 Motor Transp. Co. Transport supplies to maneuvermaneuver RG's BN'S (all classes of supply)

32 Supply & Service Food and water supplyPltn (of ManeuverRGT'S)

36 *Motor Transp. BN Transport supplies to(Div or Army) maneuver regiments (or.-. S.

divisionsX"all classes,but apparently not POL atArmy since there is an ArmyPOL BN)

128. "

*o*, 5

-S.. ... ....

TABLE il-5(Concluded)

*TYPE NAME CAPABILITIES

54 Army Motor Transp 2 of Army Motor Transp. BNKRGT CP Army POL BN

55 Army POL Transp. POL transp. down to DivBN CP

4f

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

129.

4.0 FORCE STRUCTURE

Because of the equipment first used, the scope of the force

representation was initially restricted to one first-echelon tank division at

company-level resolution. The data has since been expanded to include a

second-echelon motorized rifle division as well as tank Army-level units. 'W'Only ground forces are considered.

Figure 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3 show the current scope of the force structure.This force structure, while representative of the major capabilities of the

Soviet force at this level,(9fl0,11) is not an exact replica of it. Since the

research was conducted over a three-year period, it is likely that forcestructure changes have occurred which have not been incorporated yet; the

known omissions are discussed below.

The Soviet Army now includes a motorized rifle battalion in the tankregiment; this unit should be added. The signal companies of thea tank and

motorized rifle regiments were not included since our main concern was theexistence of communications traffic for Blue sensors to pick up, not the

p establishment and maintenance of communications facilities; however, whenthe simulation becomes two-sided these units should be modeled as significant

actors. The same is true of the reconnaissance companies and chemical

defense companies. The anti-aircraft artillery and missile batteries of the 'C0

motorized rifle regiments are not explicitly modeled, their weapons and

radars being included in their respective regimental command posts. Theantitank missile battery of the motorized rifle regiment should be included inthe future; however, a division-level antitank capability is represented now by ~

the antitank missile battalion of the motorized rifle division. The mortarplatoon of the motorized rifle regiment was not included because at the time ~.

the research was conducted, no Blue counter-mortar radars were modeled; tM

this platoon should be included.Il

130

.- 'C

. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . C* *- C CILA

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% %%

5.0 GENERIC UNIT DATA

This section will describe the data gathered on each generic unit type.

(5,7,9,12)

5.1 Equipment

For eac h unit type, data was gathered on its vehicles, weapons, and

radars.

The vehicles were divided into the categories of tread, with four

subtypes; artillery, with five subtypes; air defense artillery, with four

subtypes, wheelec.. w.ith seven subtypes; and engineer, with five subtypes. A

file is kept which contains performance characteristics for each of thesevehicles. As new units were added to the scenario, any vehicle not listed in

the file was included in the category which most closely approximated its

characteristics; this was done both to avoid a large file of very similar vehicle

characteristics and because performance characteristics were unavailable for

some vehicles.

Weapons of a unit type were put into the categories of artillery, tank, or w

small arms. For purposes of the simulation, the significance of the weapons

lies in the rate of ammunition expenditure for the unit and the resulting

requirement for resupply, not in the actual weapon count. The ammunition

we= ~~-q.b'%

expenditure is expressed as tons per hour per fighting vehicle, and was derivedin this way: the weight of an ammunition type's unit of fire (a standard

4 ." .". t"

quantity established for measuring amounts of each ammunition type) wasmultiplied by the standard number of units of fire used per day by a

particular type of weapon; this produced the tons per day expenditure,which

was divided by 24 to produce the ton-per-hour expenditure for each weapon

type; this was expressed as tons-per-hour per fighting vehicle, given the

number of weapons of that type on each vehicle.

Radars were categorized as fire control, with two subtypes; surveillance 7Zand acquisition, with seven type; or meteorological, with two subtypes.

134

7 ,.'m67..

*= " . . A-. . . . . . . . . .

Although not all these subtypes are represented in the scenario, a file of

characteristics was kept on all of them in case they are needed as the

simulation is expanded. In some cases, some of the date were unavailable; in

those cases, a unit's radars were recorded as belonging to the next most

appropriate subtype.

5.2 Radio Nets

A representative radio net structure has been recorded for the two

divisions in the scenario. Included are the internal and alternate internal

command net, the external command net, and the artillery net, where

appropriate for each unit.

