First Quarter 1990 • Number 66

1 SIR WinsTOPi CHURCHILL | |

DEFENDING THE JEWEL

IN THE CROWN

His Rare Book—Out Of Print For 60 Years

Back in Print!Twelve Churchill Classics: see page 17. [Jacket art by Charlotte Fletcher]

INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES 'AUSTRALIA • CANADA • NEW ZEALAND • UK • USATHE RT. HON. SIR WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

4 '> ' J

Published quarterly by The International Churchill Society and The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Society of B.C.

ARTICLES

Australia 1991: Latest Tour Information 4

English-Speaking Agenda: 8Australia's Changing Foreign PolicyA New Blueprintby Keith Suter

ICS 1990 Convention: Latest Details 12Last Chance to Register for August 17-21stby Merry Alberigi and the Editor

Out to Lunch: Robert Hardy 13At the French Horn Hotel, Sonning-on-Thameswith "Tattler" in the Sunday Express

In Print Again With the Help of ICS 17Twelve Churchill Works You Couldn't Get in 1985

Opinion:Mencken, Churchill and "Generational Chauvinism" 22Two Cases of Modern Bigotryby William Manchester

Your Books Are Being Stolen! 29How ICS Can Help You Stop a Thiefby Mat Fox

Do the Churchill Societies Need Constitutions & Elections? 30A Discussion, with the 1990 International Budgetby Richard M. Langworth

DEPARTMENTS

Editorial/3 International Datelines/4 Despatch Box/6 BookReviews/14 New Book Discounts/15 Churchill Events/18 Trivia/19Action This Day/20 Inside the Journals/23 Classified/24 Woods Cor-ner/25 I.C.S. Stores/31 Immortal Words/32

SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT

YOUNG WINSTON: A BIOGRAPHY USING STAMPSI.C.S. Publication No. 6 — Educational Series No. 2by Dalton Newfield

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THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY

Founded in 1968, the Society consists of three independent, not-for-profit charitable organisations in Canada, the United Kingdom and theUnited States, plus branch offices in Australia and New Zealand, whichwork together to promote interest in and education on the life, times,thought and work of Sir Winston Churchill, and to preserve his memory.The independent Societies are certified charities under the separate lawsof Canada, the UK and USA, and are affiliated with similar organisa-tions such as the Winston S. Churchill Societies of Western Canada.Finest Hour is provided free to Members or Friends of ICS, which offersseveral levels of support in various currencies. Membership applicationsand changes of address should be sent to the National Offices listed op-posite. Editorial correspondence: PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229USA, fax (603) 746-4260, telephone 746-4433. Permission to mail at non-profit rates in the United States granted by the US Postal Service. Pro-duced by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. Copyright © 1990. All rightsreserved.

SIR WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL SOCIETY

Founded in 1964, the Society works to ensure that Sir Winston's idealsand achievements are never forgotten by succeeding generations. Allmembers of the B.C. Branch are automatic ICS members, while ICSmembership is optional to members of the Edmonton and CalgaryBranches. Activities include banquets/or outstanding people connectedwith aspects of Sir Winston's career; public speaking and debating com-petitions for High School students, scholarships in Honours History, andother activities, including scholarships for study at Churchill College,Cambridge. Write: 2756 Pilot Dr., Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 2T4.

PATRON

The Lady Soames, DBE

ICS HONORARY MEMBERS

The Marquess of Bath Yousuf Karsh, OCWinston S. Churchill, MP The Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPMartin Gilbert, MA Sir John Martin, KCMG, CB, CVOGrace Hamblin, OBE Anthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFCRobert Hardy, CBE The Lady Soames, DBEPamela C. Harriman Wendy Russell RevesJames Calhoun Humes Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBEMary Coyne Jackman, BA, D.Litt.S.

In Memoriam:The Baroness Clementine Spencer-Churchill of Chartwell, 1977

Randolph S. Churchill, 1968 Harold Macmillan, Lord Stockton, 1986The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1979 W. Averell Harriman, 1986Dalton Newfield, 1982 The Lord Soames, 1987Oscar Nemon, 1985 Sir John Colville, 1987

INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS * = ex-officio

Australia: Peter M. JenkinsCanada: George E. Temple, Ronald W. Downey, Celwyn P. Ball,

Murray W. Milne, Frank Smyth*, John G. Plumpton*New Zealand: R. Barry Collins

United Kingdom: Geoffrey J. Wheeler, Richard G. G. Haslam-HopwoodDavid Merritt*

United States: Merry N. Alberigi, Derek Brownleader, William C. Ives,Wallace H. Johnson, George A. Lewis, Richard H. Knight, Jr.,

David A. Sampson

D I R E C T O R Y

NATIONAL SOCIETIESAustralia: Peter M. Jenkins, (03) 700.1277

8 Regnans Av., Endeavour Hills, Vic. 3802

Canada: Celwyn P. Ball, (506) 387-73471079 Coverdale Rd RR2, Moncton, NB E1C 8J6

New Zealand: R. Barry Collins5 Hexham Street, Warkworth

UK: David Merritt (0342) 32775424 The Dell, E. Grinstead, W.Sx. RH19 3XP

United States: Derek Brownleader, (504) 292-33131847 Stonewood Dr., Baton Rouge, La. 70816

INTERNATIONAL OFFICERSChairman of the Board: Wallace H. Johnson1650 Farnam St., Omaha, Neb. 68102 USA

Telephone (402) 346-6000 • Fax (402) 346-1148

Executive Director: Richard M. LangworthPutney House, Hopkinton, NH 03229 USA

Telephone (603) 746-4433 • Fax (603) 746-4260

Chapter Affairs: Merry Ness Alberigi21 Bahama Reef, Novato Calif. 94949 USA

Telephone (415) 883-9076 • FAX (415) 394-7158

CHURCHILL SOCIETY OF B.C.Frank Smyth, President

2756 Pilot DrivePort Coquitlam, BC, Canada V3C 2T4

ICS CHAPTERSArizona: Marianne Almquist

2423 E. Marshall Ave., Phoenix AZ 85016

Illinois: Ambassador Paul H. Robinson Jr.135 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, IL 60603

Chicago: William C. Ives8300 Sears Tower, Chicago, IL 60606

Nashville: Richard H. Knight, Jr.167 Charleston Park, Nashville, TN 37205

New Brunswick: Celwyn P. Ball1079 Coverdale Rd RR 2, Moncton, NB E1C 8J6

New Mexico: Cdr. Larry M. Kryske, USN3416 La Sala del Este NE, Albuquerque, NM 87111

