Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Sustainable Cities
Energy and Environment – a Zero Carbon Future for a Chinese
Town?
能源和环境 -- 东滩的零碳将来？
汇丰银行低碳创新主管 . 东安格里安大学环境科学系
Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvHSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East AngliaCRed
Notre Dame High School -12th January 2007
2
Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
(ppm
)
3
Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003
Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region
– Nasa satellite imagery
Source: Nasa www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html
24 年内减少了 20% 19792003
CRed
夏天的北极区域冰盖—Nasa （美国国家航天局）卫星照片
20% reduction in 24 years
气候变化：北极冰盖融化 1979-2003
4
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
Low energy design of buildings
5
The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
8
Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.
Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.
6
Quadruple Glazing
Thick Insulation
Air circulates through whole fabric of building
Principle of Operation of TermoDeck Construction
Exhaust air passes through a two channel regenerative heat exchanger which recovers 85+% of ventilation heat requirements.
Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature
7
Air enters the internal occupied space
Return stale air is extracted from each floor
Incoming air into
the AHU
Regenerative heat exchanger
FilterHeater
The air passes through hollow
cores in the ceiling slabs
The return air passes through the heat
exchanger
Out of the building
Operation of the Main Building• Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space
8
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
9
Conservation: management improvements –
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Elizabeth Fry Low Average
kWh/
m2/
yr
gas
electricity
thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction
noise +26%
lighting +25%
air quality +36%
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in
10
ZICER Building
Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.
11
The ZICER Building - Description
• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity
12
The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices
13
The Energy Signature from the Old and the New Heating Strategies
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean external temperature over a 24 hour period (degrees C)
Hea
tin
g a
nd
ho
t-w
ate
r
con
sum
pti
on
(k
Wh
/24
ho
ur
per
iod
)
New Heating Strategy Original Heating Strategy
350
The space heating consumption has reduced by 57%
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
14
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
15
• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV
• Windows are semi transparent
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top
Floor
16
Load factors
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
Lo
ad
Fa
cto
r
façade roof average
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
kWh
/ m
2
Façade Roof
Façade (kWh)
Roof (kWh)
Total (kWh)
2004 2650 19401 22051
2005 2840 19809 22649
Output per unit area
Little difference between orientations in winter months
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Winter Summer
Façade 2% ~8%
Roof 2% 15%
17
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
18
EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
GAS
Engine heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
efficient
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
61% Flue Losses
36%
efficient
19
Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
20
Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
21
Conversion efficiency improvements
Condenser
Evaporator
Throttle Valve
Heat rejected
Heat extracted for cooling
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Heat from external source
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
W ~ 0
Normal Chilling
Compressor
Adsorption Chilling
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated
22
YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星
A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
Adsorption chillers can provide air-conditioning
Each one would save around 700 tonnes CO2
吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统每一个可减少排放 700 吨 CO2
23
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
24
Raising Awareness
Each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.
What do 9 tonnes of CO2 look like?
5 hot air balloons
China: 2.5 tonnes or 1.4 balloons
每一个英国人每年产生 9 吨CO2
9 吨 CO2 看起来有多少呢？5 个热气球中国： 2.5 吨或 1.4 个热气球
25
Raising Awareness
• Standby on TV’s and electrical goods waste energy – up to 60 kWh a year – in China this causes emission of over 50kg of CO2 unnecessarily
• A Toyota Corolla (1400cc) will emit the equivalent of 1.2 hot air balloons a year or 1 party balloon every 60m.
• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.
• 电视机和电器的待机状态每年将浪费 60 kWh 的电量 -- 在中国这将导致超过 50 公斤 CO2 的不必要的排放
• 一辆丰田花冠轿车（ 1400cc ）一年将排放相当于 1.2 个热气球的量或每 60 米一个派队气球
• 10 克二氧化碳相当于 1 个派队气球
26
Target Day
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
27
A Sustainable Future
• Low energy design of buildings
• Good Effective Management
• Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
• Innovative integration of energy supply to buildings
• Better Awareness by individuals
• Address the Transport issue
• China and Dongtan
28
Comparison of emissions of different countries
不同国家的排放比较
Raising Awareness
Electricity Generation in China is dominated by coal
Carbon Emission factor 0.870 kg/kWh
cf 0.52 kg/kWh in UK
中国主要使用煤炭进行发电
碳排放数据 0.870 kg/kWh
在英国这一数据是 0.52kg/kWh
29
YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星A striking architectural feature
An integrated renewable power station
An educational facility
A research facility
A visitor attraction
新颖的建筑布局综合的可再生能源供给站
用于教育的设施
可供研究的设施
独具吸引力的访客中心
4
30
Dongtan: A Vision for the Future
东滩：未来之窗
Low Energy Buildings in Dongtan City
Integrated Renewable Power Station with Biomass/ MSW/ Biogas/ Solar and Wind
Direct Interaction between energy demand by residents and energy generation.
东滩的低碳排放建筑包含生物质能 / 市政废物 / 沼气 / 太阳能和风能的可再生能源供给站居民能源需求和能源产生之间的直接互动关系 .
