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Invasive Plant Identification and Management for Forest Health
presented by:
Sarah Hilderbrand
Natural Resource Biologist
MD DNR – CCS
March 11, 2017
Cambridge, MD
– Native:
occur, grow or evolved naturally; were not introduced by man; or existed in the US prior to European contact.
– Non-Native:
were introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans or human activities. Not all are problematic.
2
Define Native…
– Invasive:
a non-native species whose introduction does, or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. (1999)
– Aggressive:
a plant, native or non-native, that has heightened adaptive strategies and can quickly populate an area or outcompete nearby plants.
3
A few more terms:
• Multiply quickly & spread easily
• Grow/Mature rapidly
• Hardy – very adaptable to:– disturbance
– light & moisture levels
– soil conditions
4
Common Traits of Non-Native Invasives
• Lack predators• Early leaf-out or
evergreen
Invasive ID
Many Invasives look like nearby Natives,
be careful with ID!
Invasive Trees
• Grow/Mature rapidly
• Displace natives to form dense thickets and shade out new growth of natives
• Compete for light, water and nutrients
• Spread rapidly by seed and vegetative means
– Seed often spread by birds & small mammals
– Frequently re-sprout from cut stumps & roots
Tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima
Watch Root Sprouts!
Callery pear,
Pyrus calleryana
Watch Root Sprouts!
White Mulberry, Morus alba & Mimosa silktree, Albizia julibrissin
Watch Root Sprouts!
Invasive Shrubs
• Impede reforestation and plant succession by overtaking and shading understory
• Animals quickly spread seed
• Alter wildlife food sources (often lower value or inedible)
• Interfere with nutrient cycling & change soil chemistry
• Can harm nesting birds, but shelter rodents
Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergiiB
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Autumn olive, Elaeagnus umbellata
biology.missouristate.edu/ Herbarium
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, www. Forestryimages.org
Privet Ligustrum species
Shrub honeysuckle Lonicera spp.
Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora
Stipules
Invasive Vines
• Twine around and girdle trees
• Cover tree canopy blocking sunlight
• Add weight to trees increasing likelihood of storm damage
• Kill trees to create canopy gaps > more sunlight > more invasive growth
• Smother and shade out natives on ground
• Rapid growth and spread seeds by birds
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Porcelainberry
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata
Oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus
English ivy
Hedera helix
James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org
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James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, www. Forestryimages.org
Chuck Bargeron, Univ. of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org
Japanese honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica
Mile-a-minute Persicaria perfoliata
http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/biocontrol/index.htm
Trumpet creeper or Trumpet vine Campsis radicans
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Kudzu Pueraria montana var. lobata
Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus
Grape Vitis sp. (aestivalis, labrusca, riparia)
Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis
Poison ivy Rhus toxicodendron
English ivy Hedera helix
Winter Vine
Comparison
Japanese Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica
Grasses & Grass-like
• Rapid dense growth outcompetes and displaces natives > creates monoculture
• Change soil moisture & chemistry
• Offer no, or lower quality wildlife food
• Reduce forage potential for livestock
• Degrade wildlife habitat
• Shade natives
• Change hydrology, fuel fires
Japanese stilt grass
Microstegium vimineum
Common reed
Phragmites australis
www.nmca.org/PHRAG_FIELD_GUIDE.pdf
Golden bamboo
Phyllastachys aurea
Wavyleaf basketgrass
Oplismenus undulatifolius
Others to Watch Out For
Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva)
Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus)
Vinca/Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
Wine berry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
Nandina (nandina domestica)
What can be done?
• Plant natives and avoid using invasives
• Recognize invasives and act quickly
• Prevent invasive spread by berries
• Protect soil health & plant communities
• Educate others
• Treatments:– Cultural
– Mechanical
– Biological
– Chemical
• Combinations
• Repeat as needed
• Safety first!
• Don’t forget permits
Controlling Invasives
Before you start:
• Have a Plan
• Prioritize
• Set Short and Long Term goals
• Find support
Case Study:Forest Stewardship Map -
for Invasive Infestation Prioritization
Forest Stewardship Map created by Justin Arseneault for Corcoran Woods ESA at SPSP in 2/2017
Infestation Assessment –Low “Dark Green”
There is an abundance of native vegetation unimpeded by invasive species and generally in good health. Vines and invasive species are scarce and, when
present, found in scattered pockets less than 1/100th of an acre in size.
Infestation Assessment –Moderate “Light Green”
There is an abundance of native vegetation unimpeded by invasive species and generally in good health. Vines are scarce, but invasive species are
found in contiguous areas greater than an acre in size.
Infestation Assessment –High “Yellow”
There is an abundance of native vegetation; however, invasive species and vines are generally present uniformly throughout the area. Invasive species and vines are beginning to affect the over
and understory vegetation, but have not yet caused irreversible damage.
Infestation Assessment –Very High “Orange”
There are generally large gaps in the canopy created by the heavy infestation of invasive species and vines. Small trees and shrubs, when present, are bent, twisted, and overtopped by vines. Damage to overstory trees is extensive, with most trees exhibiting damage and severe vine girdling.
Infestation Assessment –Extreme “Red”
There is an absence of native vegetation and complete occupation by invasive species and vines. Native trees and shrubs are mostly absent.
Sample Management Schedule
Intent of Invasive Species Management Operations – 2016. Eradicate all invasive species in areas of high ecological value and public utility; complete vine control on perimeter of highly infested areas to prevent further damage to forest canopy; design and implement invasive species monitoring framework; and initiate community outreach efforts.• Complete invasive species and vine control in all Low and Moderate areas.• Complete invasive species and vine control on edges of trails. This activity should be done continuously as
needed.• Complete vine control on overstory trees adjacent to perimeter of Extreme and Very High areas.• Mark perimeter of bamboo area to be used as containment line.• Decide on how Very High & Extreme areas are going to be treated and begin community outreach (mulching
vs. chemical, use of prescribed fire, etc.)
Intent of Invasive Species Management Operations – 2017. Continue monitoring efforts in treated areas; contain spread of bamboo until it can be treated; and begin control operations in remaining priority highly infested areas (near wetlands and streams).• Continue monitoring and mapping efforts to verify the effectiveness of areas treated during the previous year
and detect the establishment of new outliers.• Treat any bamboo spreading beyond marked containment line.• Begin invasive species and vine control in High and Very High areas adjacent to streams and wetland as
resources allow.• Complete vine control in all High areas.
Intent of Invasive Species Management Operations – 2018-2021. Continue monitoring efforts in treated areas; continue control and rehabilitation of all remaining High and Very High areas as resources allow.• If any Very High areas during the previous year were mulched, complete planting and begin
maintenance.• Continue follow-up treatments in High and Very High infested areas as needed.• Begin control and rehabilitation of bamboo area.• Continue treating remainder of High and Very High infested areas as resources allow
Intent of Invasive Species Management Operations – 2022-2031. Continue monitoring efforts in treated areas and complete control and rehabilitation of all remaining areas.• Complete treatment of bamboo area.• Complete treatment of all High and Very High infested areas.• Begin treatment and rehabilitation of Extreme infested areas as resources allow.
Sample Management Schedule
