1

The Emergence of the Two Party The Emergence of the Two Party

System and Jacksonian DemocracySystem and Jacksonian Democracy

2

The Election of 1824The Election of 1824

Republican Party: the only party in Republican Party: the only party in operation prior to the 1824 electionoperation prior to the 1824 election

Several Republican factions put up their Several Republican factions put up their own candidates for the Presidencyown candidates for the Presidency

Adams fell behind Andrew Jackson in Adams fell behind Andrew Jackson in both popular and electoral votes, but both popular and electoral votes, but received more than William H. Crawford received more than William H. Crawford and Henry Clayand Henry Clay No candidate had a majority of electoral No candidate had a majority of electoral

votes, thus, the election was decided votes, thus, the election was decided among the top three by the House of among the top three by the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Clay threw his House support to AdamsClay threw his House support to Adams Once President, Adams appointed Clay Once President, Adams appointed Clay

as Secretary of Stateas Secretary of State Jackson charged that a "corrupt Jackson charged that a "corrupt

bargain" had taken placebargain" had taken place Immediately began campaigning to Immediately began campaigning to

wrest the Presidency from Adams in wrest the Presidency from Adams in 1828.1828.

3

John Quincy Adams: Inaugural Address John Quincy Adams: Inaugural Address (March 4, 1825)(March 4, 1825)

Well aware of Congressional Well aware of Congressional hostility towards him, Adams hostility towards him, Adams attempted to reconcile a divided attempted to reconcile a divided nation by appealing to shared nation by appealing to shared history and valueshistory and values

““Of the two great political parties which have Of the two great political parties which have divided the opinions and feelings of our country, divided the opinions and feelings of our country, the candid and the just will now admit that both the candid and the just will now admit that both have contributed splendid talents, spotless have contributed splendid talents, spotless integrity, ardent patriotism, and disinterested integrity, ardent patriotism, and disinterested sacrifices to the formation and administration of sacrifices to the formation and administration of this Government...”this Government...”

““There still remains one effort of magnanimity, one There still remains one effort of magnanimity, one sacrifice of prejudice and passion, to be made by sacrifice of prejudice and passion, to be made by the individuals throughout the nation who have the individuals throughout the nation who have heretofore followed the standards of political party. heretofore followed the standards of political party. It is that of discarding every remnant of rancor It is that of discarding every remnant of rancor against each other, of embracing as countrymen against each other, of embracing as countrymen and friends, and of yielding to talents and virtue and friends, and of yielding to talents and virtue alone that confidence which in times of contention alone that confidence which in times of contention for principle was bestowed only upon those who for principle was bestowed only upon those who bore the badge of party communion.”bore the badge of party communion.”

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams

4

The Election of 1828The Election of 1828 In the 1828 Election nominations were no longer made by Congressional caucuses, but rather by In the 1828 Election nominations were no longer made by Congressional caucuses, but rather by

conventions and the state legislaturesconventions and the state legislatures In essence, this election was a rematch between Adams and JacksonIn essence, this election was a rematch between Adams and Jackson

A true mud-slinging contestA true mud-slinging contest Adams accused of misusing public fundsAdams accused of misusing public funds Jackson was accused of adultery and of murder for executing militia deserters and dueling participantsJackson was accused of adultery and of murder for executing militia deserters and dueling participants

The election was a clear victory for Jackson, but highly sectional in natureThe election was a clear victory for Jackson, but highly sectional in nature The South, West, Pennsylvania and New York went for Jackson; New England voted for AdamsThe South, West, Pennsylvania and New York went for Jackson; New England voted for Adams

The first election to be decided by popular voteThe first election to be decided by popular vote

5

Jackson’s First Inaugural AddressJackson’s First Inaugural Address(March 4, 1829)(March 4, 1829)

Andrew Jackson and his Andrew Jackson and his followers had strong beliefs followers had strong beliefs about how government should about how government should runrun Jacksonians believed in Jacksonians believed in

states' rights, the sale of states' rights, the sale of federal lands, and westward federal lands, and westward expansionexpansion

“…“…I may be called on to I may be called on to pursue in regard to the rights pursue in regard to the rights of the separate States I hope of the separate States I hope to be animated by a proper to be animated by a proper respect for those sovereign respect for those sovereign members of our Union…”members of our Union…”

