GEOLOGIGEOLOGI SejarahSejarah

IntroductionIntroduction The Mesozoic began 248 mya The Mesozoic began 248 mya

and ended 65 myaand ended 65 mya Three periods - Triassic, Jurassic, Three periods - Triassic, Jurassic,

CretaceousCretaceous breakup of Pangaea was the major breakup of Pangaea was the major

geologic eventgeologic event tectonism and sedimentation are tectonism and sedimentation are

used to classify the Mesozoic in N. used to classify the Mesozoic in N. AmericaAmerica

Note the overlap in three styles of Note the overlap in three styles of Cordilleran OrogenyCordilleran Orogeny

MESOZOIC :MESOZOIC :-- THE AGETHE AGE

oof f DINOSAURS DINOSAURS-- BREAKUP BREAKUP

of of PANGEAPANGEA- GLOBAL - GLOBAL WARMINGWARMING

1. The Breakup of Pangaea1. The Breakup of Pangaea The movement of continents during The movement of continents during

and after the breakup affected global and after the breakup affected global climate and oceanic regimes as well climate and oceanic regimes as well as that of individual continentsas that of individual continents ocean basins were created or closed ocean basins were created or closed

before new mountain ranges were builtbefore new mountain ranges were built sea-level changessea-level changes

Pangaea - Early TriassicPangaea - Early TriassicPole to pole andstraddled equatorPanthalassa OceanE. coast indent is “Tethys Sea”northern coast was the southern coastline of EurAsiaSouthern coast N coasts of Ind Arabia, AustraliaMany mountain ranges;topography controls climates & sedimentation

Panthalassa

PanthalassaTethys

E Jurassic – Another LookE Jurassic – Another Look

Wrangellia

Orogeny

New Sea

PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN-TUMBUHAN PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN-TUMBUHAN SEPANJANG SEJARAH GEOLOGISEPANJANG SEJARAH GEOLOGI

Mesozoic Global ClimatesMesozoic Global Climates Carbonates (for example the stable Carbonates (for example the stable

isotope index isotope index C)C)reveal reveal large large concentrations of carbon dioxide present concentrations of carbon dioxide present in the Mesozoic atmosphere. in the Mesozoic atmosphere.

This suggests a greenhouse climate. This suggests a greenhouse climate. No glaciers, no coal, so CONo glaciers, no coal, so CO22 abundant. abundant. Greenhouse gasses pass sunlight which Greenhouse gasses pass sunlight which

hits the land and sea. Re-radiate heat (IR)hits the land and sea. Re-radiate heat (IR) Greenhouse gasses hold the heat, not lost Greenhouse gasses hold the heat, not lost

to space as quickly. Warmer equilibrium.to space as quickly. Warmer equilibrium.

Global Climates in the MesozoicGlobal Climates in the Mesozoic Mesozoic climates

were more equable than today, lacked the strong north-south climate zones.

Mesozoic plant fossils indicate subtropical conditions in high latitude locations

Seasonal differences were monsoonal

Cycads

Rifting of Pangaea AnimationRifting of Pangaea Animation

TRIASTRIAS245 – 208 JT. YLL245 – 208 JT. YLL

DISKORDANSI DGN BATUAN YANG LEBIH TUA DISKORDANSI DGN BATUAN YANG LEBIH TUA ADANYA ADANYA PENGANGKATAN SETELAH PERMPENGANGKATAN SETELAH PERM

CIMMERIA ATASCIMMERIA ATAS : ANTARA TRIAS – JURA: ANTARA TRIAS – JURA CIMMERIA BAWAHCIMMERIA BAWAH : ANTARA PERM – TRIAS: ANTARA PERM – TRIAS

DI GONDWANA TANPA PENGANGKATAN, SULIT DIPISAHKAN DI GONDWANA TANPA PENGANGKATAN, SULIT DIPISAHKAN ANTARA PERM DAN TRIAS ANTARA PERM DAN TRIAS PERMOTRIAS PERMOTRIAS

DIJUMPAI DI PEG. VARICIA, TASMANIA, CHINA, SIBERIA, DIJUMPAI DI PEG. VARICIA, TASMANIA, CHINA, SIBERIA, URALURAL

FAUNA TRIAS :FAUNA TRIAS :

Vertebrata berkembang maksimal, invertebrata Vertebrata berkembang maksimal, invertebrata menurunmenurun

Fauna punah : Fauna punah : - - TrilobitaTrilobita- Blastoida- Blastoida- Tetracoral- Tetracoral- Graptozoa- Graptozoa- Ammonite- Ammonite : ada beberapa yang: ada beberapa yang masih bertahan masih bertahan disebut disebut MesoammoniteMesoammonite