New York City: Alfred J. Lurie450 E. 63rd St, Apt 8A, NY, NY 10021

No. California: Merry N. AlberigiPO Box 624, San Anselmo, CA 94960

No. Ohio: William Truax25 Easton La., Chagrin Falls, OH 44022

No. New England: Jon S. Richardson47 Old Farm Road, Bedford, NH 03101

No. Texas: David A. Sampson5603 Honey Locust Tr., Arlington, TX 76017

So. Calif: Robert Castrey8522 Topside Circle

Huntington Beach, CA 92646

Toronto: The Other Club. Murray Milne33 Weldrick Rd., E., Ph #9

Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 8W4

SPECIAL OFFICERSBibliography: Ronald I. Cohen

4280 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Flat 3,Westmount, P.Q., Canada H3Z 1K6

Commemorative Covers: Dave Marcus221 Pewter La, Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA

ICS Stores: Sue Ellen Truax25 Easton La, Chagrin Falls, OH 44022 USA

THE MEDIA RECREATES GERMANYNot all Commonwealth readers will recognize these bozos, but to

Americans they are all too familiar, perfectly captured by the newsletterMedia Watch": Dan Rather (CBS), Sam Donaldson (ABC) and TomBrokaw (NBC). Listening to this crew manage the news with theirshallow analyses and 30 second sound bites makes me ponder the wisdomof Alistair Cooke's statement that without the MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour on Public Television, "we'd be in a very bad way." (Donaldson is nolonger ABC's anchorman, having moved to a news show nobodywatches; but a few weeks ago Peter Jennings proved his worthy successorby offering "a simple truth: after years of trying to get rid of the Nicar-raguan Sandinistas, there is not much to show for [U.S.] efforts . . .")

Well, now that the Germans want their country back — including thesubstantial slice of it awarded at Yalta and Potsdam to Poland — thenews-entertainers are explaining why they can't have it, instructing ussolemnly on the provisions of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements.

None of them, of course, ever raises the corollary, that the Poles alsodeserve back the thick slab of Poland awarded in 1945 to: the SovietUnion. Good gracious, we don't want to offend that ardent democratMikhail Gorbachev, the Russian Thomas Jefferson!

Churchill, whose influence was diminished at Yalta by the waxingpower of his allies and at Potsdam by the British election, wrote cogentlyabout all this in 1953. 1 must mail off a copy to Dan Rather, not that itwould do any good:

"There were many matters on which it was right to confront the SovietGovernment — and also the Poles, who, gulping down immense chunksof German territory, had obviously become their ardent puppets. All thisnegotiation was cut in twain." Had he been returned by British voters,Churchill added, he hoped "to have a show-down at the end of the[Potsdam] Conference, and, if necessary, to have a public break ratherthan allow anything beyond the Oder and the Eastern Neisse to be cededto Poland." [Triumph and Tragedy]

There is no doubt that, to quote National Review, "the nation whichput itself in the hands of Wilhelm II and Adolf Hitler has earned the fearof its neighbors, however mischievous many of the current fear-mongersmay be. The second thing to note is that all the fear in the world won'tkeep the two Germanies from coming together."

Churchill said after the war, "My hatred of the Germans died withtheir surrender." Surely it is not unreasonable, with the Soviet Empire indeclared retreat, that ancient wrongs be redressed? Danzig ("Gdansk") isas German as Lwow ("Lvov") is Polish, as Winnipeg is Canadian.

It is unlikely that a White House and State Department that walk oneggshells will raise the question. Perhaps Mrs. Thatcher will.

- RICHARD M. LANGWORTH, EDITOR

1$29 a year from MediaWatch, 111 S. Columbus Street, Alexandria VA 22314.

INTERNA TIONAL DA TELINES

ERRATA: TYPOS!I am getting old. Copy for Finest

Hour is read fifteen times by three peo-ple, and still we miss typos, which weimmediately see in the final product. Ifany North American who takes pride asa proofreader would like to reviewgalleys (and can send corrections on tous poste-haste), please contact theeditor!

FH 64, pl5: "I am used to a richvocabulary in Finest Hour, but I can'tfind 'peipatetic' (in reference to LordMoran) in any dictionary," writes areader. Probably not: since we meant tosay "peripatetic"! Also, the curious tagline "advertisement" was supposed tofall on page 19. Sorry.

FH 65: Five typos of varyingdisgracefulness. Page 3 line 1: Mr.Oostra is a Dutch member; p3 RH col-umn pgh 7 should refer to Gilbert'sVolume VIII not Volume III. We said"British Guinea" when we meant"British Guiana" on p27. We mis-spelled the names of Gordon Coull(p26) and Calvin Voegtle (p32).Aarrgh! Apologies. RML

ALISTAIR COOKE:WE WERE LUCKYLANCASHIRE, UK, JAN 13TH - Doro thy

Jones writes: "I was listening to AlistairCooke's BBC broadcast from Americathis week and he talked about thethousands of invitations he receives

each year to attend functions. He sortsthem into the definite 'Nos,' the 'I'dlike to but shouldn't' and the 'Yes Imust' but the last group representsfewer than 1 %. ICS obviously was oneof the favoured few in hosting Mr &Mrs Cooke at its 1988 convention!" Weare most grateful.

PORTER HONOUREDLONDON — David Porter of Shoreham,Kent, chairman of ICS of the UK, is tobe presented to the Queen Mother inrecognition of his charitable work onbehalf of the "Guinea Pig Club,"which exists to support woundedBritish, American and Commonwealthairmen of the Second World War.David and the several ChurchillSocieties are deeply honoured.

HIS SPIRIT SLEEPSMARRAKESH, MOROCCO, JAN 15TH — W. F.

Deedes (in an unidentified newspaperclipping) writes of his visit to thefamous Hotel Mamounia with LordAldington, both of them having been"on the low rungs of Churchill's lastadministration . . . We were taken toChurchill's old suite of rooms. They re-main as they were, save for a steel shut-ter over the windows to discourage rob-bers, which is lifted by a switch. Thecorridors approaching the suite are linedwith photographs of him. The largehalf-panelled sitting room is furnished

with light brown leather chairs and sofa,a big desk and pieces which look as ifthey are made from pale walnut but are,I think, cedar from which the craftsmenof Marrakesh still produce objects ofgreat beauty.

"A couple of steps led up to thebedroom, with its gigantic bed, shortcanopy overhead and a majestic view ofthe Atlas mountains. The bathroom in-cludes bubble bath and good crystal. Onthe walls of the suite are photographs ofChurchill as a young soldier, a youngpolitician, a young married man, ayoung Cabinet Minister and in NorthAfrica in 1944.