6

Jackson’s Inaugural PartyJackson’s Inaugural Party Jackson invited his supporters to Jackson invited his supporters to

the White House to celebrate his the White House to celebrate his inaugurationinauguration The guests became raucous in their The guests became raucous in their

celebration and property was celebration and property was damageddamaged

Jackson himself had to be protected Jackson himself had to be protected from harmfrom harm

““What a scene did we witness! The What a scene did we witness! The Majesty of the Majesty of the PeoplePeople had disappeared, and a rabble, a mob, of boys, had disappeared, and a rabble, a mob, of boys, negros, women, children, scrambling fighting, romping. negros, women, children, scrambling fighting, romping. What a pity what a pity!...The President, after having What a pity what a pity!...The President, after having been been literallyliterally nearly pressed to death and almost nearly pressed to death and almost suffocated and torn to pieces by the people in their suffocated and torn to pieces by the people in their eagerness to shake hands with Old Hickory, had eagerness to shake hands with Old Hickory, had retreated through the back way… Cut glass and china to retreated through the back way… Cut glass and china to the amount of several thousand dollars had been broken the amount of several thousand dollars had been broken in the struggle to get the refreshments, punch…Ladies in the struggle to get the refreshments, punch…Ladies fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took place as is impossible to scene of confusion took place as is impossible to describe,--those who got in could not get out by the door describe,--those who got in could not get out by the door again, but had to scramble out of windows… the again, but had to scramble out of windows… the windows were thrown open, and the torrent found an windows were thrown open, and the torrent found an outlet, which otherwise might have proved fatal…”outlet, which otherwise might have proved fatal…”

--Margaret Bayard SmithMargaret Bayard SmithMarch 11th, 1829 March 11th, 1829

Image of Jackson’s Inaugural PartyImage of Jackson’s Inaugural Party

7

Jackson’s First Annual Message to Congress Jackson’s First Annual Message to Congress

(December 8, 1829)(December 8, 1829) After the circumstances of his After the circumstances of his

defeat in 1824, Jackson defeat in 1824, Jackson recommended eliminating the recommended eliminating the Electoral CollegeElectoral College

He also tried to democratize He also tried to democratize Federal office-holding Federal office-holding

State machines were being built State machines were being built on patronageon patronage New York Senator openly New York Senator openly

proclaimed "that to the victors proclaimed "that to the victors belong the spoils. . . . “belong the spoils. . . . “

Jackson also decried office-Jackson also decried office-holders who seemed to enjoy holders who seemed to enjoy life tenurelife tenure He believed that offices should He believed that offices should

rotate among deserving applicantsrotate among deserving applicants

8

Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia

(1831)(1831) By the 19th century, the expanding By the 19th century, the expanding

white population created friction with white population created friction with Indian tribes Indian tribes

States did not want independent Indian States did not want independent Indian enclaves within the state enclaves within the state

Tribes did not want to relocateTribes did not want to relocate The Compact of 1802: Georgia gave The Compact of 1802: Georgia gave

up its western land claims to the up its western land claims to the federal governmentfederal government

In exchange, Washington promised In exchange, Washington promised treaties to relocate tribes living within treaties to relocate tribes living within GeorgiaGeorgia

When Georgia moved to extend state When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee tribal lands in laws over Cherokee tribal lands in 1830, the matter went to the U.S. 1830, the matter went to the U.S. Supreme CourtSupreme Court

The court ruled that the Cherokee were The court ruled that the Cherokee were not a sovereign nation and therefore not a sovereign nation and therefore refused to hear the caserefused to hear the case

In Worcester v. State of Georgia In Worcester v. State of Georgia (1832), the court ruled that Georgia (1832), the court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee could not impose laws in Cherokee territoryterritory

Only the national government had authority in Only the national government had authority in Indian affairsIndian affairs

•Jackson put pressure on the Cherokee to Jackson put pressure on the Cherokee to sign a removal treaty, the Treaty of New sign a removal treaty, the Treaty of New EchotaEchota

•The removal of the Cherokee, known The removal of the Cherokee, known as the “Trail of Tears,” led to the deaths as the “Trail of Tears,” led to the deaths of 2,000-4,000 Cherokeeof 2,000-4,000 Cherokee

9

Jackson’s Proclamation of February 10th, 1831Jackson’s Proclamation of February 10th, 1831 At the end of Jackson’s first At the end of Jackson’s first

term, the President was term, the President was confronted with illegal confronted with illegal speculators in the federal speculators in the federal territory of Arkansas territory of Arkansas

