1.1 Plant and Animal Cells

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

• Invention of the microscope in the 1600s allowed scientists to view cells

• Cells were first described by ROBERT HOOKE in 1663

• Cells were first studied using the light microscope but detailed information came from the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

PROPERTIES OF THE CELL

• Cells:o Are the basic building block of lifeo Takes nutrients from its environment and releases wasteo Divide to make copies of itselfo Contains everything for its own survival

CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

• What do you remember about the cell?

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

• CELL MEMBRANE: forms a protective barrier around the cello Made of a double layer of lipids/fatso Selectively permeableo Move substances via diffusion (high to low concentration)

• CYTOPLASM: jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelleso Contains nutrients required by the cell to carry out life functions

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

• NUCLEUS: The control centre of the cell o Surrounded by a nuclear envelopeo Nuclear envelope contains pores to allow transport of materialso Contains a nucleoluso Contains cell’s DNA that is bound to proteinso CONDENSED DNA: Chromosomes; UNCONDENSED DNA: Chromatin

• VACUOLES AND VESICLES: Membrane-bound organelles that store nutrients, wastes, and other substances used by the cello Allows for turgor pressure in plant cells

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

• MITOCHONDRIA: supply energy to the cello Convert chemical energy in sugar into energy the cell can use

• LYSOSOMES: small organelles filled with digestive enzymeso Allow for breakdown of bacteria and damaged cell organlles

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

• GOLGI APPARATUS: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to be delivered throughout the cell

• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: made of interconnected small tubes that carry materials through the cello ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Covered with ribosomes that are

used to make proteinso SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: produces fats and oils

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

CELL PARTS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

• CYTOSKELETON: an internal network of fibres made of protein filaments that maintain the cell’s shape

CELL PARTS IN PLANT CELLS ONLY

• CELL WALL: A rigid frame around the cell that provides strength, protection and support

• CHLOROPLAST: contain a green pigment called chlorophyll that captures the sun’s energyo Used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen via

PHOTOSYNTHESISo Made of tiny sacs called THYLAKOIDS that stack together to form

GRANUMo Filled with a thick fluid called STROMA

CELL PARTS IN PLANT CELLS ONLY

ANIMAL vs. PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Cellular respiration

Many small vesicles

Store energy in the form of glycogen (carbohydrate) or lipids (fats)

Have specialized compounds (Ex. Hemoglobin in RBCs)

Contain centrioles which are involved in cell division

Photosynthesis using chlorophyll in the chloroplast

1 large central vacuole

Store energy as starch or oil

Lack specialized compounds

Lack centrioles