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10-4 ATB
What is biochemistry? Today:
Go over your chemistry intro. Tests Turn in your Surface Tension lab report
Being biochemistry
10-5 ATB
What is a macromolecule? Today:
Pre-quiz on biochemistry Discuss macromolecules
Test Averages: Period 5 – 82% Period 6 – 84%
What is a monomer?
A. Small part of a larger molecule
B. A large molecule
C. Something that makes up a lipid
D. It is the same as a polymer
What is a carbohydrate?
A. Molecule used for long term energy storage
B. A polymer made up of sugars
C. A molecule used to build muscles
D. A molecule that forms our DNA
We could expect an organic compound to always have…
A. Nitrogen
B. Chlorine
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon
Lipids are…
A. A macromolecule used for energy storage
B. Used for short term energy
C. Used for structure in organisms
D. Found in proteins
Proteins…
A. Important for energy use
B. Make up many enzymes and tissues
C. are the same things as lipids
D. Are used first for energy
Today: Use the books for an intro into the biochem
unit Read book pages 51-54 Answer all but questions #4
Homework if you do not get it done
Biochemistry!!!!Biochemistry!!!!
Chapter 3 Chapter 3
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds Review –
What element is in mostorganic compounds? CARBON
How many valence electrons does carbon have? Four
What type of bonds can carbon form? Single, double or
triple bonds
Organic Compounds Organic Compounds =
carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may include other elements
Important elements are (other than carbon) Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Phosphorus
Hydrocarbons = Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen The simplest hydrocarbon is methane or CH4
Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid or solid
Macromolecules
Monomers = Simple molecule Smaller unit of a larger molecule Able to attach to other monomers to form
polymers
Polymers = long chains of repeated molecules
Draw:
10-6 ATB
DRAW some monomers and then a polymer.
Today: Continue discussing macromolecules
(carbohydrates)
Macromolecules = large-size molecules Three types of polymers are essential to life:
Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates
Lipids (are not polymers, but are also essential)
What does “Mono” mean? one
What does “Poly” mean? many
What does “mer” mean? parts
The 4 Macromolecules we’ll discuss…
Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrate – Polymer composed
of C, H, and O Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Sugars = simple carbohydrates
Glucose = provides chemical energy for cells C6H12O6
Carbohydrate Function AnimalsAnimals::
Short term energy use (stored as Short term energy use (stored as glycogen)glycogen)
Stored in liver / muscles ready for useStored in liver / muscles ready for use PlantsPlants::
Energy source stored as starch (ex: Energy source stored as starch (ex: potatoes)potatoes)
Starch = a complex carbohydrate Starch = a complex carbohydrate Cellulose – straight chains of glucose Cellulose – straight chains of glucose
used for structureused for structure
Complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy
Cellulose – plant structure
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monosaccharide'sMonosaccharide's
““One” “sugar”One” “sugar” Monomer of a carbohydrateMonomer of a carbohydrate
ExamplesExamples:: GlucoseGlucose Fructose (from fruits)Fructose (from fruits) Galactose (in milk)Galactose (in milk)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are disaccharides?What are disaccharides?
Means “Two” “Sugars”Means “Two” “Sugars” two sugars join to form a new sugartwo sugars join to form a new sugar ExampleExample: Glucose + fructose = sucrose: Glucose + fructose = sucrose
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates What are polysaccharides?What are polysaccharides?
Means “many” “sugars”Means “many” “sugars” Carbs. Made with more than three sugarsCarbs. Made with more than three sugars
Carbohydrates - GlycogenCarbohydrates - Glycogen
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates IsomersIsomers – –
same chemical formula, different structuresame chemical formula, different structure EX: - monosaccharide'sEX: - monosaccharide's
CC66HH1212OO66
10-7 ATB
What type of reaction links monomers into polymers?
Today: BOOK ASSIGNMENT! Read pages 45-49 Questions: 1, 2 and 3
10-10 ATB
What are the 4 macromolecules? Which one is NOT a polymer?
Today: Turn in your assignment from Friday
10-11 ATB
What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Today:
Discuss hydrolysis reactions Discuss lipids Turn in assignment from Friday ATB’s to be collected this week
Thursday?
How do polymers bond? Condensation (dehydration) reactions!!