This proclamation outlines the This proclamation outlines the problem and consequences for problem and consequences for those who defy federal authoritythose who defy federal authority

““Whereas… certain persons pretending to act Whereas… certain persons pretending to act under the authority of the Mexican under the authority of the Mexican Government… have attempted to and do Government… have attempted to and do survey, for sale and settlement, a portion of the survey, for sale and settlement, a portion of the public lands in said Territory… Whereas such public lands in said Territory… Whereas such acts and practices are contrary to the law of the acts and practices are contrary to the law of the land… and are offenses against the peace and land… and are offenses against the peace and public tranquility of the said Territory… Now… public tranquility of the said Territory… Now… I, Andrew Jackson, President of the United I, Andrew Jackson, President of the United States… do issue this my proclamation, States… do issue this my proclamation, commanding… all persons who have commanding… all persons who have unlawfully entered upon, taken possession of, unlawfully entered upon, taken possession of, or made any settlement on the public lands in or made any settlement on the public lands in the said counties… forthwith to depart and the said counties… forthwith to depart and remove therefrom… and to execute and carry remove therefrom… and to execute and carry into effect this proclamation I do hereby into effect this proclamation I do hereby authorize the employment of such military authorize the employment of such military force as may be necessary… and warn all force as may be necessary… and warn all offenders in the premises that they will be offenders in the premises that they will be prosecuted and punished…”prosecuted and punished…”

10

Jackson’s Veto Message (June 10, 1832)Jackson’s Veto Message (June 10, 1832) For Jackson, the Bank of the United For Jackson, the Bank of the United

States represented a monopolyStates represented a monopoly For him, it was a private institution which For him, it was a private institution which

had too much influence on the nation's had too much influence on the nation's financesfinances

He declared the bank was unauthorized by He declared the bank was unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of states’ the Constitution, subversive of states’ rights, and dangerous to people’s libertyrights, and dangerous to people’s liberty

When Jackson vetoed the bank bill, it When Jackson vetoed the bank bill, it appealed to the masses, who blamed the appealed to the masses, who blamed the bank for the Panic of 1819bank for the Panic of 1819

After the election of 1832, Jackson After the election of 1832, Jackson proceeded to destroy the Bank of the proceeded to destroy the Bank of the United StatesUnited States

He withdrew the national deposit from the He withdrew the national deposit from the Bank and stored it in state owned banksBank and stored it in state owned banks

Initially, land sales, canal construction, Initially, land sales, canal construction, cotton production, and manufacturing cotton production, and manufacturing boomed boomed

State debts rose sharply, however, and State debts rose sharply, however, and inflation increased dramatically inflation increased dramatically

Some argue that Jackson’s bank policy Some argue that Jackson’s bank policy was directly responsible for the Panic of was directly responsible for the Panic of 1837 1837

11

Henry Clay’s reaction Jackson’s Veto (July 10, 1832)Henry Clay’s reaction Jackson’s Veto (July 10, 1832) In the early 19th century, the federal In the early 19th century, the federal

government coined only a small supply of government coined only a small supply of moneymoney

Private commercial banks were the Private commercial banks were the principal sources of circulating currencyprincipal sources of circulating currency

The notes they issued were backed by a The notes they issued were backed by a limited amount of precious metal and limited amount of precious metal and fluctuated greatly in value.fluctuated greatly in value.

In an effort to control these notes issued In an effort to control these notes issued by local state banks, the federal by local state banks, the federal government chartered the Second Bank of government chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 the United States in 1816

Many people saw it as the cause of the Many people saw it as the cause of the Panic of 1819 Panic of 1819

In 1832, Jackson’s opponents like Henry In 1832, Jackson’s opponents like Henry Clay and Daniel Webster used the issue Clay and Daniel Webster used the issue of rechartering the bank as to polarize of rechartering the bank as to polarize public opinion before the election. public opinion before the election. Although the bank’s charter did not expire Although the bank’s charter did not expire until 1836, Clay and Webster wanted to until 1836, Clay and Webster wanted to force Jackson to take a clear pro-bank or force Jackson to take a clear pro-bank or anti-bank position. Their goal was to force anti-bank position. Their goal was to force to him either to sign the bill for recharter, to him either to sign the bill for recharter, alienating voters hostile to the bank, or alienating voters hostile to the bank, or veto it, antagonizing conservative voters veto it, antagonizing conservative voters who favored a sound banking system. who favored a sound banking system.

