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• Jacksonian Democracy: Market Revolution, Westward Expansion, Spread of
Slavery, Growth of Democracy
• Self Made Man
• Universal Manhood Suffrage – no property requirements , wage earners, north v
south
• Masses of Ordinary Citizens: right to vote and political participation = national
identity
• Information Revolution
• Political exclusions shifts from economics to gender and race
• American System: new national bank, protective tariff, federal financing for
“internal improvements” (Madison Veto)
• Second Bank of the United States (BUS): regulate paper money, speculation, Panic
of 1819, dropping land prices, resentment
• John Marshall and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Compromise of 1820: Missouri, Maine, 36/30, Republican split
• 1824: Corrupt Bargain, Democrat (Van Buren & Jackson) Whig (Clay)
• Politics: Mass Activity, National Conventions, Spoils System, Patronage
• Jacksonian political issues: banks, tariffs, currency, internal improvements, balance
of power between National and Local governments
The “Corrupt Bargain”
Election of Andrew Jackson a cotton
planter and slave owner calms South
• Jackson as Pres = TJ as Pres
• Jackson elected on belief in state’s rights but South
Carolina challenges this.
• Tariff of Abominations and Nullification
• SC alarmed by Missouri and Marshall Court
• Calhoun “Exposition and Protest” (KY & VA)
• Peggy Eaton a woman of “easy virtue”
• Daniel Webster v Robert Y. Hayne in the Senate
• Tariff of 1832 & the Force Bill
• Indian Removal: Black Hawk, Georgia, John
Marshall Trail of Tears
• Bank: Biddle, New Charter, Veto, Pet Banks
John H. Eaton
Secretary of War
& Peggy O’Neale
• Daniel Webster argues
people not the states
created the constitution
which makes federal
government sovereign.
• “Liberty and
Union, now
and forever,
one and
inseparable”
• Jackson stand up to
deliver a toast at a
White House dinner a
few weeks after
Webster’s speech and
said: “Our Federal
Union - it must be
preserved”
• Vice President
Calhoun replied: “The
Union –next to our
liberty most dear.”
• Calhoun leading
theorist of “state’s
rights”
Vs.
John C. Calhoun “The Great
Nullifier”
At beginning strong
Nationalist ( War Hawk with
Clay during War of 1812)
now 16 years later he thinks
that Nullification can save the
union
After his resignation of the
Vice Presidency he becomes
more of a states righter and
moves with the South toward
secession
• It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often
bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.
Distinctions in society will always exist under every
just government. Equality of talents, of education, or of
wealth can not be produced by human institutions. In
the full enjoyment of the gifts of Heaven and the fruits
of superior industry, economy, and virtue, every man is
equally entitled to protection by law; but when the laws
undertake to add to these natural and just advantages
artificial distinctions, to grant titles, gratuities, and
exclusive privileges, to make the rich richer and the
potent more powerful, the humble members of society-
the farmers, mechanics, and laborers-who have neither
the time nor the means of securing like favors to
themselves, have a right to complain of the injustice of
their Government. There are no necessary evils in
government. Its evils exist only in its abuses. If it
would confine itself to equal protection, and as Heaven
does its rains, shower its favors alike on the high and
the low, the rich and the poor, it would be an
unqualified blessing – Andrew Jackson Veto Message
Jackson’s Bank Veto
Supreme Court & Indians
• Johnson v M’Intosh (1823): Indians not legal
owners of their land, only have a right to occupancy
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Indians are
“wards” of federal government. They deserve regard
and protection but lack standing of citizenship which
would allow Supreme Court to protect their rights
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Federal Govt. not
State Govt. must deal w/ Indians because of the
Cherokee Nations treaties with Washington
• “John Marshall has made his decision now let him
enforce it” – Andrew Jackson
John Ross
“passive non-
resistance”
Politics of the People
• Martha Washington “Filthy Democrat”
• 1820 Aristocracy becoming taint on Democracy
• Politicians need to curry favor w/ masses
• Birth in Log = Good Thing
• Militia Commanders & Indian fighters (Jackson, Crockett,
Harrison) viewed as qualified Presidents by people of the West
• “Leading Citizens” need to cultivate common touch to get
elected
• Jeffersonian’s believe “people should be governed as little as
possible”
• Jacksonsian’s add “what ever governing should be done should
be done by the people”
• Universal white manhood suffrage replaces
old property qualifications (Vermont 1791)
• Judges popularly elected
• Easy to acquire land in the West made
property restrictions pointless.
Nourishing New Democracy
• Ideals of the revolution
• Growth of market economy lead many people to
understand how banks, tariffs, and internal
improvements affected quality of their lives
• Missouri Compromise & Panic of 1819 lead
people to want a say in Government
• Economic meltdown was blamed by workers &
farmers on banking irregularities and speculation
• Resentment towards govt. granted privileges of the
bank (farmers go in debt lose farm not true for
bankers who gamble and lose on speculation)
• Voters are angry at favoritism of the wealthy believe
it is making a mockery of the democratic principles
of equality and fair play
• Want to Purge land of corruption
• Control of government in order to tear the banks
from its protective embrace, want hard $ for bank
notes, abolish banks altogether
• Missouri Compromise awakens Americans to the
importance of politics (North’s reaction scares white
South)
The “Corrupt Bargain”
The “Tariff of Abominations”
• 1824 goes from 23% to 37%
• Wool manufacturers want higher & more
protection
• Jacksonites play politics (JQA Black Eye) but it
backfires
• 45% duties on manufactured goods
• Raw materials: things needed for manufacturing
in New England
• New England = Factories South = Cotton fields
• Southerners heavy consumers of goods and they are
shocked by heavy rates of 1828 Tariff
• S.C. flags at half mast
• South begins to worry about possible Federal
interference with slavery
• Missouri Compromise debate, Denmark Vesey (1822),
B.W. Indies pressure from London abolition movement
• Now is the time to take a stand against all Federal
encroachments
• South struggling over cropped, dropping prices & tariff
is a scapegoat)
• “Yankee Tariff” discriminates (read hypothetical
case)
• Reduces volume of purchases in both directions
• Prosperous Manufacturing in N.E. would help
Southerners as consumers of cotton & Farm
products
• The S.C. Exposition: Pamphlet written by John C.