"Not long ago, I was shown GeneralMacArthur's old suite in the ManilaHotel, slightly modernised so that VIPscan use it. The Mamounia, wisely, iscontent merely to add these rooms toMarrakesh's numerous museums."

T I M E T I M E

WSC'S ON THE "TIME" COVERMURFREESBORO, TENN., FEB 3RD - In

response to a recent question which weanswered incompletely, John DavidMarshall advises that Churchill ap-peared on the cover of Time magazineeight times: 14Apr23, HMay25,4Sep39, 30Sep40, 6Jan41, 5Jan42 (withFDR and Stalin), 2Janl950 and5Nov51. That will keep collectors busy.

LATEST INFORMATION: CHURCHILL TOUR V

AUSTRALIA IN 1991We have received a tremendous

amount of advice, suggestion and sup-port from Australian ICS membersabout a two week tour in 1991. We haveresolved a number of points and wouldbe glad to hear from North Americanmembers who might attend.

• TIMING: October (Spring) or May(Autumn). Remember, the seasons arereversed down under.

• SCOPE: In brief, the Great BarrierReef, Queensland Outback, Sydney,Hunter Valley wine country andMelbourne, with an option of five extradays touring Tasmania. (Remember,Australia is as large as the contiguous

United States; we cannot bite off toogreat a chunk.)

• ROUTE: Not at all settled but ifpossible we may fly West Coast USA toCairns for Barrier Reef/Queensland,take train or plane to Sydney forCanberra/Sydney /Hunter Valley andthe ICS Meeting, move on toMelbourne where your tour will end orcontinue (you'll have a choice) toTasmania.

• CARRIER: Almost certainly Qan-tas, who will offer members $260 maxi-mum airline ticket to the departure city(LA or San Francisco) and an open-ended return policy (you can come backanytime up to two weeks after the tour

ends), plus numerous coach, hotel andtourguide contacts.

• COST: Qantas' airfare will bearound US$1295, and at an estimate of$150 a day for 12 days, the basic costwill be around $3095; Tasmania will addabout $600. This includes all meals,hotels, intercity transport, to the usualsuperlative standard of Churchill Tours.It also allows for inflation . . . and itmay be less.

• INTERESTED? Write the editor,or telephone (603) 746-4433, or fax(603) 746-4260. We need to hear fromyou. This will not commit you toanything but we must know the depth ofinterest in order to plan.

LONDON, FEB. nTH - We are sad to reportthe death this day of a good friend tothe Churchill Societies and Sir Winston,Denis Kelly, WSC's literary assistanton The Second World War, whose workalso produced the abridged editions byCassell, Houghton Mifflin and Time-Life. We are grateful that he lived longenough to see his essay, "The Dream(3)," about his encounter with the shadeof Churchill, published in Finest Hour62. Grace Hamblin writes, "SirWinston once said to Denis, 'If I wereoffered the black velvet curtains of eter-nal sleep, I might not decline.' (MartinGilbert's biography.)" Rest well,Denis.

WHEN Denis Kelly decided to make hiscareer at the Bar, I am sure he saw hisrole as the doing of justice and the put-ting right of wrongs rather than the pur-suit of a career, still less of materialgain. He was always at heart an idealistin the sometimes quixotic Chestertonianway, and "a lovely man with it", as hisIrish forebears would say.

Kelly was born in Dublin Castle in1916. After his parents moved toEngland they lived for a time in Lon-don, in Sloane Street, then in Sussex

DENIS KELLYand finally in Oxfordshire. Denis readHistory for his honours degree at Balliol(where he had rowed for his college aswell as spending much time in thehunting field). It was entirely incharacter that when he was called to theBar by the Middle Temple in 1942 itwas in Royal Artillery uniform ratherthan in the usual barrister's robes.Thereafter, he served in India andBurma and fought with his MountainBattery under Slim at Imphal and Bhoti-daung. For all his gentle character, hemust have been very brave, for he wonthe Military Cross there. After the warhe returned to Oxfordshire.

Denis Kelly was a cerebral lawyer (hehad won the Blackstone scholarship)and although he became a pupil inGilbert Paul's chambers and thereafter atenant with Raymond Needham's thedaily cut and thrust of the Bar was notreally much to his liking. When heheard that Winston Churchill wanted anarchivist he applied for and was giventhe task, being welcomed by the greatman with the words, "Well, my boy, Iwant you to bring Cosmos out ofChaos." Denis got on well with

Winston, and was soon helping to draftmuch of his memoirs.

On completion of that work, and aftera period spent in New York with CondeNast, Kelly returned to the English Barand his flat in the Temple, having joinedthe Chamber of Elwyn Jones QC.

He was too good and unassuming aman ever to be a real success at the Bar(sitting as Recorder he once incurred theEstablishment's displeasure by fining anerrant motorist one penny) but oftenvisited his chambers for tea and a chatparticularly in his last years, and he wasmade a Bencher of the Middle Templein 1976. His devout Catholicism ledhim frequently to the peace of PrinknashAbbey, where he is now buried.

On the last day, having seen both hissolicitor and his priest, Denis said toAnne, "Now that is everything tidiedup, all neat, the secular and thespiritual. I am ready to go now."

Michael Burke-Gaffney

Richard Denis Lucien Kelly, lawyer,born Dublin Castle 31 January 1916,MC 1944, Recorder of the Crown Court1972-80, married 1945 Anne MarieStuart Anderson (marriage dissolved1954, one daughter), died 17 February1990.

Datelines continued . . .

MUDDYING UP FULTONWASHINGTON, MARCH 5TH - In an essay forthe usually-balanced MacNeil-LehrerNews Hour, commentator Roger Muddinvoked former Truman aide Clark Clif-ford to gloss over the leading messageof Churchill's speech at Fulton,Missouri 44 years ago. Clifford helpedMudd write off the speech simplisticallyas "the opening salvo of the ColdWar," failing to mention the overridingmessage, which was that "Sinews ofPeace" depend on an understandingwith a kinder and gentler Soviet Union— exactly the formula which now seemsto be working. Mudd should try harder:we expect objectivity from MacNeil-Lehrer. Clifford should consult hispolitical colleague Pamela Harriman,whose admirable review of the Fultonspeech appeared in Finest Hour 58.

Mudd also reported that the FultonMemorial is hoping to have Gorbachevdeliver a "new Fulton speech" declar-ing the end of the Cold War and the IronCurtain — a terrific idea, if he hasn'tsent the tanks into Azerbaijan again, orLithuania.

o mun/\

VIVE LIETUVAVILNIUS, LITHUANIA, MAR. 11TH — A

Declaration of Independence was issuedby the Lithuanian Parliament today;Latvia and Estonia will follow in duecourse. This is a piece of news that,despite constant misrepresentations ofhis positions at Teheran and Yalta,would have cheered Sir Winston im-mensely, as it does us. (See "Churchilland the Baltic," Finest Hour 53 and54.)

