This compilation of 10-7 handouts is missing some, because I do not have them. This covers Poifera/Cnideria, Amphibians, Mollusca, Echinoderms. This does NOT have REPTILES, BIRDS, AND FISHES. I suggest you get information on these groups from your textbook or from other classes’

handouts. – Mr. Jewett

Porifera and Cnidaria

Handout

Ivaylo Danailov, Boris Bozhinov

Porifera – sponge;

Symetry : A sponge has either radial symmetry or is asymmetrical;

Approximately 635 MYO;

About 550 MY ago, humans shared common ancestor.

Porifera Details:

Skeleton made of lime/silicon

Has numerous holes(pores) in it’s hollow body

Reproduction:

Sexual/Asexual- produces gemmules

Spores are generally hermaphrodites

Life Cycle

Lifespan can be from 2 to 200 years

Eggs are flowing in water until they find a sponge of the same species to attach to. They grow inside the sponge

Food

Enters the sponge through series of canals and pores

>50 micrometers- consumed by phagocytosis

Between 0.5-50 consumed by the sponge

< 0.5- consumed by coanocytes

Representative

Tube sponge- most common sponge

Cnidaria- jellyfish, polyps, corals, anemones

Symetry: Radial

Approximately 580 MYO

Closest to Coelenterata phylum

Characteristics

Venom cells (NEMATOCYSTS or CNIDOCYTES)

Either medusas or polyps

Lack of organs

Reproduction

Sexual- going from polyp to medusa

Asexual- simply split in half- just like cells!

Locomotion

Medusas- by jet propulsion

Rest of cnidarians are polyps- they can perform limited movement by crawling or creeping.

Food

Most are predators- they hunt with the help of cnidocytes

Passive predators- they wait for their food to come to them

Sessile cnidarians are filtrating water

Species

Lion’s mane (Cyanea Capillata)- biggest medusa on the planet(35 meters long tentacles), lives in cold waters, has toxic venom,

feeds on zooplankton and small fish

Portuguese Man o’War (Physalia Physalis)- it is not a jellyfish, more like a colony of specialized organisms. Lives in tropical/subtropical waters. Feeds on shrimp and small fish. Dependant on winds and currents for movement.

Human Interactions

They harm ecosystems because of their rapid growth in number the recent years.

Considered a delicacy in China.

Vocabulary

Mesohyl-gelatinous matrix of a sponge; Cnidocytes- stinging cells of Cnidarians;

Sessile-unable to move; Gemmules- internal buds found in sponges;

Phagocytosis- engulfing of particles by the cell walls;

Ostia-an opening in sponge’s skin; Choanocytes-cells that create water flow in the sponges.

Diploblastic-having 2 germ layers-ectoderm and endoderm

Mesoglea- the jellylike substance that composes the bodies of jellyfish

Gland cells- produce enzymes that disintegrate food inside the jellyfish

Karina Atanasova

Siyana Markova 10/7

Amphibians

1. Etymology What does “amphibian” mean?

“amphibian” (Greek) = both ways of lifeLife in water and on land as well

2. Life Cycle egg in water à aquatic larvae à development of lungs and limbs à adult Metamorphosis is observed

3. Digestion take food through the mouth frog has a long tongue with which it grabs insects for exampl e digestive system – stomach and intestines

4. Reproduction Sexually Eggs fertilized out of mother’s body (eggs are also called “spawn”) Eggs layed in moist environments Eggs dehydrate quickly because they don’t have shells

5. Characteristics Symmetry: bilateral Born in water but end up living on land. Skin: has glands; no feathers or hair; permeable and allows water and gas exchange

(estivation = they “hide” during the summer so that their skin is moist; similar to hibernation when the body functions “slow down”)

Eggs: no shell or membranes=> it should be kept in a moist environment.

Use gills to get oxygen from the water Amphibians are cold blooded (ectothermic)

6. Representatives Toad

o Latin Name: Bufo Bufoo Habitat: Fields, hedgerows, gardens and woodlands o Food: Worms, slugs and insects.o Range: throughout England, Scotland and Wales, but

not in Ireland.o Locomotion: Jumping; hopping; swimming; burrowing; climbing

Common Frogso Latin Name: Rana temporaria o Habitat: Shallow fresh water, including brooks,

springs, and pondso Food: insects, slugs and small worms o Range: Southeastern Canada; eastern U.S.;

Central and Northern Europe including Great Britain and Ireland o Locomotion: Jumping; hopping; swimming; burrowing; climbing