Condensation (dehydration) reactionCondensation (dehydration) reaction - - Chemical reaction that links monomers into Chemical reaction that links monomers into
polymerspolymers Each time a monomer is added, water is Each time a monomer is added, water is
releasedreleased ExampleExample::
Glucose + fructose Glucose + fructose sucrose sucrose Take a water from the reactants Take a water from the reactants
(dehydration)(dehydration) Building monomers upBuilding monomers up
Condensation Reaction
Condensation ReactionCondensation Reaction Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide
(carbohydrate)(carbohydrate)
Condensation Reaction
How do they break down? HydrolysisHydrolysis
Addition of water to polymers in order to break Addition of water to polymers in order to break them down into monomersthem down into monomers
““Hydro” = waterHydro” = water ““lysis” = breaklysis” = break
Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back in to break down polymersin to break down polymers
Hydrolysis Reaction
SucrASE is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose
Terms with –ASE on the end typically mean it’s an enzyme
Hydrolysis Reaction
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/images/saturated_unsaturat_c_la_784.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php&usg=__wmlTPiW7tJUFKKCzaJGeSZnRo0Y=&h=468&w=837&sz=63&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=hqYf4SbD63lV_M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaturated%2Bphospholipids%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1
Under reaction types
Carbs – Condensation vs. Hydrolysis
LipidsLipids LipidsLipids - -
Large Large non-polarnon-polar organic molecules organic molecules Do not dissolve in waterDo not dissolve in water
ExamplesExamples fats, oils, steroids, wax and pigmentsfats, oils, steroids, wax and pigments
FunctionFunction:: Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates = Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates =
more energymore energy Long term energy storageLong term energy storage Form cell membranesForm cell membranes Cushions organs, keep body warmCushions organs, keep body warm
Lipids = a chemically diverse group of compounds grouped together because they don’t dissolve in water For energy, cell membranes, structural
support, and steroids
LipidsLipids Fatty acidsFatty acids - -
Make up most lipids – a variety of typesMake up most lipids – a variety of types Have different length carbon tailsHave different length carbon tails StructureStructure:: Carboxyl head and long carbon tailCarboxyl head and long carbon tail
10-12 ATB
Which reaction type builds polymers? Which breaks them down?
Today: Video – importance of carbon Crackers Worksheet --- continue working Finish discussing lipids
Salivary amylase An enzyme that catalyses the
breakdown of starch into sugars
Which type of reaction is this? condensation
Amylase acts on starch to produce maltose (a disaccharide) - this is further broken down in the small intestine by maltase to give 2 glucose monomers
10-13 ATB
What does the enzyme salivary amylase do?
Today: Finish describing lipids Describe nucleic acids Review for the quiz tomorrow QUIZ TOMORROW – 14 multiple choice. ATB’s DUE TOMORROW!!!!!!!!!
Polar vs Nonpolar side
Carbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobicCarbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobic
Carboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilicCarboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilic
LipidsLipids Phospholipids
Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes Have a phosphate attached to glycerol Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head” Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic
Lipids So if we mixed
phospholipids with water, how would theyarrange?
Lipids Triglyceride -
How most fats exist in body and in food
One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)
Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsacids
Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids - - Usually SOLID at room tempUsually SOLID at room temp Single bonds creates straight Single bonds creates straight
chains = chains = less room around eachless room around eachacid makes them solidacid makes them solid
Found inFound in: Butter, red meat: Butter, red meat The bad fats – you don’t really needThe bad fats – you don’t really need
them (artery cloggers)them (artery cloggers)
Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acidsfatty acids
Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids – – Usually LIQUID at room tempUsually LIQUID at room temp Double bonds creates Double bonds creates
kinked chains = kinked chains = more roommore roomto “flow” – usually liquidsto “flow” – usually liquids
Found in plant oils (vegetable oilFound in plant oils (vegetable oiletc.)etc.)
These are the good fats – These are the good fats – better for yourbetter for yourhealthhealth
Lipids
WaxWax WaterproofWaterproof Protective layer inProtective layer in
plants and animals plants and animals Ear waxEar wax
LipidsLipids
LipidsLipids SteroidSteroid
Compose many hormonesCompose many hormones Made of four fused ringsMade of four fused rings TestosteroneTestosterone EstrogenEstrogen CholesterolCholesterol
Lipids
Phospholipid molecule http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st
udent/ch03/sec03/qc13/hm203_03_q13fs.htm
Lipid bylayer http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/st
udent/ch03/sec03/qc14/hm203_03_q14fs.htm
REVIEW: write answers somewhere…1. What is a monomer?2. What are the three monosaccharides?3. What is a macromolecule?4. What is a “poly” mean?5. What is the function of carbohydrates in plants?
