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BioDiversity & Animal Diversity lecture covering from Campbell & Reece "Biology" 8th edition (International). For ACS Biology 10, Sofia Bulgaria. March 2010
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Biodiversity
The wide, weird, world of life on Earth!
Mr. JewettACS Biology 10
March 2010
Unity & Diversity
• Reproduction
• Homeostasis & feedback
• Movement
• Obtaining & using energy & nutrients
• Structure function
DNA Double Helix: Wikipedia Commons
3 Domains of Life• 1.8 million named species• Likely 10-100 million species total
• Domain Domain Archaea – Archaea – weirdweird bacteria bacteria• Domain Domain Bacteria – “regular” bacteriaBacteria – “regular” bacteria• Domain Domain Eukarya – everything else!Eukarya – everything else!
1.4 BILLION YEARS BY THEMSELVES!
Tree of Life – one view
• Life begins ~3.6 BYAReading the tree:
•Where is the common ancestor of all life?
•How old is it?
•When did invertebrates and vertebrates last share a common ancestor?
•Which of the following are most closely related to humans?
•A. Opuntia
•B. Hagfish
•C. Yeast
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
• CR Figure 1.14
Cladogram•CR Figure 1.22 Finches – adaptive radiation
Terms to know…
• Why Classify? How should we classify?• Phylogeny – “evolutionary history for a group of
species” (CR p536)• Taxonomy – how organisms are named and classified • Binomial nomenclature – Genus species• Hierarchical classification – DKPCOFGS• Clade, taxon• Cladistics – uses common ancestry to classify• Derived characteristics• Classification slideshow (Stephen Taylor)
Animals
• Heterotrophs• Eukaryotes• Multicellular• (usually) ingest food, break down (digest)
inside bodies• No cell walls – instead use structural
proteins like collagen• Muscle (movement) & nerve cells unique
to animals
History of animal life
• 99% extinct!~550 million years old (maybe more?)
* sponges, cnidarians• Cambrian Explosion (570-535 MYA)
– ½ of all extant animal phyla http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/cambrian_06
– WHY? • Rise in O2, predator-prey relations, developmental flexibility
(new Hox genes)
• Vertebrates common 400 MYA (fish)• land vertebrates 360 MYA (amphibians)
Symmetry
• Fig 32.7 (pg 659)http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes-chap26_animalkingdom.html
Essential Functions of Animals
• Reproduction
• Gas Exchange with Environment (O2/CO2)
• Feeding
• Excretion
• Response: Coordination & Control
• Movement (most animals)
Reproduction
• Usually sexual increases genetic diversity – (respond to environmental
changes)
• Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually (faster)
Grisha Strundzhev © 2006 Goeasteurope.com
Exchange with Environment
• Circulatory and gas exchange (respiratory) systems
• How do you get food and O2 in, waste and CO2 out?
Coordination & Control• “If I only had a brain…”• Multicellular, need to have someone in charge! • Nerve cells communicate, hormones are
chemical messengers• Only cells with right receptors respond to
hormone signaling
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/gh.jpg
Feedback Loops & Homeostasis
• Homeostasis = “steady state”, internal balance
• Negative feedback loop – increase decrease, decrease increase– Ex. Thermoregulation
• Positive feedback loop = increase BIGGER increase – Ex. Hormone signalling, blood clotting
Thermoregulation
• endotherm (warm-blooded)
• ectotherm (cold-blooded)
• Torpor & hibernation
• Important for rates of reactions
Feeding
• Fig 41.6, p881
• Filter / Suspension feeders (baleen whales, sponges)
• Substrate feeders (some caterpillars)
• Fluid feeders (mosquitoes)
• Bulk feeders (snakes, humans)