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The Management of Invasive Species The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environmentsin Marine & Coastal Environments

Module 2Module 2

Goals & Principles of Invasive Goals & Principles of Invasive Species ManagementSpecies Management

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Module 2 ObjectivesModule 2 Objectives

• Outline the goals and Outline the goals and basic principles of IAS basic principles of IAS management and how management and how they apply to marine and they apply to marine and coastal environmentscoastal environments

• Describe the steps in IAS Describe the steps in IAS managementmanagement

• Indicate the points at Indicate the points at which management action which management action can be appliedcan be applied

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Management GoalsManagement Goals

• Specific goals of management Specific goals of management actionsactions

• Underlying goals, desired outcomesUnderlying goals, desired outcomes

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Specific GoalsSpecific Goals of of Management ActionsManagement Actions

• Prevent or minimise introductions

• Prevent of minimise chances of

establishment and spread

• Eradicate or control existing populations of invasives

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Specific GoalsSpecific Goals of of Management ActionsManagement Actions

WHY?

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Underlying GoalsUnderlying Goals

• Conserve/ protect marine & Conserve/ protect marine & coastal resources & associated coastal resources & associated industriesindustries

• Conserve local biodiversityConserve local biodiversity

The ultimate goal of IAS management is to minimise threats to biodiversity, human health & welfare and economies.

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General Management PrinciplesGeneral Management Principles

• The Precautionary ApproachThe Precautionary Approach

• The Hierarchical ApproachThe Hierarchical Approach

• The Ecosystem ApproachThe Ecosystem Approach • Sharing of InformationSharing of Information • User Pays PrincipleUser Pays Principle

• Cross-Sectoral Approach to ManagementCross-Sectoral Approach to Management

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The Precautionary ApproachThe Precautionary Approach

“Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.”

(Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992)

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The Precautionary ApproachThe Precautionary Approach

Given the difficulties in :

• Predicting invasivenessPredicting invasiveness

• Regulating pathwaysRegulating pathways

• Managing introduced speciesManaging introduced species

When do you think the precautionary principle should be applied?

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The Precautionary ApproachThe Precautionary Approachshould be applied to:

• Decisions to intentionally introduce any Decisions to intentionally introduce any species, but especially those known to be species, but especially those known to be invasive elsewhereinvasive elsewhere

• Decisions on which management Decisions on which management measures to impose on pathways of measures to impose on pathways of unintentional introductionsunintentional introductions

• Decisions on eradication, containment Decisions on eradication, containment and control measures being applied to and control measures being applied to alien species that have already become alien species that have already become establishedestablished

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Steps in the Hierarchical ApproachSteps in the Hierarchical Approach

Zebra mussel

• PreventionPrevention

• Early detection Early detection & rapid & rapid responseresponse

• EradicationEradication

• ContainmentContainment

• Long term Long term controlcontrol

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The Hierarchical ApproachThe Hierarchical Approach

Prevention is better than the cure!

Zebra mussel

• Once a species has Once a species has established, it can established, it can be near impossible be near impossible to remove, and to remove, and very expensive to very expensive to controlcontrol

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Obstacles to PreventionObstacles to Prevention

Prevention is better than the cure!

Zebra mussel

• What do you think What do you think might be some of might be some of the obstacles to the the obstacles to the implementation of implementation of prevention prevention measures?measures?

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Obstacles to PreventionObstacles to Prevention

Prevention is better than the cure!

Zebra mussel

• Lack of awarenessLack of awareness

• Lack of vision to Lack of vision to take pre-emptive take pre-emptive measuresmeasures

• Lack of capacityLack of capacity

• Lack of fundsLack of funds

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The Ecosystem ApproachThe Ecosystem Approach ““Ecosystem” means a dynamic complex Ecosystem” means a dynamic complex

of plant, animal and micro-organism of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living communities and their non-living environment interacting as a environment interacting as a functional unitfunctional unit

The ecosystem approach calls for The ecosystem approach calls for integrated & equitableintegrated & equitable management of management of resourcesresources

Examples?Examples?

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Sharing of InformationSharing of Information

• Development of inventories and databases including Development of inventories and databases including species (native & introduced) distribution dataspecies (native & introduced) distribution data

• Incident lists and case studiesIncident lists and case studies

• Potential threats to neighbouring countriesPotential threats to neighbouring countries

• Information on taxonomy, ecology and genetics of IASInformation on taxonomy, ecology and genetics of IAS

• Prevention and control methods where availablePrevention and control methods where available

• National and regional guidelinesNational and regional guidelines

• National requirements/regulations regarding National requirements/regulations regarding intentional introductions, such as imported speciesintentional introductions, such as imported species

• National requirements/regulations regarding National requirements/regulations regarding unintentional vectors, such as ballast water controlsunintentional vectors, such as ballast water controls

Types of information to be shared:

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User Pays PrincipleUser Pays Principle

Shipping Industry

Mariculture operations

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Cross-Sectoral Approach to Cross-Sectoral Approach to

ManagementManagement

• Environmental administrationsEnvironmental administrations

• Quarantine, border and port authoritiesQuarantine, border and port authorities

• Health & safety administrationsHealth & safety administrations

• Transport administrationsTransport administrations

• Agriculture, forestry and fisheries managersAgriculture, forestry and fisheries managers

• Trade administrationsTrade administrations

• Scientific institutionsScientific institutions

• Non-governmental organisationsNon-governmental organisations

• Local communitiesLocal communities

Examples of Stakeholders include:

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Application of Management Application of Management

MeasuresMeasures Sites of application:

• Pre-borderPre-border– (before it leaves a country or en route)(before it leaves a country or en route)

• BorderBorder – ((before it enters a countrybefore it enters a country))

• Post-borderPost-border– ((within a countrywithin a country))

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Pre-Border ManagementPre-Border Management

• What do you think might be What do you think might be examples of pre-border management examples of pre-border management for:for:

• a) Intentional introductions?a) Intentional introductions?