Calhoun denounces Tariff as unjust and
unconstitutional
• Calhoun thinks Nullification can preserve Union
form secession
• Calhoun = Unionist, Nationalist, but also
Sectionalist
John C. Calhoun “The Great
Nullifier”
At beginning strong
Nationalist ( War Hawk with
Clay during War of 1812)
who thinks that Nullification
can save the union
After his resignation of the
Vice Presidency he becomes
more of a states righter and
moves with the South toward
secession
Election of Andrew Jackson a cotton
planter and slave owner calms South
How was the presidency of
Andrew Jackson and the
election of 1828
“revolutionary”?
“Revolutionary”?
• Common people have the will to vote
• Political center of gravity shifts from seaboard to
the West
• Poor Masses defeated entrenched elite classes
(from snobs to mobs)
• 1st from West, 1st nominated by convention
(1832), 1ST non college educated
• Suspicious of Federal Government as bastion of
privilege removed from popular scrutiny
Why might his
opponents call
him “King
Andrew the 1st”?
“King Andrew the 1st”
• Disappoints “states rights” southerners with his
belief in the sacredness of “the union” and the
ultimate supremacy of federal power over the
states.
• You are either with him or against him
• He ignores the Supreme Court
• Defies and dominates congress vetoing bills for
personal beliefs and not constitutional principles
• Predecessors (GW – JQA) us veto 6 times while
AJ uses it 12 times
• Spoils system rewarding political supporters with
public office. Jefferson starts Jackson extends
(“clamoring for public tit”)
• Washington riddled with incompetence, corruption,
indifference
• Officeholders in their 80’s drawing salaries but little
else.
• More people wanting jobs then jobs available
(Jackson keeps 9,000 of original 11,000 civil
servants)
• “What has he done for the party” is new question
that decides who gets important posts. “Is he loyal to
Jackson”
Samuel Swartwout
• Scandal accompanies
new system
• Buying posts with
campaign finances
• Swartwout –
untrustworthy man
was made collector of
customs at port in NY
steals a million from
Fed Govt and escapes
to England
John H. Eaton
Secretary of War
& Peggy O’Neale
Vs.
• Jackson breaks w/ Calhoun &
purges cabinet of Calhoun
followers
• Calhoun resigns the Vice
Presidency and enters the Senate
(1832)
• Abandons nationalism becomes
inflexible defender of Southern
Sectionalism “The Great Nullifier”
• Jackson hurts nationalism with
hostility to roads and canals
• AJ will not spend Federal $ on
individual state roads and those not
connected to interstate network)
• Vetoes bill for improving
Maysville Rd. which was in Henry
Clay’s KY which is a victory for E
& S against W.
“Nullies in South Carolina”
• Tariff of 1828 rankles South Carolina as they
see it as a foothold for federal interference w/
slavery
• “homespun” untainted by Yankee Tariff
• 1832 Congress passes new tariff lowering rate
to 10%
• South Carolina still upset and in 1832 state
election it is Unionists vs Nullies with Nullies
winning a 2/3 majority in S.C. state legislature
• New state legislature holds a special convention
which declares the Tariff is “Null & Void” in S.C.
• Also calls upon state legislature to prepare
military & threatens to take S.C. out of the Union
if D.C. attempts to collect duties by force
• Jackson is outraged and sends modest Naval &
Military reinforcements to S.C. (quietly prepares
sizable army)
• AJ issues proclamation against Nullification
• Clay “Great Compromiser” throws weight behind
bill that would reduce tariff by 0% over 8 years
(Compromise Tariff)
• Congress also passes “Force Bill” authorizing the
Pres. To use army and navy to collect federal tariff
duties
• No other Southern state sprung to the defense of
S.C.
• S.C. legislature meets again repeals nullification of
Tariff but nullifies the Force Bill
• Victory for both S.C. and Union: S.C. is appeased,
abandons nullification for secession, “force is a
confession that statesmanship has failed”, American
tradition of reasonable compromise.
• “1st President of the Southern Confederacy”
• Characteristics of New Democracy (Jacksonian Beliefs)
• Corrupt Bargain (Election of 1824, HOR, Clay, Sec of State, Adams Aloof)
• Panic of 1819 (Govt. granted privileges)
• Missouri Compromise (Fear of Govt. intervention in peculiar institution
• Universal White Manhood Suffrage (Property requirement made useless b/c of easily affordable land in West)
• “Revolution of 1828” (elite weakened more power in hands of the masses)
• Spoils System (reward political allies, common people can serve in office)
• National Nomination Convention (more democratic way to elect candidates)
• Daniel Webster, Robert Hayne, Peggy Eaton, Martin Van Buren, Samuel Swartwout, Rachel Robards Jackson, Denmark Vesey, & Davy Crockett
• Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina Exposition, Nullification, Hayne-Webster Debate, Secession
Supreme Court & Indians
• Johnson v M’Intosh (1823): Indians not legal
owners of their land, only have a right to occupancy
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Indians are
“wards” of federal government. They deserve regard
and protection but lack standing of citizenship which
would allow Supreme Court to protect their rights
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Federal Govt. not
State Govt. must deal w/ Indians because of the
Cherokee Nations treaties with Washington
• “John Marshall has made his decision now let him
enforce it” – Andrew Jackson