5.3 Other Data

Other data for each unit type include the average convoy length by dayand night, derived by adding the lengths of the vehicles in a unit and the usual

distance between them; the average march speed by day and night when all

unit's vehicles are traveling together, derived by determining the average

speed of the unit's slowest vehicle; and the average time to clear and close to

. a new position. This last item was an estimate in many cases, since the data

were unavailable for many units.

135.

• ~.- ,

6.0 FUTURE EFFORTS

Future efforts connected with threat data involve three tasks: 1) the

existing data will be incorporated into the Battlefield Environment Module

(BEM), which involves conversion from a Pascal-based version of the

simulation to a Lisp-based one; 2) the threat representation will continue to

evolve through refinements and updates; 3) sources above the SECRET

classification should be consulted; and 4) the scope of the data will be

extended to the echelons-above-corps level.

136,.,-, S

S..-

. . . . . . S * * . * . . , * * . S .. - .

. ...,... ... . ,,-. -....... .*S* .. .... .. . ...... , .. •,... . . ., 5 5• -.'-.'-.'-..-.-- -'.--'-: -?. ..".:--?.... .- .'? -? -". : -i--".-" .'- ' ..? -'.-: i ? ..'- .-,- .- "-- ' .'- '-. ---'.- i " i '-' .-

REFERENCES

1. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Air Defense Weapons (U), WP 12588, R. Darron and D.Giles, 1977,(SECRET).

2. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Combat Service Support Units (U), WP 12843, R.Darron and D. Giles, 1977, (SECRET).

3. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargetArrays for Soviet Artillery Battalions and Maneuver Battalions (U), WP , --12724, 1977, R. Darron and D. Giles, , (SECRET).

4. U. S. Army Combined Arms Combat Developments Activity, StandardScenario for Combat Developments, Europe I, Sequence 2A (U).(SECRET).

5. The MITRE Corporation, C3 Countermeasures: Initial Analysis of ArmyCapabilities for the 1980's (U)p MTR 80W00278-08, D. Giles and R.Preston, 1983, (SECRET).

6. The MITRE Corporation, Soviet Division Dynamics: Forward Movementof a Second-Echelon Division (U), MTR 07854, R. Darron and D. Giles, 41978, (SECRET).

7. Intelligence and Security Command, and Intelligence and ThreatAnalysis Center, Soviet Army Operations, 1978.

8. Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center, Functional Area Repre-sentation Objectives for the Corps/Division Evaluation Model(CORDIVEM)-RED Side (U), 1982, (SECRET).

9. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Ground Force Organizational Guide(U), 1978, (SECRET).

10. Combined Arms Combat Development Activity, Handbook of Orani-

zation and Equipment of the Soviet Army (U) 1980, (SECRET).

11. BDM, Soviet Front and Army Operations (U), 1982, (SECRET).

12. Defense Intelligence Agency, Soviet Ground Force Logistic Guide (U), .-

1975, (SECRET).

137

. . 4. .- "

4.,-

APPENDEX II I

DATA LIMT (F rd~ff 1H WKFAIO RR 7MI BEN

(Published Separately)

139

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APPENDIX V

DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES

205

46 -P

TABLE OF CONTENT'S 0

1.0 DEVELOP MENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES 208

1.1 SPL, Facility 2081.2 CAMIS Facility 208

207

1.0 DEVELOPMENT/DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES

Development of the BEM has taken place in the MITRE Washington

Secure Processing Laboratory (SPL). Formal demonstration of a BEM

simulation usually takes place in MITRE's Command and Management

Information System (CAMIS) Laboratory.

1.1 SPL Facility

The SPL is located within a special compartmented information

facility. Included in this facility are a VAX 11/780 with 8 megabytes of

memory, one 67 megabyte disk drive, two 300 megabyte disk drives, and .

several graphics and text terminals. Also located in the SPL is an LMI LISP

machine. Figure V-I shows the configuration of the SPL. The BEM runs on

the VAX 11/780. The ANALYST can run on both the VAX and the LISP

machine.

1.2 CAMIS Facility

The CAMIS Lab is located next door to the SPL. It contains a VAX

11/780 configuration similar to that in the SPL. The CAMIS lab contains a

briefing room where a graphics terminal display may be projected onto a large

screen. A demonstration may be shown here by transferring the BEM

simulation code by tape from the SPL to the CAMIS computer or by direct

cable hookup to the SPL VAX. Figure V-2 shows the CAMIS Lab

Configuration.

.. ...-. . . . 208

,. . ..-:. -'..

