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1
Violence Against Women Surveys in Finland
Markku Heiskanen
European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)
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Aim• Two comparable Violence Against Women
Surveys in Finland• Methods, problems, improvements• Indicators?• Examples from Finland and Sweden• IVAWS
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Two comparable Violence Against Women Surveys in Finland
• 1997 (n= 7,100) - Faith, Hope, Battering (FHB)• 2005 (n=7,200)• ?
4
Methods, problems, improvements• Method: Mail mode (in Nordic countries):
+ no direct interviewer effect+ time to think about the answers+ costs - man may influence the response- limited number of questions- data quality
--- > +++
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Improvements on the 2005 questionnaire
- Screening questions
- Seeking help
- Other (restraining order, mediation, alcohol)
- Removed: costs of violence
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Screening questions of partnership violence in FHB,1997
Has your current partner sometimes behaved violently against you, such as: (over the last 12 months/earlier)
1 Threatened you with violence?
2 Prevented you from moving or grabbed you?
3. Slapped you?
4 Thrown a hard object at you?
5 Beaten you with a fist or a hard object, or kicked you?
6 Strangled or tried to strangle you?
7 Shot at you or stabbed or cut you with an edged weapon?
8 Beaten your head against something?
9 Coerced you or tried to coerce you to have sex with him?
10 Behaved violently against you in some other manner, how?
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Sexual violence: additional itemsWe ask yet more accurately of certain forms of sexual violence. Has your current partner: (over the last 12 months/earlier)
1 Forced you to have sex with him by threathing you, by grabbing you or by hurting you?
2 Tried to force you to have sex with him by threathing you, by grabbing you or by hurting you?
3 Had sex or tried to have sex with you, when you were not able to refuse, e.g. when you were sleeping, drunken, stunned, inconscious or in confused condition?
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Results• Response rate: 70 % in 1997, 62 % in 2005• 2005 results will be published in the Autumn
of 2006• Victimisation rate high compared to the
Finnish National Victimisation Survey• Example
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Female victims of partner violence and threats during the 12 months in different age groups in the Violence against women survey and in the National victimisation survey 1997 (% of women with a partner )
18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-740
5
10
15
20
Violence against women survey 1997
National victimisation survey 1997
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Indicators
• Idea: simple, useful, representative• Causes of death statistics, ICD10:
- Deaths in couple relations / other• FHB-survey: partnership / other
+ Lifetime prevalence (raising the awareness)- One year prevalence (freq, continuity, trend) - Seriousness: injury hospital, first aid clinics, doctor reporting to the police psychological consequences- Use/need for victim services
• Police statistics: nothing
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The diversity of partnership violence. Classification of partnership violence of FHB by cluster analysis (Minna Piispa 2002/2004)
• Short history of violence, 33 %• Partnership terrorism, 10 %• Psychological torture, 18 %• Episode in the past, 39 %
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Dynamics of victimisation in ended couple relations
”Divorces and men's violence against women”,
(Hans Ekbrand 2006)
Different periods in couple relations & different forms of violence
Different forms of men’s violence
1 Physical
2 Sexual
3 Psychological (controlling and dismissive behavioir)
4 Threats and warnings
Sample: separated women in Sweden (Gothenburg area)
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Dynamics of victimisation in ended couple relations
Periods in couple relations:
1 The first six months of cohabitation
2 The following period until period III (median = 9 years)
3 The last six last months of cohabitation until a decision to separate is communicated
4 An optional period of cohabitation until the parties actually separate (3,5 months)
5 The period after cohabitation (until filling the questionnaire; 20 months)
6 The period of negotiations on custody, visitation or maintenance of children (if they had any)
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Proportion of men who have used different forms of violence during different periods of partnership (Hans Ekbrand 2006)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
First 6months
The time inbetween
Last 6months
Livingtogether
after
Moved apart Negotiationsof children
Psychological
Threats/w arnings
Physical
Sexual
Sweden
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International comparability• Compared to e.g. Sweden, the overall
victimisation situations are quite similar, to other countries ...
• International Violence Against Women Survey International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS); (IVAWS); Sami Nevala, project manager (HEUNI)
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IVAWS: International mandate• studying “the causes and consequences of
violence against women and the effectiveness of preventive measures”
• Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995
• “to develop crime surveys on the nature of violence against women”
• Resolution on “Elimination of Violence against Women”, Sixth Session, United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 1997
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Goals of IVAWS• Collect cross-cultural, comparable data on
prevalence, incidence of violence against women, and the consequences and characteristics of violence.
• Use the results to develop criminal justice policies, crime prevention, police responses and legislation.
• Raise awareness on violence against women• Started in 1997, report Autumn of 2006 by Holly
Johnson, Sami Nevala and Natalia Ollus
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IVAWS Violence Items (7+5)1 Threatened to hurt you physically? 2 Threw something at you or hit you with something
that hurt or frightened you? 3 Pushed or grabbed you or twisted your arm or pulled
your hair in a way that really hurt or scared you? 4 Slapped, kicked, bit, or hit you with a fist? 5 Strangled, tried to suffocate you, burned or scalded
you on purpose? 6 Used or threatened to use a knife or gun on you? 7 Other physical violence?
8 Forced you into sexual intercourse? 9 Attempted to force you into sexual intercourse? 10 Touched you sexually against your will? 11 Forced you into sexual activity with someone else? 12 Other sexual violence?
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IVAWS: 11 participating countries
• EUROPE- Denmark- Greece- Italy- Poland- Switzerland- Czech Republic
• OTHER CONTINENTS- Australia- Costa Rica- Hong Kong- Mozambique- Philippines
- problems; small and dissimilar samples, differences in the questionnaires
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Discussion• Finnish Violence Against Women Surveys
have stressed the importance of studying violence against women as a separate social problem
• Continuity and international comparability needed
• Discrepancy between time series and development