Smooth (Common) Newto Latin Name: Triturus vulgaris o Habitat: near ponds and streams; spend the winter under stones or logs (places with warmer

temperature) o Food: Slugs, worms and insectso Range: Found throughout the UK; Southeastern Canada and eastern U.S.

o Locomotion: creeping; swimming Salamander

o Latin name: Salamandra o Habitat: usually under stones o Food: insects, spiders, wormso Range: North America, parts of South America, Asia, Europe, North Africa,o Locomotion: creeping, walking

7. Human Interactions/Uses of Amphibians; Common Ancestors Humans use some amphibians (frogs) for food Amphibians share a common ancestor with mammals (Paleozoic

era – about 300 MYA), that share common ancestors with humans

8. Fun Facts Certain frogs can jump up to 20 times their own body length in a single leap. Some frogs and salamanders have tongues 10 times the length of their body. Most frogs can change their color to match their surroundings. In most species of frogs only the male croaks because croaking attracts female frogs

during mating season. The biggest frogs reach 1m in length, while the smallest are 12mm.

9. Vocabulary

Amphibians = organisms that live both on land and in water Gills = an anatomical structure that helps the aquatic organisms to get oxygen from the

water Estivation = the process of hiding in the summer (resembles hibernating) in order for the

amphibians to be moist Metamorphosis = an extreme change in body form from one life stage to the next (tadpole to

frog) E ctothermic = cold blooded Herpetology = the study of amphibians and reptiles Spawn = amphibian eggs Terrestrial = living on land Hibernation = the process of “slow down” of the body functions Caudata = amphibians that have tails

Mollusca Phylum

Phylum’s Name: The name of the phylum comes from the Latin word molluscus, from mollis,

meaning soft. Mollusca actually comes from “malakia” (“soft things”) used by Aristotle for

describing a cuttlefish. (“Mollusca”).

Symmetry: The representatives from this phylum have bilateral symmetry (like humans). In other

words, the two sides of the organism, divided by one plane, are roughly the same. (“Body

Symmetry”)

Place in the cladogram: Representatives from the Mollusca phylum appeared somewhere between

542 and 488.3 million years ago. This phylum is most closely related to Arthtopods, yet

Mollusks are more inferior to them. Only the jellyfish and the sponges are more inferior to the

Mollusks in the Animal kingdom. People shared common ancestor with this group around 550

m yrs ago. (Driscoll)

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Unique Characteristics : The Mollusks contain a lot of strange and extraordinary characteristics that

distinguish them from the other phylum. They have organs, nervous and vascular systems, but

also many other different characteristics such as:

- soft body usually protected by external calcium-containing skeleton (shell);

- 3 distinct body parts: head-foot [sensory & motor organs] ; visceral mass [organs of

digestion, excretion and reproduction]; mantle [specialized tissue that secrets the shell and

holds the body of the organism together] (+mantel cavity [houses the gills]);

- radula – toothed tongue; for digestion and sometimes for protection; (“Phylum”)

- have at least two main nerve cords (3 in bivalves); (“Mollusca”)

Reproduction: Less complex and simple mollusca organisms reproduce externally. More complex

organisms reproduce internally and/or are hermaphrodites. Mollusca produce eggs and some of

them – larvae. Typically they reproduce between April and November. Octopi reproduce sexually.

Snails reproduce externally by letting their sperm and eggs out in the water (fertilization is not always

achieved). The land snails who are hermaphrodites prefer to find a partner rather than mate with

themselves. They reproduce internally (“Mollusca Reproduction”).

Locomotion: Smaller mollusks have cilia with which they move. Others use their foot (a muscle on

their down part of the body) to move. This “foot” has a pair of statocysts and it secrets mucus. Some,

such as octopi, use their arms to swim or float. (“Driscoll”)

Nervous System: the mollusca organisms have two nervous cords – the visceral and the pedal ones.

1 st Representative : Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) – North Atlantic coast of North America, Europe,

and other sees and oceans with temperate or polar waters; live attached to rocks or other hard

objects in the water; eat plankton; moves by sticking out its foot outside of the shell and

pulling along with it; filtrates the water and is food for some organisms in the seas; stages –

larval stage (no hard shell) -> young mussel (small and growing) -> adult mussel; (“Blue

Mussels”)

2 nd Representative: Grove snail (Cepaea nemoralis) – grassland, hedgerows and woodlands (mainly in

Europe); eat decaying vegetation, fungi, plant leaves, etc.; not stationary, lives moving from

place to place; moves using its foot part of the body, usually in wave locomotion; provides food

for birds and hedgehogs; egg – small snail with really soft shell (need of calcium) –> adult snail;