SPINK WW2 MEDALSLONDON, NOV. 15TH — Spink are issuing aseries of 25 sterling silver medals tocommemorate what they rather inac-curately call "Winston's War," to bestruck in a quantity of 5000 betweennow and 1995. Each medal is 45mm indiameter and weighs 44.52g. "A

substantial benefit'' is said to have beenreserved for the Archives at ChurchillCollege Cambridge. The initial pricewas £37.50 each but the offer may haveclosed or altered by now. Contact SpinkModern Collections Ltd., Freepost,Croydon CR9 9ED, UK.

HARDY URGEDTO PLAY HITLERLONDON, SEPT. 9TH - Peter Tory, whospouts a regular fountain of rubbish inhis column in the Daily Express (see FH63 pp 5-6) says Robert Hardy overplayshis roles as Siegfried the vet on "AllCreatures Great and Small" andWinston the PM on, well, everything.Now he says Hardy overdoes it so muchthat he ought to be perfect for playingAdolf Hitler.

Tory admits he has "no real idea ofhow Churchill talked in private" butdoubts that he spoke to "Bomber" Har-ris "as if he were addressing the Empireon the wireless." (Hardy played WSCin a controversial TV epic about Harrislast year.)

Unlike Tory, Mr. Hardy has taken thetrouble to learn what he doesn't know.

Datelines, continued

Hardy's speech to ICS (1987 Pro-ceedings), noted the pains the actor tookto verify Churchill's "private voice" —which, on reflection, Lady Soames toldhim was no different from his "publicvoice." The soft call of the cuckoo isstill calling Mr. Tory.

SPEAKING OF THE BIRDS . . .LONDON, SEPT, IST - The East End'sCanary Wharf development is to havean avenue named after Churchill."What a cheek!," writes Labourbooster Mary Gotman of Limehouse tothe Evening Standard. "How would thepeople of Woodford like a street namedafter Clem Attlee (who was MP forLimehouse and then WestWalthamstow)?" They'd probably likeit fine, since it would remind them of agreat leader of the Labour Party. Therewere great Labour Party leaders once,you know.

BARE KNUCKLE APOLOGYNEW YORK - MAR89 - Mrs. Allen Ed-munds reports a dinner at which a friendwas seated next to Lady Churchill andacross from WSC, who kept making hishand walk up and down, two fingersbent at the knuckles. The fingers ap-peared to be walking towards CSC.Finally her dinner partner asked, "Whyis Sir Winston looking at you so wistful-ly, and whatever is he doing with thosetwo knuckles on the table?"

"That's simple," Lady C replied."We had a mild quarrel before we lefthome, and he is indicating it's his faultand he's on his knees to me in abjectapology. " — READERS DIGEST

MORE FROM THE "DIGEST"NEW YORK, FEB. 8TH - The Readers Digestasked ICS to help pin down a Churchillquip, and we found it in My Years WithChurchill by WSC's valet, NormanMacGowan (London & New York:1958), page 138 . . .

Arriving in New York on his 1952trip, Churchill was asked by a gushylady: "Doesn't it thrill you to know thatevery time you make a speech the hall ispacked to overflowing?" Replied WSC:"It is quite flattering, but whenever Ifeel this way I always remember that ifinstead of making a political speech Iwas being hanged, the crowd would betwice as big."

HAILSHAM WRONG, SAYS FOOTLONDON 24APR89 - Last issue, this columnreported that Lord Hailsham had de-nounced the Sutherland portrait ofChurchill (presented to WSC by Parlia-ment on his 80th birthday) as a"deliberate insult." We now report thatHailsham's opinion provoked strongdissent from Labour MP Michael Foot,who writes: "Sutherland was one of thegreat painters of the age. He had donebrilliant portraits of Somerset Maughamand Beaverbrook, Churchill's closefriend. These were reasons why he wasinvited to paint the portrait by a numberof MPs, of whom Aneurin Bevan wasonly one. I remember myself enteringthe House on the day the portrait wasdisplayed, when one of the policemenremarked: 'We've often seen him looklike that.'

"I cannot vouch for that policeman'squality as an art critic, but I would ratehis claim above Lord Hailsham's."

— EVENING STANDARD

AT LASTLONDON, JULY 3IST - Sir Richard Vickers,director general of the ChurchillMemorial Trust (UK), announces that"due to the benevolence of ananonymous donor, at least one Chur-chill Travelling Fellowship will beawarded in the field of history each yearstarting in 1990." Until now, TrustFellowships did not include the"History," category, which has alwaysstruck us as curious in a scholarship pro-gramme named for Churchill. FinestHour congratulates the anonymousdonor for finally allowing Trustscholars to follow Churchill's dictum toJames Humes: "Study history, studyhistory. In history lie all the secrets tostatecraft."

DID WINSTON KNOW?LONDON - The town was buzzing lastyear over the memoirs of a wartime of-

ficer at the British Code and CipherSchool, Eric Nave, who is publishinganother "tells all" book alleged to con-tain shocking relevations. Nave's is thatChurchill knew "that six Japanese air-craft carriers, two battleships, twoheavy cruisers, one light cruiser andnine destroyers [had] left their base inthe Kurile Islands in November 1941,"and that on 20 November Britain had in-tercepted a message from AdmiralYamamoto which said, "Carry out sec-ond phase for opening hostilities."

"Had Britain shared with theAmericans its full knowledge, the attackon Pearl Harbour would never have oc-curred," Nave continues. This dulycaused every Churchill-hater fromGeorge Gale to David Irving to chime inthat "Churchill Knew" about the PearlHarbor attack, and deliberatelywithheld the news from Roosevelt inorder to get the USA into the war.

The trouble is: (a) whether or notChurchill made a conscious decision inthis regard is not presently verifiable butmoreover (b) the Americans knew asmuch as Nave says the British knew,and did nothing about it. This is morethan amply documented. Perhaps Mr.Nave should change his name to"Naive."