Yangste STAR 杨子之星
5
31
YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星
The STAR is inspired by the power of the Yangste and its meandering journey to the sea.
Dongtan will have minimal impact on the environment through:
• Low energy buildings• Energy from renewable sources
Like the river, the greenhouse will meander through the STAR providing
• Education• Research• Awareness Raising• A Visitor Attraction
杨子之星的灵感来自于扬子江奔腾不息汇入大海的伟大力量 东滩队于环境将产生最小的影响：
•低能源消耗建筑•能源供给来自可再生能源
未来温室将如河流般蜿蜒穿过杨子之星，整个项目包含以下功能：
• 教育• 研究• 知识传播• 游览参观
6
32
Visitor Centre & Solar Research
访客中心和太阳能研究中心
Main Entrance
主入口
Energy River – Greenhouse of the future
能源之河 - 未来温室
Municipal Building with support below mound
市政废物区和人造山下的支持区域
Biomass Building with storage area beneath hill
生物质能区和位于人造山下的储存区域
Biogas Building with support area beneath hill沼气区和位于人造山下的
支持区域
Biomass Fuel Delivery 生物质能燃料的输送
7
33
0 100 200
A
A
Section A - A
B
B
Section B - B
Section through Biomass Station –storage is held below artificial hill
Section through Biogas Station storage also below artificial hill
穿过生物质能站的区域—储存区位于人造山下面
穿过沼气站的区域—储存区同样位于人造山下面
Yangste STAR
杨子之星
34
Large Scale Wind 大规模风能Urban Wind - 都市风能 -Microgeneration 小规模发电 Building Integrated 与建筑物组合 Photovoltaic Cells 光电池
MSW Combined Heat 市政废物处理热电联& Power(CHP) (CHP)
Digestion Biogas CHP 厌氧消化沼气 CHP
Rice Residue CHP 稻米处理残余 CHPCultivated Biomas CHP 农业生物能 CHPCultivated Biomas Boiler 农业生物能锅炉
Yangste STAR 杨子之星
35
YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre 未来温室 / 访客中心
what new management practices might be needed?
什么样新的管理行为是需要的？
Provide an International Conference Centre
A research area – 研究区域 -
how might plants adapt to be more effective in replacing fossil fuels?
在替代化石能源方面，植物如何更加有效利用？
To disseminate new ideas about the environment, and sustainable technologies throughout the international community.
建立一个国际会议中心
通过国际合作传播环境和可持续性发展技术
36
YANGTZE STAR 杨子之星The Greenhouse / Visitor Centre 未来温室 / 访客中心
how the fossil fuels were formed and exploited.
Awareness Raising
An educational area to tell: – 教育区将展示： --how the climate evolved
how renewable energy can be the power for the future.
how individuals can play their part to save energy.
Through interactive displays
化石能源如何形成和被开发
知识提升
气候如何演变
将来如何使用可再生能源发电
个人如何参与到节约能源行动之中
通过互动展示
37
Yangze STAR
A Landmark Project for the Whole World
Collaboration between China and UK
Awareness Raising / Education
扬子之星 提升认识 / 教育
• Dongtan will be a city of the future• Integrated development of Low Carbon Buildings
• Powered by Renewable Energy
• Citizens and children engaged in their city and its future
•东滩将成为未来之城• 低碳建筑的统一发展
•能源所需可再生能源提供•居民和儿童参与到他们的城市目前和将来的发展中
对于全世界而言这一里程碑式的项目是基于中英之间的合作
38
东滩 - 未来的典范能源需求常常超过运用技术带来改善，甚至多达 100%
但能通过以下方式减少能源需求：
良好的能源管理 有效的教育 知识的提升创新的价格体系
典型价格体系•统一费用 •多种费用 - 高端用户便宜
•多种费用 - 初期低费用不利于低端用户
鼓励节约
Demand for energy often exceeds technical performance by up to 100%
Excess can be reduced by
Good Energy Management Effective Education Awareness raising
Dongtan – The Social Dimension
Innovative Tariffs
Typical Tariffs
• Flat Rate • Multi-rate – cheaper for high users
• Multi-rate – initial low rate
Adversely affects low users
Encourages conservation
39
Qianwei Village: ChongMing Island
Large Solar PV Array on Main Building All Street Lights are Solar/Wind Powered
Transport by solar powered electric vehicles
Solar Powered Electronic Bug Zapping Device
40
ChongMing Island
Reclaimed Salt marsh
a Visitor and Educational Resource
Present Day Dongtan viewed from the International Conference Centre
41
And Finally
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
The vision for Sustainable Cities will allow us to change direction so we do not end up where we are now heading and we can avoid the worst effects of Climate Change.
束 语老子 （ 604-531BC ）中国古代思想家、哲学家
（直译）：“如果你不改变，你将止步于原地。”
东滩将改变我们行动的方向，以避免我们在原地止步不前，也可让我们避免气候变化带来的最坏结果。
A copy of this presentation will be available at: www.cred-uk.org >>> follow Academic Links
