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TAXEX: TAXonomic Expert systemHistory of development and Technology of identification

Lelekov S.G., Tokarev Yu.N., Melnikov V.V.,

Pakhorukov N.P., Lyakh A.M., Georgieva E.Yu.,

Tzarin S.A., Zhuk V.F.,

Belogurova Yu.B., Danilova O.N.

Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas2, Nakhimov av., Sevastopol, Ukraineanton@ibss.iuf.net

Binary Taxonomical Tree

• Nodes contain taxonomical characters

• Leaves contain taxons

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• Every character has only two states: yes - no

• Path of diagnosis is fixed• No character can be

omitted• Some characters for some

taxons are undefined• If any character is absent,

further diagnosis is impossible

Taxonomic Keys Disadvantages

3Experts use another rules

TAXEX Advantages

• New Advanced Identification Process• Improved Identification Table• Working with hypothesis• Selection of the best question

• Storing Expert Experience in Knowledge Base• Training New Specialists

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

Identification Table

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

Identification Table

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –+ + + + – –

–

Identification Table

1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

Identification Table

1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

Identification Table

1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

Identification Table

1 2 3 4 5 6

I + + +

II + + –

III + – +

IV + – –

V – +

VI – – +

VII – – –

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Improved Identification Table

All character states are defined

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Improved Identification Table

If some states for some taxons are unknown, they are marked by “star” sign

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Character can have more than two states

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Improved Identification Table

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Taxon can have more than one character state

Improved Identification Table

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Improved Identification Table

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Expert creates Improved Identification Table and puts in it as more characters as he knows and uses for object identification

Working with Hypotheses

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

? 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Working with Hypotheses

?

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

? 1

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

? 1 –

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

II,III 1 – 2

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

II,III 1 – 2 1

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

II,III 1 – 2 1 2, 3

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2

Working with Hypotheses

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

Working with Hypotheses

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Selection of the Best Question

• Sequence of questions is not fixed• Next question is chosen based on the

analysis of previous use answers• Three criteria are used for this analysis

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II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the character divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

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II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the character divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

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II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the character divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

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II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the character divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

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II 1 – 2 1 2, 3 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I 2 1 * 4 * 1, 2 1

II 1 2 2 1 2 2, 3 3

III 1 2 2 2 3 3, 4 3

IV 1 2 1 3 1 2 2

Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the character divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

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Selection of the Best Question

2. Does the character rise probability of mass taxons?

Lipophrys pavo

Huso huso

Mass species

Rare species

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Selection of the Best Question3. What is the cost of character determination?Easy determined

Hardly determined

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Selection of the Best Question

1. Does the feature divide the group of the most probable taxons into subgroups?

2. Does the feature rise probability of mass taxons?

3. What is the cost of character detrmination?

The best question satisfies criteria 1, 2 and has minimal determination cost

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Training

How do you know a specimen?How do you know taxon characters?Guess a specimen by its characters.Guess a specimen by its image.

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Training

How do you know a specimen?To educate the capacity of species identification.

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Training

How do you know taxon characters?To distinguish objects of the same or different taxons.

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Training

Guess a specimen by its characters.To recognize an object by its characters.

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Training

Guess a specimen by its image.To recognize an object by image.

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TAXEX: Black Sea Fish LarvaeSome Identification Characters

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Salekhova L. P. 39

TAXEX: Black Sea Fish LarvaeSome Taxons

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Salekhova L. P. 40

TAXEX: Black Sea ShrimpsSome Identification Features

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Makkaveeva E. B. 41

TAXEX: Black Sea ShrimpsSome Taxons

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Makkaveeva E. B. 42

TAXEX: Mediterranean CirripediaSome Identification Features

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Makkaveeva E. B. 43

TAXEX: Mediterranean CirripediaSome Taxons

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Makkaveeva E. B. 44

TAXEX: Black Sea GastropodaSome Identification Features

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Chukhchin V. D. 45

TAXEX: Black Sea GastropodaSome Taxons

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Chukhchin V. D. 46

TAXEX: Black Sea BivalviaSome Identification Features

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Chukhchin V. D. 47

TAXEX: Black Sea BivalviaSome Taxons

© Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Expert Prof., Dr. Chukhchin V. D. 48

TAXEX: Mediterranean FishesSome Identification Features

© IBSS, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Experts Prof., Dr. Pakhorukov N. P., Prof., Dr. Salekhova L. P., Dr. Tzarin S. A.49

© IBSS, Sevastopol, Ukraine. Experts Prof., Dr. Pakhorukov N. P., Prof., Dr. Salekhova L. P., Dr. Tzarin S. A.

TAXEX: Mediterranean FishesSome Taxons

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