FROM THE SUBLIME TO THE . . .HOLLAND, YORKSHIRE - Mrs. LorraineRathbone's "Winstons Pizza," winnerof the 1988 "Pizza Restaurant of theYear Award," exhibited at G-Mex,Manchester last June. Rathbone'sachievement "has been to extract theItalian connotations from pizza and tosubstitute a bulldog British theme basedon her hero, Sir Winston Churchill.Diners are treated to a 1940s at-mosphere and eat to the strains of VeraLynn." All congratulations to Ms.Rathbone. We remember how deftlyChurchill extracted the Italian connota-tions from the Axis.*

DESPA TCH BOXBOOK REVIEW DISSENT

In his review of my book, Churchill:Images of Greatness (FH 64 pp 21-22),Michael Richards wonders why it isnecessary to have 40 pages ofbiography. Incredible as it may seem tosome, the Churchill story is unknown to

many, and my book was not written ex-clusively for ICS members. Thebiography was also used as backgroundinto which the story of the com-memorative items was woven. Thebook was not designed as a collector'sreference work because that would tend

Despatch BOX, continued

to restrict somewhat the potentialmarket.

Mr. Richards describes my phrases,"The storm clouds gathering overEurope darkened," "Nemon was com-missioned to sculpture the first statue"and "WSC returned to Parliament in1916 owing to lack of command" as akind of patent English. To what exactlydoes he object?

He then queries my description ofChurchill as a "civilian" in the BoerWar. Churchill had resigned his com-mission early in 1899, and if he was nolonger a soldier what else could he beexcept a civilian?

He questions my description of theSidney Street criminals as Latvians andmy statement that Chamberlain issuedan ultimatum when German troopsmassed along the Polish frontier. TheSidney Street leader was a member ofan anarchist Communist party in Latviaand the others are believed to haveoriginated from the same parts; and ifChamberlain didn't issue an ultimatum,who did?

Mr. Richards seems surprised that theAtlantic Charter was a document. Noless an authority than Martin Gilbert inhis book, The Second World War, refersto it as such.

My mention of the £25 Boer wantedposter is criticised as a "clanger."Despite the article in FH 57, theposter's origin has not been entirelydisproved and Churchill himself re-ferred to having had a "price on hishead" during his Irish Treaty negotia-tions with Michael Collins.

Finally Mr. Richards objects to "in-statement of Lord Halifax as PrimeMinister would be unconstitutional"and then says that Lord Salisburyoperated successfully as PM from theLords. Since 1923, peers have been dis-qualified from holding the office ofpremier [because] in that year whenLord Curzon hoped to be nominated asPremier, preference was given toStanley Baldwin, a commoner. LordDouglas-Home relinquished his title in1963 in order to become PrimeMinister, using machinery set up by An-thony Wedgwood Benn, MP, formerlyViscount Stansgate.

My book was never intended to be acatalogue and individual photographswould have increased the price con-siderably. Nor was it devoted solely toephemera because a selection of all im-

ages, great and small combined, formthe enormous field of art surroundingthe personality of Churchill.

— RONALD SMITH, ENFIELD, MDLSX., UK

PEERS AS PRIME MINISTERSI disagree that Peers are constitu-

tionally barred from serving as primeminister. In 1940, Halifax said that itwould be very difficult for him todischarge his duties outside the House.He said "difficult," not "impossible."

Douglas-Home became PM inNovember 1963, but he renounced hispeerage and fought a by-election atKinross, during which, althoughalready Premier, he was technically amember of neither House. I had a shortnote from him in April 1976 headed"Lord Home, K.T. [Knight of the This-tle]" so I presume he was reinstated.

- L.L. THOMAS, EMSWORTH, HANTS, UK

MR. RICHARDS REPLIESI did write that the incompleteness of

Mr. Smith's book was "understand-able," though we may question how in-complete a book can be without losingmost of its value, and this one is severe-ly incomplete in many areas. I also ac-cept Mr. Smith's points that his bookwas not written exclusively for ICS andthat the Churchill story is ' 'unknown tomany"; but if the story is unknown topeople collecting such material, why arethey collecting it?

These are perhaps debateable ques-tions, but I objected far less to the inclu-sion of a biography as I did the inac-curacies in it — and believe me, I didnot list them all. Surely, if the book isintended to acquaint newcomers withthe subject, they might be givenbiographic material of unquestioned ac-curacy instead of myths, half-truths and"clangers"?

Invariably, for example, the bookadopts the secondary definition or ex-planation. Dictionaries list "sculpture"as primarily a noun, secondarily as averb; the preferred verb is "to sculpt."WSC returned to Parliament in responseto political imperatives; if "lack ofcommand" affected his decision at all itwas very much of secondary import.Churchill may have been technically acivilian in the Boer War, but the Boersdidn't think so, and civilians don't nor-mally lead troops in battle (in re the ar-moured train). Of the seven SidneyStreet criminals only two had Latviansurnames (FH 43 p9), and the rest Ger-man. It is not possible to be both anar-

chist and Communist, though in fact theparty Mr. Smith wants is the SocialDemocrats (Rumbelow: The Siege ofSidney Street, 1965).

In other places Mr. Smith is simplydead wrong. The Atlantic Charter was ajoint communique, not a signed docu-ment in the sense of a treaty or agree-ment. Storm clouds come pre-darkened.Chamberlain issued an ultimatum whenGermany invaded Poland; troops mass-ing along the border didn't cause this,and for several days there was doubtthat even the invasion would produce anultimatum.

Mr. Thomas has already commentedabout Lord Halifax. Churchill's GreatContemporaries makes it clear that Cur-zon's status as a peer, while it mighthave been used as an argument againsthim to the King, was not an absolutedisqualifier: that there were otherreasons.

Finally, I'm sorry, but the Boer"Wanted Poster" really is a "clanger."The fact that Churchill, a greathumorist, used such props when itsuited him (as indeed another clangerabout Brendan Bracken being his il-legitimate son) does not make the postertrue. At best there was but one"poster," in Afrikaans — but Mr.Smith writes: "The Boers put out'wanted' posters in both English andAfrikaans."

The point is, if this book does reachpeople who are interested in the "im-ages" but know nothing of the man, wewho know the facts are obliged todeliver them, not to perpetuate myth.

I certainly agree with Mr. Smith thatindividual photos would have been im-practical; but surely it is not asking toomuch that toby jugs be groupedtogether, brass items, and so on? As it isthey are freely mixed and, as I wrote,the reader is quickly lost. Likewise, ifthe author really meant to use thebiography "as background into whichthe story of the commemorative itemswas woven," why has he depicted onlytwo items in the biography and all therest after it?

I do not mean to be unjust to Mr.Smith; he has shown me many things Ihad never seen before, and I am surethat's true for many. I felt obliged torecord my disappointment that Imagesof Greatness is poorly organised andlaced with error, part-error and pre-sumed error about the man we jointlyrevere.