• b) Unintentional introductions?b) Unintentional introductions?

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Pre-Border ManagementPre-Border Management

• Intentional introductionsIntentional introductions – –

- - Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Assessment, Risk AssessmentAssessment, Risk Assessment

• Unintentional introductionsUnintentional introductions– E.g. Ballast water exchange, E.g. Ballast water exchange,

treatmenttreatment

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Border ManagementBorder Management

Hull inspections, verification of records,mitigation procedures.

Hull fouling

Assessing compliance with ballast water treatment/ management procedures, inspection of treatment equipment, water sampling.

Ballast water

Unintentional Introductions:

Assessing compliance with import permit requirements, including quarantine and treatmentmeasures, verification of species identity etc.

Mariculture and aquarium species

Intentional Introductions:

Associated Border ActivityVector Type

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Post-Border ManagementPost-Border Management

• Early detection, Rapid ResponseEarly detection, Rapid Response

• EradicationEradication

• Control and mitigationControl and mitigation

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ManagementManagement Examples Examples

Regular port surveys, monitoring, eradication, control and mitigation.

Surveys and monitoring,eradication, control and mitigation.

Post-border

Assessment of compliance,open-ocean exchange records, equipment inspection, water sampling.

Inspection of permits,assess compliance withpermit conditions,taxonomic identification,quarantine procedures

Border

Management of uptake, treatment en route, open-ocean exchange.

EIA, permit requirements, treatment prior to export from country of origin.

Pre-border

UnintentionalIntroduction:Ballast water

Intentional Introduction: Mariculture

Point of intervention

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Creating a Supporting Creating a Supporting

EnvironmentEnvironment

• Legal & Institutional IssuesLegal & Institutional Issues

• Promoting best practice Promoting best practice managementmanagement

• Awareness raisingAwareness raising

Codes of Codes of PracticePractice

Contingency Contingency PlansPlans

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A coastal fishing company has applied for a permit to import species X for mariculture purposes.A coastal fishing company has applied for a permit to import species X for mariculture purposes.

The species is easy to breed; it grows quickly, can be fed cheaply and offers a high return onThe species is easy to breed; it grows quickly, can be fed cheaply and offers a high return on

investment. The importing of this species has been supported by a number of political, industrialinvestment. The importing of this species has been supported by a number of political, industrial

And community sectors as a solution to solving the problem of food shortage in the country andAnd community sectors as a solution to solving the problem of food shortage in the country and

as a means of developing coastal towns by offering employment to the local community. Theas a means of developing coastal towns by offering employment to the local community. The

fishing company and the national department for trade & industry and the department of socialfishing company and the national department for trade & industry and the department of social

development wants to fast-track the importing of this species as they feel any delays willdevelopment wants to fast-track the importing of this species as they feel any delays will

cost both the company and the country. When answering the questions,forget your personalcost both the company and the country. When answering the questions,forget your personal

opinions and your own position; in other words ROLE PLAY. How would you respond to the permit opinions and your own position; in other words ROLE PLAY. How would you respond to the permit application as a member of:application as a member of:

• The Ports AuthorityThe Ports Authority• The Department of Environmental affairsThe Department of Environmental affairs• The Local CommunityThe Local Community• The Local Scientific community?The Local Scientific community?

When answering the question, consider the followingWhen answering the question, consider the following

A. The best recourse against invasion is prevention and precaution, therefore whichA. The best recourse against invasion is prevention and precaution, therefore which

precautionary measures would you insist be implemented? precautionary measures would you insist be implemented?

B. Should anyone be held liable if any escapes occur or if something else goes wrong? If so,B. Should anyone be held liable if any escapes occur or if something else goes wrong? If so,

who would that be?who would that be?

C. Should treatment measures be implemented? If so, which can you insist on?C. Should treatment measures be implemented? If so, which can you insist on?

D. Would you insist on any research or scientific information? If so, what information would you D. Would you insist on any research or scientific information? If so, what information would you need? need?

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• 2. The local community harvests intertidal algae for 2. The local community harvests intertidal algae for agar. They are concerned by the sudden appearance agar. They are concerned by the sudden appearance of something different on the shore; they have of something different on the shore; they have reported their concerns to you, as the local reported their concerns to you, as the local representative of the national department of representative of the national department of environmental affairs. Although this species has a environmental affairs. Although this species has a similar appearance to the species harvested, it similar appearance to the species harvested, it effectively yields no agar. The species has been on effectively yields no agar. The species has been on the shore for a number of months but appears to be the shore for a number of months but appears to be out-competing the harvested species and is out-competing the harvested species and is becoming dense and spreading to neighbouring becoming dense and spreading to neighbouring areas. The local community has therefore seen less areas. The local community has therefore seen less financial gain from harvesting in the past few financial gain from harvesting in the past few months. months.

• A. What kind of response can you think of for A. What kind of response can you think of for eradicating this algal species? eradicating this algal species?

• B. If you cannot respond, what other recourse do B. If you cannot respond, what other recourse do you have?you have?

• C. How would you involve the local community in C. How would you involve the local community in the treatment and the management of this invasion?the treatment and the management of this invasion?