In animals?6. What are two functions of lipids?7. What is the main function of proteins?8. What is the monomer of carbohydrates?9. What does “disaccharide” mean?10.What is the function of a condensation reaction?11. If glucose and fructose are going to bond, what
would be the products? What type of reaction would this be?
10-14 ATB
QUIZ!!! Any questions? Turn in your ATB’s!!!
Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Nucleic acid - Nucleic acid -
Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell infoinfo
What are the two nucleic acids?What are the two nucleic acids? DNA and RNADNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Directs cell activities and stores info for cellDirects cell activities and stores info for cell
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) info for protein productioninfo for protein production
Monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid NucleotideNucleotide
Monomer of DNA and RNAMonomer of DNA and RNA Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen baseMade up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base
A special process involving proteins Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic
Acid (RNA) carry the hereditary information of organisms Long chains of nucleotides that contain
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
Information in DNA is rewritten to RNA RNA directs amino acid assembly into proteins Genes = regions of DNA that code for
proteins that perform certain functions Genome = an organism’s genes
Divided into chromosomes
Proteins Produce tissues, provide structural support,
store and others transport energy Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair,
muscles, and tendons Some function as components of the immune
system They can serve as enzymes, molecules that
promote certain chemical reactions
ProteinsProteins Organic compounds composed mostlyOrganic compounds composed mostly
of C, H, O and N of C, H, O and N FunctionFunction::
Many body tissuesMany body tissues Also hormones and enzymesAlso hormones and enzymes
ExamplesExamples:: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etchair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etc InsulinInsulin Human growth hormoneHuman growth hormone
Biochemistry
Describe:Macromolecule -
Monomer –
Polymer -
Describe:Proteins:
Nucleic Acids:
Reaction Types:Condensation –
Hydroysis
Carbohydrates:
Lipids:
ProteinsProteins What are the building blocks of proteins?What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acidsAmino acids
20 different AA’s – 20 different AA’s – see them 4 basic parts:4 basic parts:
Functional Group – gives AA it’sFunctional Group – gives AA it’sproperties / shapeproperties / shape
Amino Group (-NH2)Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH)Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)
Functionalgroup
Amino group Carboxyl
group
Concept Mapping
You are going to create a concept map that link information about the organic macromolecules we learned about.
We’re going to start it together.
Amino Acids 20 different structures 64 possible nitrogenous base combinations
Go back
ProteinsProteins What holds proteins together?What holds proteins together? Peptide bondsPeptide bonds
Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.)
Polypeptide - Polypeptide - Three or more bonded Three or more bonded
AA’sAA’s
Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes Proteins also make enzymesProteins also make enzymes
These are biological catalysts These are biological catalysts SubstrateSubstrate
Reactant being changedReactant being changed Active siteActive site
Place on enzyme where reaction occursPlace on enzyme where reaction occurs
Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme
http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc08/hm203_03_q08fs.htm
A
Proteins
We create synthetic polymers Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers
Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar)
Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown Problematic because they cause long-lasting waste
and pollution Wildlife and health problems, water quality issues,
harmful to marine animals We must design less-polluting alternatives and
increase recycling
The End
10-29 ATB
TEST TODAY Get ready to turn in your review sheets /
concept maps Put your name on the test Start on #101 on the scantron
Answer the following: 1. What elements are in carbohydrates?
2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates?
3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called? 4. Identify three simple sugars. 5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any
simple sugar? 6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other,
because they have the same chemical formula?
7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT?
8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called?
9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!
Extra stuffExtra stuff
Functional groups - Functional groups - Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds
propertiesproperties Ex: Ex:
EthanolEthanol Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar
(hydrophilic)(hydrophilic)
Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded togetherwhich is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together
Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starchPlants store glucose as polysaccharide starch Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up
50% of wood – hard to break down / digest50% of wood – hard to break down / digest
10-14 ATB All group members must be working.
You must learn the information and know your role in the presentation
By the end of the period… I need to have your printed NOTE OUTLINE
(with a few diagrams to help your classmates)
You should be done with your PowerPoint.