- MICHAEL RICHARDS, BOSTON, MASS. USA

ENGLISH-SPEAKING AGENDAFinest Hour herewith commences a series of articles

on crucial matters before the English-Speaking Peoples,a project we are sure would merit the approval of SirWinston Churchill. The Churchill Society regards pro-moting brotherly understanding of mutual problems andpolicies among the English-Speaking community one ofChurchill's prime objectives, and our own. Indeed it isall the more pertinent in view of the changes sweeping

not only Europe but Asia and the Americas.This series, which we originally planned under the

title ' 'English-Speaking Peoples,'' has been renamed"English-Speaking Agenda, "which we deem more pre-cise. We welcome contributions of any political view,our only stipulation being that the material is relevant toour purpose. — Editor.

Australia's Changing Foreign PolicyA New BlueprintKEITH SUTER

H aving just passed the 50th anniversary of theoutbreak of World War II, Australians arebracing themselves for the long haul of six

years reliving of the glorious role during 1939-45. Thisis one campaign that will certainly not "be all over byChristmas."

It is a campaign in which Winston Churchill willreceive a mixed reaction. Churchill's magnificent wareffort will be acknowledged, but the low priority he ac-corded Australia's own security will also be recalled.Perhaps it is appropriate, then, to trace the evolution ofAustralia's foreign policy, and the dramatic changesnow taking place in it. In December 1941, Australiachanged allies: from the UK to the USA. Now, withCommunism in decline, the USA is no longer the globaltrendsetter, Asia is becoming more important in the in-ternational economy, and Australians have a newperception of themselves and their nation.

THE UK ALLIANCEThe world's oldest, driest and flattest continent,

Australia has been inhabited for at least 40,000 years.The Aborigines found ways of living in harmony withthis rugged, inhospitable land. Their exterminationfrom 1788 onwards was not only this nation's greatestmoral error but robbed us of a unique source ofknowledge on just how the continent can be madehospitable. In line with many western developed na-tions, a growing number of Australians seek lives whichare inwardly rich and outwardly simple. Aborigines haddeveloped such a way of life, but many clues to it weredestroyed with them.

British control over the Great South Land, as it wascalled, began in 1788. Like other Europeans the Britishhad previously shown little enthusiasm for colonization.All that changed with the loss of the thirteen American

colonies, necessitating an alternative site for the dump-ing of convicts. Additionally, with increased Europeanactivities in Asia and the Pacific, Britian saw Australiaas a good staging post for the Royal Navy.

Since most settlers came from the UK, the pattern ofloyalty to Britain was quickly established as a feature ofAustralian life and foreign policy. The continent wassettled piecemeal, with different states, each dealing in-dependently with London. On 1 January 1901, theCommonwealth of Australia was declared; but the newnation remained fervently loyal to Britain. Indeed mostAustralians were super-patriots simply because theywere so far away and felt themselves obliged to be par-ticularly loyal at so great a distance.1

This loyalty was manifested by Australian willingnessto send troops to maintain order in other parts of theBritish Empire and to aid Britain in war. From Africa inthe 19th century to Flanders and Gallipoli in World WarI, Australians fought with distinction. In the latter,Australia lost more troops per capita than virtually allthe other combatants.

THE USA ALLIANCEAustralia automatically went to war against Germany

on 3 September 1939. Australian defence forces were

Keith Suter is director of the Trinity Peace ResearchInstitute in Perth, Australia, chairman of the AustralianBranch of World Federalists and a member of the ex-ecutive committee of the International Law Association.He is one of twenty recipients of the Australian Govern-ment 's Peace Awards, the author of several books andnumerous articles, and an ICS member.

'This theme is explored in Bruce Grant, The Crisis ofLoyalty: A Study of Australian Foreign Policy, Sydney:Angus & Robertson, 1972.

presumed to be under some form of British control. TheRoyal Australian Navy, from its inception in 1910, hadbeen intended to operate with the Royal Navy; someBritish officers were deployed to Australia to ensurethat this happened. Hitler had few admirers inAustralia, so the decision to go to war received littlecriticism. But would Germany and Italy remain the onlyenemies? During the 1930s, Japan had adopted an ag-gressive foreign policy, most notably in its invasion ofChina. Some Australians worrried about the threat of aJapanese attack south towards Australia. They had aclearer perception of this threat than did the BritishGovernment.

The basis of Australian inter-war defence planningagainst attack by the Japanese revolved around the ideaof "forward defence" from Singapore. The naval basewas expected to be defended until the arrival of a Britishbattlefleet to defeat the Japanese fleet.

Winston Churchill, as First Lord of the Admiralty,provided this advice in November 1939:

Singapore is a fortress armed with five 15-inch guns,and garrisoned by nearly 20,000 men. It could only betaken after a siege by an army of at least 50,000 men,who would have to be landed in the marshes and jungleof the Isthmus which connects it with the mainland. AsSingapore is as far from Japan as Southampton is fromNew York, the operation of moving a Japanese armywith all its troopships and maintaining it with men andmunitions during a siege would be forlorn. Moreover,such a siege, which should last at least four or fivemonths, would be liable to be interrupted if at any timeGreat Britain chose to send a superior fleet to thescene. In this case the besieging army would becomeprisoners of war. It is not considered possible that theJapanese, who are a prudent people and reserve theirstrength for the command of the Yellow Seas andChina, in which they are fully occupied, would embarkupon such a mad enterprise.2

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 7 December 1941,thereby starting its war against the US and enteringWorld War II. The attack coincided with the invasion ofthe Kra Isthmus ports and the consequent sweepsouthwards towards Singapore, which fell on 14February. British policy, while admitting the gravedangers which Japan posed to British colonies in Asia,remained based on the need first to destroy Germany.

The Australian Prime Minister, John Curtin, said thewar with Japan was "a new war," not "a subordinatesegment of the general conflict." This view annoyedChurchill but it prevailed throughout most sections ofAustralian society. Curtin set out his views in whatbecame his most famous foreign policy statement:

The Australian Government therefore regards thePacific struggle as primarily one in which the UnitedStates and Australia must have the fullest say in thedirection of the Democracies' fighting plan.

Without any inhibitions of any kind, I make it quiteclear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs

as to our traditional links or kinship with the UnitedKingdom.3

The Australian Government was soon aware that its warpriorities were in line with a substantial body of opinionwithin the US Government. The UK was able to con-vince the US Government that Germany was the mainenemy but the US agreed that the Pacific theater shouldalso receive considerable attention.

Japan's December 1941, decision, then, changed theentire basis of Australian foreign policy. Australia,while still retaining its traditional links with the Britishmonarchy, decided henceforth that its main protectorshould be the US. Since World War II the US has vir-tually replaced the UK entirely as being Australia'sforeign policy mentor.