BelemnitBelemnit Moluska :Moluska : Halobia, DaonellaHalobia, Daonella

PEMBAGIAN TRIASPEMBAGIAN TRIAS : : - Trias Jerman- Trias Jerman- Trias Alpina- Trias Alpina

Triassic HexacoralsTriassic Hexacorals

Belemnoids, Belemnoids, squidlike squidlike

cephalopod cephalopod molusks molusks

that werethat wererelated to related to

ammonoids ammonoids butbut

lacked external shellslacked external shells

JuraJuraCimmeria AtasCimmeria Atas

Atas Atas KeuperKeuper SchlifsandsteinSchlifsandstein end daratend daratEnd. garamEnd. garam Dolomit, gipsDolomit, gipsLetten kohle (bt.bara)Letten kohle (bt.bara)Grenz DolomiteGrenz Dolomite

TriasTrias TengahTengah MuschelkalkMuschelkalk Haupt muschlekalk Haupt muschlekalk marinemarine JermanJerman Bgp moluskaBgp moluska Anhidrit groupeAnhidrit groupe Wellen KalkWellen Kalk

transgresitransgresiRoth : gips, garamRoth : gips, garamBawahBawah Bund sandsteinBund sandstein Haupt bund sand stein-NRS Haupt bund sand stein-NRS Bps warna-wani Bps warna-wani Tiger sandstein/ MnOTiger sandstein/ MnO22

Cimmeria BawahCimmeria Bawah PermPerm

Penyebaran :Penyebaran :Jerman – Gndwana – Variscia – Acadia – Colorado – Arizona – Rocky Jerman – Gndwana – Variscia – Acadia – Colorado – Arizona – Rocky Mt – Great Red Valley – China – Australia.Mt – Great Red Valley – China – Australia.

The nothosaur Ceresiosaurus, 2.2 meters, like modern seals, The nothosaur Ceresiosaurus, 2.2 meters, like modern seals, probably fished along the shore. Middle Triassic Muschelkalk probably fished along the shore. Middle Triassic Muschelkalk

of Germany.of Germany.

A fossil fern from the Upper Triassic

Chinle Formation of New Mexico.

TRIAS ALPINETRIAS ALPINE Mrpkan endapan marine yang menerus, banyak Mrpkan endapan marine yang menerus, banyak

mengandung batugamping, mengandung batugamping, PermotriasPermotrias. . Transgresi dan regresi tidak nampak, batas Transgresi dan regresi tidak nampak, batas didasarkan atas kesamaan umurnya (fosil).didasarkan atas kesamaan umurnya (fosil).

Perm – Trias dipisahkan berdasar :Perm – Trias dipisahkan berdasar :- litologi- litologi- fosil.- fosil.

Fosil Pembanding : Fosil Pembanding : Ammonit.Ammonit.

Batuan Pembanding : Batuan Pembanding : Batugamping.Batugamping.

NariaNaria - Dachstein- DachsteinKarniaKarnia - Hauptdolomite- Hauptdolomite

Trias AlpineTrias Alpine LadiniaLadiniaAnisiaAnisia- Wetterstein Kalk- Wetterstein KalkSeythiaSeythia - Werferier Schicten- Werferier Schicten

Ada 2 sistem geosinklin. : Ada 2 sistem geosinklin. : - Tethys.- Tethys.- Circum Pacific.- Circum Pacific.

Tethys Tethys :: Maroko – Pyrenia – Alpina – Italia – Maroko – Pyrenia – Alpina – Italia – Balkan – Carpathia – Kaukasia – Turki – Afganistan Balkan – Carpathia – Kaukasia – Turki – Afganistan – Himalaya – Burma – Indonesia.– Himalaya – Burma – Indonesia.

Circum PacificCircum Pacific : Indonesia – Phillipines – Taiwan – : Indonesia – Phillipines – Taiwan – Jepang – Alaska – Rocky Mt – Andes – Selandia Jepang – Alaska – Rocky Mt – Andes – Selandia Baru –Irian.Baru –Irian.

IKLIM TRIASIKLIM TRIAS Kering, panas Kering, panas endapan garam di Trias Jerman.endapan garam di Trias Jerman.

batupasir merah, mudcrack, dreikanterbatupasir merah, mudcrack, dreikanter (gurun, stepa),(gurun, stepa), evaporitevaporit

Tropis Tropis endapan batubara di Gondwana endapan batubara di Gondwana (India, (India, Australia, Siberia)Australia, Siberia)

reptilia (Afrika Selatan, Amerikareptilia (Afrika Selatan, Amerika Selatan)Selatan) terumbu koral (Alaska, Eropa)terumbu koral (Alaska, Eropa)

ARTI EKONOMIARTI EKONOMI : : GaramGaram - di Trias Jerman- di Trias Jerman BatubaraBatubara - di Gondwana- di Gondwana MinyakbumiMinyakbumi - di China.- di China.