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The Romantic Period1800-1900

Copyright © 2006 Jacksonville High School, Christopher D. HowardThis information may be used and reproduced for educational purposes as long as proper credit is given.

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Period Review

• Antiquity (BCE-476)• Middle Ages (476-1420)• Renaissance (1420-1600)• Baroque (1600-1750)• Classical (1750-1800)• Romantic (1800-1900)

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Historical Overview

• Industrial Revolution continues:– Sharp population increase (Europe and

US)• Europe: 132 million-284 million• United States: ca. 8 million-75 million

– Increased travel, trade, wealth and communication

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Historical Overviewp.351-352

•Philosophy: Enlightenment

Romantic

Reason rules Respected reason…not only/final solution

Universal rules/ Objective/Concrete/ Right and Wrong/Black and White

Individual/Subjective

Rational Emotional/Spiritual/Self

Nature and Creativity

Absolutist and monarchial Government

Constitutional Governments•Performing and Creative Arts highly revered

•Instrumental music of great importance-most abstract

•Common languages sought to bond together

•Nationalism paralleled/National Identities established

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Inventions of the 19th Century• Smallpox Vaccine-Edward Jenner• Toy Balloon-Michael Faraday• Matches-John Walker• Telegraph-Samuel Morse• Morse Code-Samuel Morse• Vulcanized Rubber-Charles

Goodyear• Stapler-Samuel Slocum• Pneumatic Tire-Robert W Thomson• Safety Pin-Walter Hunt• Sewing Machine-Isaac Singer• Railway travel and shipping

•Pasteurization-Louis Pasteur•Washing Machine-Hamilton Smith•Bicycle-Pierre Michaux•Machine Gun-Richard Gatling•Dynamite-Alfred Nobel•Torpedo-Robert Whitehead•Traffic Lights-JP Knight•Barbed Wire-Joseph Glidden•Phonograph-Thomas Edison•Moving Pictures-Eadweard Muybridge•Telephone-Alexander Graham Bell•Incandescent Light Bulb-Thomas Edison

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Inventions

• Reflect the desire to – Travel– Communicate– Defend

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Artists

• Names:– Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)-Spanish– Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)-French Romantic– Edhuard Manet (1832-1883)-French Impressionist– Edgar Degas (1834-1917)-French Impressionist– Claude Monet (1840-1926)-French Impressionist– Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)-French Impressionist– Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)-Dutch Post-Impressionist– Henri Rousseau (1844-1910)-French-Primitivist– John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)-American-Romantic

Portraitist

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Francisco de GoyaThe Parasol, 1777

SOURCE: http://www.imageone.com/goya/parasol.html

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Francisco de GoyaHighway Men Attacking a Coach, 1786-87

SOURCE: http://www.imageone.com/goya/highway.html

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Francisco de GoyaThe Witches’ Sabbath, 1797-1798

SOURCE: http://www.imageone.com/goya/sabbath.html

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Eugene DelacroixThe Sea of Galilee,

SOURCE: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/delacroix/sea-galilee.jpg

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Eugene DelacroixEntry of the Crusaders into Constantinople on 12 April 1204

SOURCE: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/delacroix/sea-galilee.jpghttp://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/delacroix/

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Edhuard ManetMusic in the Tuileries

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet_036.jpg

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Edhuard ManetSelf Portrait with a Palette

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Self_Portrait_with_a_Palette.jpg

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Edgar DegasBallerina

SOURCE: unknown

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Edgar DegasThe Dance Class. 1874

SOURCE: http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Degas/html/indexc5.html

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Claude MonetImpression, Sunrise

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant%2C_1872.jpg

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Claude MonetWater Lily Pond, 1889

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Monet.waterlilies.500pix.jpg

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir

The Promenade, ca. 1906

SOURCE: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/renoir/renoir.promenade.jpg

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Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Lady at the Piano, ca. 1875

SOURCE: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/renoir/lady-piano.jpg

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Vincent van GoghSelf Portrait, 1887

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:VanGogh_1887_Selbstbildnis.jpg

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Vincent van GoghThe Starry Night, 1889

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh

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Vincent van Gogh

Vase with twelve sunflowers, 1888

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh

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Vincent van Gogh

The Café Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, at Night, 1888

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh

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Henri Rousseau

Combat of a Tiger and a Buffalo, 1909

SOURCE: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/rousseau/combat.jpg

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John Singer Sargent

SOURCE: http://www.jssgallery.org/Major_Paintings/Major.htm

Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885-86

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John Singer Sargent

SOURCE: http://www.jssgallery.org/Major_Paintings/Major.htm

President Theodore Roosevelt, 1903

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John Singer Sargent

SOURCE: http://www.jssgallery.org/Major_Paintings/Major.htm

Duke of Marlborough Family, 1905

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John Singer Sargent

SOURCE: http://www.biltmore.com/

Work is displayed here

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John Singer Sargent

SOURCE: http://www.jssgallery.org/Paintings/George_Washington_Vanderbilt.html

Portrait of George Washington Vanderbilt

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Literature of the Romantic

• Names:– William Wordsworth (1770-1850)-English Poet– George Gordon (Lord Byron) (1788-1824)-Poet– Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)-English Poet– Jane Austen (1775-1817)-English Novelist– Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) American Transcendentalist