(“Life Cycle”)

3 rd Representative : Broadclub Cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) - corral reefs in the Indo-Pacific ocean;

eats small fishes and crustaceans; bright colors; moves into the water by moving its foot in

wave locomotion; eggs – small cuttlefish – adult cuttlefish; (“Squids and Cuttlefish")

Human Interactions: used for food, production of medicaments and drugs, pearls, shells – valuable

items; sometimes they bite people and sometime the venom is so poisonous that the person

dies; (“Mollusca”)

Fun Facts:

• Octopi

They have three hearts

Their blood is light blue, just like aristocrats J

They have 80 tentacles, each of which has 240 sucking cups (a total of 1920) used

for catching their victim.

Just like sea stars, if their arm is cut, they can regenerate it

• Slugs

They have four noses

A disgusting fact: sometimes right before mating slugs each other’s slime

• Snails

Snails have the ability to slide on the edge of a blade and still not get hurt

If a person hums quietly to a snail for a little bit of time, the animal will come out of

its shell.

Some New Words

1) Mollusca – the marine phylum which has the greatest animal diversity

2) Head-foot - sensory & motor organs

3) Visceral Mass - organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction

4) Mantle - specialized tissue that secrets the shell and holds the body of the organism

together

5) Mantel Cavity - houses the gills

6) Radula – toothed tongue; for digestion and sometimes for protection

7) Statocyts – sac-like balance organs

8) Mucus – slippery secretion, lubricant

9) Pedal cords – cords serving the foot

10) Hermaphrodites – an animal or plant that has both male and female reproductive

organs

Echinoderms

• Echinoderm (Gr.) means spiny skin• starfishes, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers • Start with bilateral symmetry and progress to

radial symmetry in their adult form Close to Annelida and Arthropoda

We shared a common ancestor 500 million yrs ago

ReproductionSexual reproduction – involves mass spawning

► spawn - to produce offspring in large numbers

• female eggs and male sperm are released• water currents and animals help them combine• fertilization occurs in the water, making an embryo• there must be many individuals in a place for this reproductive method to be successful

Asexual reproduction – regeneration of missing or injured body parts

Eating and DigestionVariety of Ways to Eat

- browse for their food

► suspension feeders - take food particles from water

(by using their arms or using vacuum)

► parasites - organisms feeding from others by being

in/on them

Starfish sit on top of their food and digest some of it externally.

► deposit feeders remove food particles from a sediment

(► Aristotle's lantern - mouth is equipped with five teeth operated by a complex system of plates and muscles )

Aristotle’s lantern

Nervous System and MovementThe nervous system of echinoderms is decentralized.

► decentralized nervous system – there is no brain and no specified spot in the body filled with more nerves than the others

They move slowly with the help of their water vascular system.

Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci)

• From class Asteroidea • Has 12-19 arms and is up to 45cm across• Eats corals• Great concentration in the Great Barrier Reef and the southern Pacific• Red and has big spines • seemingly threatening the destruction of coral reefs and islands.

Heart urchin (Brissopsis lyrifera)

• order Spatangoidea • body is usually oval or heart-shaped• live in burrows lined with mucus• small particles of food picked by tentacles • occurs in all oceans

Sea Urchin

Sea Cucumber (various scientific names)• class Holothuroidea • 2 to 200 cm long and 1 to 20 cm thick• Eat mud containing nutrients or small aquatic animals• found in all oceans and depths, mainly in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific.

Why do we care?- disgusting as they are usually found on the shore and cause pain when stepped on or touched (sea urchins in particular)

- sea urchins and sea cucumbers are a delicacy in some countries, important for the industry of countries they’re found in

- shells - source of lime instead of limestone

Sea cucumbers get rid of their gastrointestinal tract because their body considers it an external enemy. It then grows a new one.

Vocabulary Words

bilateral symmetry – when a line is drawn in the middle of an organism (or object) and both sides are the same

pentamerous - having 5 arms, which radiate from a central body (2 on the left side of the body, 2-right, 1-center)

suspension feeders - take food particles from water parasites - organisms feeding from others by being in/on them deposit feeders remove food particles from a sediment Aristotle's lantern - mouth is equipped with five teeth operated by a complex system of

plates and muscles spawn - to produce offspring in large numbers decentralized nervous system – there is no brain and no specified spot in the body filled with

more nerves than the others water vascular system – a system of holes and channels which fills itself with sea water. It is

useful for various purposes. tentacle – an flexible extension of the body used mostly for locomotion, but also to sense the

environment