12

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

(November 24, 1832)(November 24, 1832) Towards the end of his first term, Jackson was Towards the end of his first term, Jackson was

confronted with the ''Nullification Crisis'' confronted with the ''Nullification Crisis'' Precipitated by protective Tariff of 1828 Precipitated by protective Tariff of 1828

The tariff made imported manufactured goods more The tariff made imported manufactured goods more expensive than those made in the North expensive than those made in the North

Business and farming interests in the state had hoped Business and farming interests in the state had hoped that Jackson would modify tariff laws that Jackson would modify tariff laws

In their view, all the benefits of protection were going In their view, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern manufacturers to Northern manufacturers

While the country as a whole grew richer, South While the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew poorerCarolina grew poorer

Incited debate over states' rights Incited debate over states' rights Ultimately threatened violent hostilities between Ultimately threatened violent hostilities between

South Carolina and the federal government, and the South Carolina and the federal government, and the dissolution of the Union dissolution of the Union

Despite South Carolina's protests, Congress Despite South Carolina's protests, Congress passed another protective tariff in 1832passed another protective tariff in 1832

Southerners were disappointedSoutherners were disappointed The tariff failed to moderate protective barriers The tariff failed to moderate protective barriers

South Carolina endorsed "nullification," enunciated South Carolina endorsed "nullification," enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice presidentby John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president

The legislature passed laws to enforce the The legislature passed laws to enforce the ordinance, including authorization for military forceordinance, including authorization for military force

A clash was therefore set between the federal A clash was therefore set between the federal government and South Carolinagovernment and South Carolina

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

13

Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification

(December 10, 1832)(December 10, 1832) Jackson thought nullification was tantamount to treasonJackson thought nullification was tantamount to treason

Dispatched ships to Charleston harborDispatched ships to Charleston harbor Threatened to go to South Carolina and hang any man who Threatened to go to South Carolina and hang any man who

refused to obey the lawrefused to obey the law Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right

to nullify a federal lawto nullify a federal law Congress then passed the Force Act that authorized the Congress then passed the Force Act that authorized the

use of military force against any state that resisted the tariff use of military force against any state that resisted the tariff actsacts

Crisis worsened until 1833 when Henry Clay again took up Crisis worsened until 1833 when Henry Clay again took up his role as the Great Compromiserhis role as the Great Compromiser

On the same day the Force Bill passed, he secured passage of On the same day the Force Bill passed, he secured passage of the Tariff of 1833the Tariff of 1833

This provided for the gradual reduction of the tariff over 10 years This provided for the gradual reduction of the tariff over 10 years Helped to preserve the supremacy of the Federal government over Helped to preserve the supremacy of the Federal government over

the states the states One precursor to the developing conflict between the North One precursor to the developing conflict between the North

and South over economics and slavery.and South over economics and slavery. None of the southern states backed South Carolina None of the southern states backed South Carolina Nonetheless, many southerners declared their sympathies to be Nonetheless, many southerners declared their sympathies to be

with the people of South Carolinawith the people of South Carolina The conflict helped enforce the idea of secession which The conflict helped enforce the idea of secession which

ultimately led to the Civil Warultimately led to the Civil War As the Unionist, James Petigru, wrote at the time, As the Unionist, James Petigru, wrote at the time, "Nullification "Nullification

has done its work. It has prepared the minds of men for a has done its work. It has prepared the minds of men for a separation of the states - and when the question is moved separation of the states - and when the question is moved again it will be distinctly union or disunion" again it will be distinctly union or disunion"

In 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secedeIn 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secede

James PetigruJames Petigru

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Anti-Masonic Party Anti-Masonic Party

Anti-Masonic party emerged in 1826 Anti-Masonic party emerged in 1826 Nation’s first powerful third partyNation’s first powerful third party Starting out of protest to the cover up of a murder of defecting Mason, Starting out of protest to the cover up of a murder of defecting Mason,

William Morgan, the party swiftly gained popularity because they William Morgan, the party swiftly gained popularity because they provided a reason for the unresponsiveness of the governmentprovided a reason for the unresponsiveness of the government