CConsole LINE 0LA 120 PRINTER

Tape driveTU-77

67MBCoo

8 MB Memory

300 _jMB

Medium AED 512 Monitor MonitorResolutionGraphicsTerminals

AED 512.1L

TextTAB Terminals

FIGURE V-1SPI CONFIGURATION

- 209

0

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00 0

a 0 000 e. L

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210

GLOSSARY

ACQ Acquisition

ANALYST An expert system for processing intelligence returns

from the battlefield

ARTY Artillery

ATGM Anti-Tank Guided Missile

Bde Brigade "

BEM Battlefield Environment Model

BN Battalion

BSCS Blue Sensor Control Station

BTRY Battery

CAMIS Command and Management Information System(Laboratory)

CMCB Counter Mortar/Counter Battery Sensor

CO Company

COMINT Communications Intelligence Sensor

CP Command Post

C 2 Command & Control

ELINT Electronic Intelligence Sensor -

FROG Free Rocket Over Ground

FWD Forward (CP)

GUN-HOW Gun-Howitzer

IMINT Imagery (Photo) Intelligence Sensor

LISP List Processing computer language

,_1 -

. . ... .

2:-.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GLOSSARY(Cone luded)

MAIN Main (CP)

MR Motorized Rifle

MRL Multiple Rocket Launcher

MTCE Maintenance

MTEG MITRE Threat Event Generator

MTI Moving Target Indicator Sensor

Pltn Platoon

POL Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants

RGT Regiment

ROSS Rule Oriented Simulation System

SA Surface-to-Air (Missile)

SCORES Scenario Oriented Recurring Evaluation System

SCUD Surfac e-to-Surface Missile

SPL Secure Processing Laboratory

*S&S Supply and Service

TGT Target

* TK Tank

VAX VAX 11/780 Computer

--.... --•

*. . . . .. *

D-Ai43 753 THE BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT MODEL (BEM)(U) MITRE CORP 3/3MCLEAN VA MITRE C3I DIV R S CONWER ET AL. SEP 83MTR-83W@0~245 F19b28 84 L 40881

UNCLASSIFIED F/G 15/7 NL

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MIRCP RSLTO TS HR

NAIO A BU EU O S A D RS-16 -

REFERENCES

1. The MITRE Corporation, The MITRE Threat Event Generator - ForceMovement MTR-80W00266, Russell P. Bonasso, and Emanuel P.Oiiff;iiOMarch 1981.

2. The MITRE Corporation, The MITRE Threat Event Generator (MTEG) -Force Communications. MTR 81W00295, R. P. Bonasso, December 1981.

3. The MITRE Corporation, ANALYST: An Expert System for ProcessingSensor Returns, MTP-83W00002, R. P. Bonasso, 1983.

4. The MITRE Corporation, A Preliminary Evaluation of Object-OrientedProgframmin for Ground Combat Modeling, WP-83W00407, R. 0.Nugent, September 1983.

5. The RAND Corporation, The ROSS Language Manual, N-1884-AF, DavidMcArthur and Philip Klahr, September 1982.

6. The RAND Corporation, SWIRL: Simulating Warfare in the ROSSLagug N-1885-AF, Philip 'Klahr, David McArthur, Sanjai NarainEricBest, September 1982. t%

7. U. S. Army Combined Developments Activity, Standard Scenario forCombat Developments, Europe 1, Sequence 2A (U), SECRET.

8. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Unit Locations and TargfetArraryE o Soviet Artillery Battalions and Maneuver Battalions. WP-12724, H. R. Darron and D. T. Giles, r., 15 November 1977, SECRET. .-

9. The MITRE Corporation, Threat Definition: Combat Service SupportUnits. WP-12843, R. R. Darron and D. T. Giles, Jr., 10 February 1978, .

SECRET.

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-DTBUTJON UT jN I

INTERNAL EXTERNAL

A-10 C. A. Zraket HQ, Department of the ArmySAUS-OR (Mr. Holis,)

D-11 A. J. Roberts DAMO-ZD (Mr. Vandiver) 0DAMA-ZD (Mr. Woodall)

D-14 E. C. Brady DAMI-FRT (Mr. Beuch)DACS-DMO (Ms. Langston)

W-32 P. K. Groveston (3) ASA (IL&FM) (Mr. Rosenblum)Washington D.C. 20310

W-70 P. G. FreokR. P. Granato CommanderR. A. Joy U.S. Army Electronics Research andF. W. Niedenfuhr Development Command