Philosopher and Writer– Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855)-English Novelist– Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)-American Transcendentalist

Philosopher and Writer– Emily Brontë (1818-1848)-Enlgish Novelist– Charles Dickens (1812-1870)-Victorian (England) Novelist– George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880)-English Novelist– Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)-English Novelist– Victor Hugo (1802-1885)-French Novelist– Walt Whitman (1819-1893)-American Poet– Emily Dickenson (1830-1886)-American Poet– Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)-American Poet and Novelist– James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851)-American Novelist– Herman Melville (1819-1891)-American Novelist– Mark Twain (1835-1910)-American Novelist

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William Wordsworth

I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils,

Beside the lake, beneath the treesFluttering and dancing in the breeze…

SOURCE: http://www.online-literature.com/wordsworth/514/

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (poem)

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Lord Byron

When we two partedIn silence and tears,Half broken-hearted,To sever for years,

Pale grew thy cheek and cold,Colder thy kiss;

Truly that hour foretoldSorrow to this…

SOURCE: http://www.online-literature.com/byron/705/

When We Two Parted (poem)

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Alfred, Lord Tennyson

What does little birdie sayIn her nest at peep of day?Let me fly, says little birdie,

Mother, let me fly away.Birdie, rest a little longer,

Till thy little wings are stronger.So she rests a little longer,

Then she flies away.

What does little baby say,In her bed at peep of day?Baby says, like little birdie,Let me rise and fly away.

Baby, sleep a little longer,Till thy little limbs are stronger.

If she sleeps a little longer, Baby too shall fly away.

SOURCE: http://www.online-literature.com/tennyson/712/

Cradle Song (poem)

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Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Persuasion (novels)

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be first entering a neigbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters…

Source: Pride and Prejudice, 1813

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

Essays, Poems and Books

There is one mind common to all individual men. Every man is an inlet to the same and to all of the same. He that is once admitted to the right of reason is made a freeman of the whole estate. What Plato has thought, he may think; what a saint has felt, he may feel; what at any time has befallen any man, he can understand. Who hath access to this universal mind, is a party to all that is or can be done, for this is the only and sovereign agent.

Of the works of the mind, history is the record. Its genius is illustrated by the entire series of days….

Source: Essay on History, 1813

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Population Boom

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50

60

70

80

90

100

UnitedStates

Russia(EU)

Germany Austria GreatBritain

France

18001900

Population in millions

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Victorian England

• Queen Victoria of England– Crowned at 18/19 (1837)– Ruled for 64 years (1901)– Successor Edward VII

• Similar to developments in America

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Post-Revolutionary France

• Weakened state made way for:

NAPOLEON

(Bonaparte)

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Post-Revolutionary France

• Napoleon Bonaparte– Declared himself Emperor of France

(1804)– Dictatorship– French power spread throughout Europe– Abolished Feudalism/Serfdom– Solidified view of Revolution

– Defeated by Russian Army (1812)– Rule abdicated at Waterloo (1815)

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Spanish-American War (1898)

• Essentials:– American involvement in an area under

Spanish Imperialistic Control– Initial interest spurred by trade

interruptions– Furthered by national security

concerns– Hawaii became 50th state as (indirect)

result– US gained control over Cuba, Puerto

Rico, Guam and Philippines

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MUSICAL ROMANTICISM

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Notable Composers

• Ludwig van Beethoven• Giocchino Rossini• Franz Schubert• Hector Berlioz• Felix Mendelssohn• Frederic Chopin• Robert Schumann• Fransz Liszt• Edvard Grieg• Modeste Mussorgsky• Johannes Brahms• Camille Saint-Saens• Isaac Albeniz• Hugo Wolf • Ottorino Respighi

•Richard Wagner•Giuseppe Verdi•Clara Schumann•Anton Bruckner•Peter Illych Tchaichovsky•Gustav Mahler•Johann Strauss•John Phillip Sousa•Bedrich Smetena•Anton Dvorak•Lowell mason•Ernest Chausson•Sir Arthur Sullivan

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Music

• Composers-composing for the sake of composing (not patrons)

• Symphonies increased (dual meaning)– Size– Instrumentation– Length

• Experimental sounds-New Instruments

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Music

• Increased amateurs from Classical--catered to in specific notation (no improvisation)

• Literacy increased focus on arts (as did Romantic ideals)

• Art Music vs Popular Music– Not clear…poles becoming visible

• Fame• Performance venues (larger…)

– Carnegie Hall-1891

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Elements of Romantic Music

• Tone: Heavily Instrumental• Texture: Increased (modern)

polyphony and homophony• Melodies: Simply complex

(dependant on composer)• Harmony: More Chromatic/Dissonant• Rhythm: More Complex• Form: Less strict—but still defined

(Classical Forms)• Timbre: New combinations

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Source

Bonds, Mark Evan. A History of Music in Western Culture. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.