1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?”

Gregor Mendel

2. Why did he use pea plants? To study the inheritance of traits

“Pure bred” and “true breeding”

“Homozygous”

AA x AA

aa x aa

AA aa

AA x aa

Hybrid and Heterozygous

A a A a A a

2 Alleles are different

All hybrid (Aa)

offspring result

Cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits

What are the offspring of two pure bred parents called?

TT x tt “P” Generation

4 Tt “F1” Generation

What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)?

Genotype Ratio: 1 PP: 2 Pp: 1 ppPhenotype Ratio: 3 Purple: 1 White

Pp Pp

Pp Pp

PP Pp

Pp pp

Probability= The chance of something happening!

Chance of getting heads ½ or 50%

More times you flip a penny, the more likely you are to

get the “expected” outcome (probability).

½ heads, ½ tails

½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½

1/64

If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

Independent AssortmentDuring gamete formation, genes for different traits

separate without influencing the other.Foil each parentto get 4 gametes

G g Y y GYGygYgy

Complete Dominance

The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!!Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers.

Co-Dominance

Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other.ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type:

AB has same Genotype & Phenotype

Co-Dominance

What are polygenic traits?Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color and

height.

First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type

then multiply!

A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 =

32 gametes

How many different gametes?

Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not?

NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have an E.

A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males!

4 Sperm are produced

1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced

FemaleMale

Crossing Over occurs during Prophase 1 of Meiosis

Why is this important? Genetic Diversity

The paired, Homologous Chromosomes

come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads

The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I

4 genetically different cells result at the end of MeiosisHaploid = 1None set of chromosomes

Know the stages of Meiosis I & II

Mitosis

Cellular Division

2 Genetically Identical Cells

P

M

A

T

MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS

GametesSomatic Cells

Mitosis Meiosis

Somatic Cells - all body cells except sex cells

Sex Cells – Gametes(Egg or Sperm)

2 genetically identical cells 4 genetically different cells

Diploid – “2N”2 sets of Chromosomes

Haploid – “N”1 set of Chromosomes

No Genetic Diversity GENETIC DIVERSITY!

Goes through PMAT once(Prophase, Meta, Ana, Telo)

Goes through PMAT twice(Prophase I, Meta I, Ana I, Telo I)

then(Prophase II, Meta II, Ana II, Telo II)

VS

Karyotype

Shows:• Autosomes = all chromosomes # 1 - 22 chromosome

pairs (not sex chromosomes)• Sex Chromosomes

XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair)• Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that

code for the same traits and pair up with each other• Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s,

Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females)

46 Chromosomes

23 Pairs

Non-disjunction –When chromosome pairs don’t separate properly during Meiosis I

Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes

Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)“Trisomy” means extra chromosome

XXY

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

Extra X chromosome

XO

Turner’s Syndrome

Fatherdetermines

sex of offspring

Father provides either an X or a

Y to pair up with the

mother’s X to make a boy or

girl50% chance of Boy XY 50% chance of Girl XX

Pedigree Chart •shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next•Shows male or female•Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or “has trait”

3 Generations shown

Normal Male

Normal Female

Female with Trait

Carrier Female

Male with Trait

Line = Marriage

Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits?

XB Xb

Xb XBXb XbXb

Y XBY XbY

XBXb x XbY female carrier x male color blind

Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Color blind1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Color blind

Sex-linked traits only carried on X Y doesn’t carry traits

Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness

Know how to do the following types of crosses:

•Monohybrid Cross (1 Trait; Complete Dominance)•Dihybrid Cross (2 traits)

•Incomplete Dominance Cross (Red, Pink, and White Flowers)

• Co-Dominance Cross (Blood Groups)

• Sex-linked Cross (XᴴX P & X PY)

(key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring)

•Allele- Different forms of a gene•Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm – Haploid)•Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits•Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation• Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes

Autosomes and Sex Cells•Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation•Probability - Chance of something happening•Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

•Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait•Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait•Genotype – Genetic makeup of organism (letters)•Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks•Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr)•Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr)

•Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature)•Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes

•Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY•Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits•Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes “2N”•Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes “N”•Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance•Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate•Segregation – Separation of alleles