The new arrangement has been formalized via aseries of military treaties. The main one, concluded on1 September 1951, is the Security Treaty betweenAustralia, New Zealand and the US (ANZUS). The fullmilitary significance of this treaty remains unclear. Itdoes not include a specific commitment on any partyimmediately to assist another in the event of an inva-sion. This is not a unique problem since no nationwishes to be committed automatically to going to war toassist another nation. However, it was an importantagreement politically since it reassured Australia andNew Zealand, which both felt vulnerable following theUK's decline as a world power, that the US would atleast have some form of obligation to help them in theevent of an attack. Australia's main worries at that timewere derived from suspicions about the Soviet Union'sincreasing military power and the US's advocacy of apeace treaty with Japan, which would pave the way forJapan's rearmament. The treaty went a long way towardreassuring Australia, and facilitated regular meetingsbetween government ministers and military exercises.Built on top of the ANZUS treaty has come a successionof Australian-US agreements providing the US with im-portant military facilities in Australia. Even thoughNew Zealand itself is no longer an active ANZUS par-ty, the Australian-US defence relationship remains.

CONTINUITY AND CHANGEThe postwar theme in Australian foreign policy was,

ironically, one of complacency. Having acquired a"protector" to look after them, the government andpeople devoted little attention to foreign issues, which

2"Winston Churchill's Memorandum on Australian and NewZealand Defense" November 21, 1939 in John Robertsonand John McCarthy (Editors) Australian War Strategy1939-1945: A Documentary History, University ofQueensland Press, 1985, p. 144.3Quoted in WF Mandle Going it Alone: Australia's NationalIdentity in the Twentieth Century, Melbourne: Penguin,1977, p.121.

have rarely been major items of debate in national elec-tions.

There are various explanations for this. One is simplythe belief that the US will assist if Australia is threat-ened. Second, Australia has not been seriously threat-ened since 1788 (apart from the small Japanese raids onthe coast); it has no record of being invaded by any im-mediate foe. Third, Australians generally are compla-cent in most aspects of life. They care deeply aboutsport, drinking and gambling and, except for periods ofeconomic depression, Australia has consistently en-joyed one of the world's highest standards of living.Apart from the genocide against the Aborigines, therehas not been any major social violence on the scalefound in other nations. There has been no civil war. Thesystem of industrial arbitration, although it has notprevented strikes, has done much to convert potentialviolence into a series of protracted, complex and expen-sive battles in law courts. These factors have all giventhe average Australian a sense of self-satisfaction.

However, Australia is now having to create a newforeign policy to deal with international changes. Thechange is being achieved in a less stressful atmospherethan World War II and it is being conducted with farless controversy. Nonetheless, a change is underway.

Foreign problems are a great deal more complicatedthan they ever have been. Before 1941, the UK'spriorities were automatically the guidelines forAustralia, and the UK's enemies were automaticallyAustralia's. But the UK has retreated from its interna-tional responsibilities and is focusing much of its atten-tion on European matters. The US's priorities providesome guidelines for Australian foreign policy but, out-side the Asian and Pacific region, Australia is now notfirmly wedded to all aspects of US foreign policy.

Foreign policy, furthermore, used to be based on themilitary defence of the nation. Diplomats would try tosettle political differences by negotiation, and if thatfailed, military force would be used. All nations nowhave a more complex foreign policy. National govern-ments are now involved in matters previously left onlyto private citizens (notably trade) or which did not existat all (such as AIDS, "the greenhouse effect" andtelecommunications). Diplomats are now expected to beinstant experts not only on the traditional work ofdiplomats, but also on trade, public relations, narcotics,pollution, satellite communications and intellectualproperty. Consequently Australia is having to change itsforeign policy, as are all the other nations of the world.

THE COMMUNIST THREATThe unifying theme in postwar Australian foreign

policy is declining. The new Soviet Government,headed by Mr. Gorbachev, has displayed a less ag-gressive foreign policy (such as its withdrawal fromAfghanistan in 1989) and has improved its relationswith the US.

Meanwhile, communist China, which was one of

Australia's opponents in the Vietnam war, is nowregarded increasingly as an important political ally.Conservative politicians like China's opposition toSoviet foreign policy; conservative members of thegeneral public like China's capacity for hard work,good organization, low crime and patriotism.Businesspeople see China as an important market fortheir products. In short, with improved ties with com-munist China, it has become irrelevant to refer to the"communist threat" from the north. In both the USSRand China, the Marxist dogma of centralized planning isbeing replaced by a greater reliance on private enter-prise, the free market economy and international trade.If the Cold War is over, it is because the communistshave recognized that they have lost the battle of ideas.

THE DECLINE OF THE USAustralians are always amazed at how a nation of so

many people fail to produce first-rate presidential can-didates. The last President Australians generally foundinspiring was John Kennedy. Lyndon Johnson dividedAustralia over the Vietnam War; Richard Nixon'shonesty was doubted; Jimmy Carter has already disap-peared into the mists of time; Ronald Reagan was nottaken as seriously by the average Australian as he wasby his fellow Americans and Australian PrimeMinisters.

President Bush is not, to Australians, as exciting apolitician as is Mr. Gorbachev, but he is not treatedwith the same derision as was President Reagan. He isseen as a cautious, conscientious, competent managerwho recognizes that the US is no longer able todominate the world in the way it did forty years ago.For example, during his July 1989 European trip, thePresident promised only US$125 million to aid Polandand Hungary — far less than they hoped for, but aboutas much as the US could afford. The US began the1980s as the world's major lender; it is now the world'smajor debtor. The US is still one of the world's twomost powerful military nations, but power today comesfrom the checkbook rather than the gun.

A recent Australian newspaper article set out howAustralia's foreign policy is differing from that of theUnited States:

Right now Australian officials are important players infour different sets of international negotiations. Thereprobably hasn't been a busier period in Australianforeign policy since the 1950s. In three out of fournegotiations, Australian officials are working against,or at best parallel to, rather than with, American of-ficials. When Mr. Bush and members of his Ad-ministration talk about "multipolarity", aboutchallenges to American leadership of the West,Australia is one of the many poles they may have inmind.

Australia is opposing the US, for example, onwhether the world needs a treaty allowing mining inagreed circumstances in the Antarctic, or one banningmining altogether. . . .

10

Earlier in the year, Australian Prime MinisterHawke floated the idea of a Pacific nations Organiza-tion for Economic and Co-operation Development(OECD). Amazingly, the Prime Minister not only didnot consult the US before announcing this important in-itiative, but specifically excluded the US from theoriginal design. . . .