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W-73 T. H. Nyman Director Electronic Warfare LabV. Omeally PM-SOTAS

Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703W-74 H. J. Antonisse

T. T. Bean Director Signals Warfare LabR. P. Bonasso PM-JTFSM. Gale Vint Hill Farms StationC. R. Holt Warrenton, VA 22186S. J. LaskowskiA. M. Lidy Jet Propulsion LaboratoriesR. 0. Nugent (10) Mr. S. FriesmaT. F. Turner 4800 Oak Grove

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L J. Kirk Institute for Defense Analysis. P. Maimone 1801 North Beauregard Street

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W-93 R. S. Conker (3) The Army Model Management OfficeJ. W. Benoit U.S. Army Combined Arms CenterJ. R. Davidson (3) ATTN: ATZL-CAN-DO

COL Kenneth E. WiersemaW-70 Information Center Ft. Leavenworth, KS 66027 (2)

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DWRIBUTION Mr j(Cannae

EXTERNAL

Army LibraryComneATTN- AMR-L-RSU.S. Army Infantry Center

*(Army Studies) ATTN.- ATSH-CD-CSO-ORRoom IA518 Ft. Benning, GA 31905Pentagon

7Washington D."%. 20310 CommanderU.S. Army Aviation Center

C.ommander ATTN.- ATZQ-D-CSDefense Technical Information Center Ft. Rucker, AL 36362ATTN-. DDA

Y-.Cameron Station CommanderAlexandria, VA 22314 (2) U.S. Army Air Defense School

ATTN: ATSA-CDS-FCommandant Ft. Bliss, TX 79916U.S. Army Command and General Staff

, .. College CommanderFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 U.S. Army Logistics Center

ATTN.- ATCL-OCommandantFtLeV 230U.S. Army War CollegeFtLeV 230Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013 Commander

HQDAROM AenueU.S. Army Field Artillery School

5001 IFt Sil, OK 73503Alexandria, VA 22333 Commander

U.S. Army Armor CenterCommander ATTN: ATZK-CD-SDU.S. Army Combined Arms Center Ft. Knox, KY 40121ATZL-CSC-IATZL-CAS-W CommanderATZL-TAC-LO U.S. Army Intelligence CenterFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 ATTN: ATSI-CD-CS

(LTC Aikens, Dr. Verhey)Commander Ft. Huachuca, AZ 85613U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical AgencyATTN: MONA-OPS CommanderFt. Belvoir, VA 22060 Soldier Support Center

ATTNt ATSG-DCD-ADFt. Benjmin Harrison, IN 46216

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DMFIDSUlION LUTr

EXTERNAL(Clae

Director, U.S. Amyj Cocet CommanderAnalysis Agency U.S. Army Intelligence and Threat

ATTN: CSCA-AZ Analysis CenterCSCA-MC ATrN:. IAX-I

8120 Woodmont Avenue lAX-I-ORBethesda, MD 20014 *Arlington Hall Station, VA 22022

Director, U.S. Army Materiel Systems CommanderAnalysis Activity U.S. Army Training and Doctrine

ATTIN: DRXSY-C (Mr. Myers) CommandDRXSY-GR (Mr. Cliff"r ATTN: ATCG-S (Mr. Christman)

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 Ft. Monroe, VA 23651 .

Commander Lawrence Livermore LaboratoryDirector, U.S. Army TRADOC Systems Attm Stan Erickson, L-7

Analysis Activity P.O. BOX B0gATTN: ATAA-D (Mr. Goode) Livermore, CA 94550

ATAA-TG (Mr. Carrillo) .ATAA-TC (Mr. Matheson) Ray KirkcwoodATAA-TC (Mr. Payan) TRADOC Combined Arms Test Activity

White Sands, NM 88002 Ft. Hood, Texas 76544

Director, U.S. Army Research Institute Major Kevin DolanATTN: PERI-SZ (Dr. Johnson) JFAAD5001 Eisenhower Avenue Ft. Bliss, TX 79916Alexandria, VA 22333

The Rand Corporation ~Dr. Wilbur Payne Dr. Philip KlahrDirector TRADOC Operations Research 1700 Main Street

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RADCIIRDTDeputy Commander, Combined Arms Andrew Kozak

Systems Analysis Activity Griffiss AFB, NY 13441ATTN: ATOR-CAA-DC

ATOR-CAA-DR Dr. Northrop FowlerFt. Leavenworth, KS 66027 RADO/COES

Griffins APO, NY 13441

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