In 1832 the party ran William Writ for President against Henry Clay In 1832 the party ran William Writ for President against Henry Clay and Andrew Jacksonand Andrew Jackson

15

National Republican Party (1828-1834)National Republican Party (1828-1834)

National Republican Party National Republican Party emerged after election of 1828emerged after election of 1828

Composed of Jackson’s political Composed of Jackson’s political foes and supporters of John foes and supporters of John Quincy Adams Quincy Adams

Led by John Quincy Adams, Led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John M. Clayton, and Samuel SouthardM. Clayton, and Samuel Southard

Party promoted the National Bank, Party promoted the National Bank, a protective tariff to stimulate the a protective tariff to stimulate the economy, and federal government economy, and federal government subsidization of national subsidization of national infrastructure improvementinfrastructure improvement

Strongly opposed the Indian Strongly opposed the Indian Removal ActRemoval Act

In 1832 the National Republicans In 1832 the National Republicans ran Henry Clay for President. ran Henry Clay for President.

Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster John M. ClaytonJohn M. Clayton

Samuel SouthardSamuel Southard

16

Election of 1832 Election of 1832

The election of 1832 was the first one in American The election of 1832 was the first one in American history to show evidence of a strong third party. history to show evidence of a strong third party. Although the prominent Anti-Masonic party only Although the prominent Anti-Masonic party only

received seven electoral votes, they did manage to received seven electoral votes, they did manage to pull support away from Mason Henry Clay. pull support away from Mason Henry Clay.

17

Jackson’s Farewell Address (March 4, 1837)Jackson’s Farewell Address (March 4, 1837) At the end of his second term, Jackson At the end of his second term, Jackson

delivered a memorable farewell addressdelivered a memorable farewell address Noteworthy because of its prescienceNoteworthy because of its prescience Jackson warned against sectarian divisions Jackson warned against sectarian divisions

especially those existing between the North especially those existing between the North and the Southand the South

He also clarified his position towards many He also clarified his position towards many earlier policies where, he felt, his opposition earlier policies where, he felt, his opposition was perhaps misinterpretedwas perhaps misinterpreted

““But amid this general prosperity…We behold But amid this general prosperity…We behold systematic efforts publicly made to sow the systematic efforts publicly made to sow the seeds of discord between different parts of seeds of discord between different parts of the United States and to place party divisions the United States and to place party divisions directly upon geographical distinctions; to directly upon geographical distinctions; to excite theexcite the South South against the against the North North and the and the NorthNorth against the against the South South…Appeals, too, are …Appeals, too, are constantly made to sectional interests …constantly made to sectional interests …possible dissolution of the Union has at possible dissolution of the Union has at length become an ordinary and familiar length become an ordinary and familiar subject of discussion…Delude not yourselves subject of discussion…Delude not yourselves with the belief that a breach once made may with the belief that a breach once made may be afterwards repaired. If the Union is once be afterwards repaired. If the Union is once severed, the line of separation will grow wider severed, the line of separation will grow wider and wider, and the controversies which are and wider, and the controversies which are now debated and settled in the halls of now debated and settled in the halls of legislation will then be tried in fields of battle legislation will then be tried in fields of battle and determined by the sword…”and determined by the sword…”

18

Liberty PartyLiberty Party

Liberty Party emerged in 1839Liberty Party emerged in 1839 Members of the Liberty party were committed to the abolition of slaveryMembers of the Liberty party were committed to the abolition of slavery In 1840 and 1844 they ran James G. Binney for presidentIn 1840 and 1844 they ran James G. Binney for president

““ResolvedResolved, That the party ... will demand the absolute and unqualified , That the party ... will demand the absolute and unqualified divorce of the General Government from slavery, and also the restoration of divorce of the General Government from slavery, and also the restoration of equality of rights, among men, in every State where the party exists, or may equality of rights, among men, in every State where the party exists, or may exist.”exist.”

19

Democratic Party Democratic Party Composed of John Composed of John

Quincy Adams' Quincy Adams' opponents and the loyal opponents and the loyal supporters of Andrew supporters of Andrew JacksonJackson

Democratic Party Democratic Party believed in the power of a believed in the power of a strong executive powerstrong executive power

They espoused many of They espoused many of the beliefs of the the beliefs of the Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy States’ rightsStates’ rights Indian removalIndian removal Westward expansionWestward expansion The sale of federal landThe sale of federal land

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