In trade issues the pattern is even clearer. Australiais leading a group of nations in the current round ofworld trade negotiation in Geneva which opposes thepolicies of both the US and Europe. It is an importantthird player.

In the negotiations to ban chemical weapons, inwhich Australia is unexpectedly prominent, we comeclosest to the old way of doing business. TheAmericans asked us to hold a conference on chemicalweapons and the chemical industry, so we did. Buteven here, there is more independence than before.The conference Australia conducted was not really theone the US State Department had in mind.

They wanted it to focus on ways to stop the transferfrom industrial countries to poor countries of themeans to make chemical weapons. Very early on, theAustralian officials realised this was unlikely to in-terest poor countries, so they changed the focus anddelegates ended up discussing how a worldwide banwould be monitored.4

THE RISE OF ASIAAustralia is culturally tied to the UK and politically

tied to the US but is geographically closer to Asia,which is likely to be the focal point for the world in the21st century. It seems that for about the last 4,000 yearsthe world has had one central point which has had moresignificance for the world at that time than any otherpart. Egypt, Babylon, Syria among others all had thatrole in the period prior to Greece's rise. After Greececame Rome. After the Roman Empire, it was the turnof Western Europe. During the 19th century, it wasGreat Britain. In the first three quarters of the 20th cen-tury, it was the United States.

The movement westward now comes full circle. Ow-ing to zero population growth, Europe is rapidlybecoming an old persons' home built alongside theAsian kindergarten. The world's total population in-creases by about 200,000 persons a day, most of themborn in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Two out ofthree people on the world's surface are Asian. With thepresent population of South Asia at 1.3 billion, and withthe median age at 17, the number of mothers-to-be whoare still virgins exceeds the entire population of theUnited States. No European nation, except the SovietUnion, is among the world's most populated nations.And the Soviet Union may soon be much smaller than itis now.

The UN has now recognized a new category of na-tions: newly industrialized countries (NIC's) which are

4John Edwards "Cautious George Towards 2001" TheSydney Morning Herald, September 23, 1989, p.73.

all developing countries with high rates of economicgrowth. The major NIC's are Brazil, South Korea,Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand andMalaysia. All but Brazil are Asian nations. If one in-cludes Japan with the Asian NIC's, then Asia is thefastest growing region in the world.

Ironically, it is Australia's World War II foe that hasbeen the key in Australia's postwar economic develop-ment. Japan is Australia's major trading partner: a rela-tionship based on one country with extensive naturalresources and the other with a very efficient manufac-turing sector.

A NEW AUSTRALIAN OUTLOOKDespite the British and US ties, there is a new mood

sweeping across Australia. It is difficult to identify itprecisely but it is manifested in many ways. It is derivedfrom the abovementioned factors. Some elderly Austra-lians still refer to the UK as "home" or the "old coun-try." But many new arrivals in Australia do not comefrom the UK, and "home" to them is, for example,Greece, Yugoslavia or Turkey. The third largest"Greek" city, for example, is Melbourne, and Sydneyis one of the largest "Yugoslav" cities. So far, thesepeople have had little political impact on Australiabecause their prime concern has been to adjust to theirnew land and not to cause trouble. But their children,when they become adults, will have less reticence andwill become more active politically. Meanwhile thereare the children of British migrants who have been bornin Australia and for whom Britain does not present thesame emotional links. The UK has been assisting thisprocess indirectly by reducing its Commonwealth ties inpreference to its new friends in the European EconomicCommunity. The US has never been able to replace theUK as the source of emotional ties.

Young Australians — and some of their parents —have begun to discover Australia. For example, inschools there is less attention to British history andBritish literature, and more attention to Australianhistory and Australian literature. They are learningmore about the continent's original inhabitants and theyare appalled at the destruction of Aboriginal lives andculture. They are learning to love Australia's ecologyand to appreciate its uniqueness. In short, for an in-creasing number of Australians, there is less incentiveto look overseas for models, ideologies and approachesto life. If anything, Asian ideals appeal more to thesepeople. The US is an exciting place to visit but parts ofit are particularly dangerous to live in. Australian media— imported US television programmes — carry storiesof the mounting US crime rate, urban decay and drugproblems. Australia itself seems much safer, and just asinteresting.

Finally, there have been some changes in the mak-ing of foreign policy, all of which stem from the grow-ing maturity of Australia as a nation. First, recent prime

continued on page 24

11

Churchill Society Convention UpdateYour Last Chance to Register for the Best A.G.M. Yet

You are cordially invited to the 1990Churchill Society International Conven-tion, headquartered at the StanfordCourt Hotel, Nob Hill, San Francisco,on Friday through Monday August 17ththrough 20th 1990. Here is an update onthe program as it now stands:

Friday 17 August1-5 PM: Registration and Churchill

Exhibits (books, paintings, memo-rabilia), India Suite.

7PM: A cocktail reception will beheld preceding dinner; meet fellowmembers and guests. Dinner will be leftto individuals although there will be adinner meeting of ICS directors.

Saturday 18 August8:30-10AM: Registration continues.8:30-12 Noon: Exhibits open.9:30-10:30AM: Churchill Society

Annual General Meeting, Ballroom.10:30-11:30AM: "Churchill Pur-

suits": Frank Mayer (Churchill'sPostwar Influence on the ConservativeParty), Jim Muller (The Education ofYoung Winston) and Douglas Russell(Orders and Decorations of WSC, hisnew book, which will be on hand).

11:30AM: Coffee and tea will beserved while Messrs Mayer, Muller andRussell take questions.

12-2PM: Lunch break (open).2-3:30PM: Panel Discussion: Chur-

chill and "Glasnost", with Patrick Gar-rity, staff member, Center for NationalSecurity Studies; Larry Arnn, Presi-dent, Claremont Institute; RichardLangworth, Executive Director ICS.

4-4:30PM High Tea and FashionShow, sponsored by Burberry's.

6-7PM: Cocktail reception.7-10PM: Dinner in the Ballroom,

with keynote speaker Robert Hardy,CBE. Toasts and National Anthems;music by the United States Army band.

Sunday 19 August9-12 Noon: India Suite exhibits open

all morning.10-11:30AM: Military Men Look at

Churchill: WSC as Commander, withCdr Larry Kryske, USN, and Lt DavidSampson, USAF.

12-4PM: San Francisco Bay boatcruise and lunch (optional).

6-7PM: Champagne Reception hostedby Alfred Dunhill of London Ltd.

7-10PM: Dinner in the Ballroom,with guest of honor Lady Soames, whowill answer questions submitted in ad-vance by attendees. Toasts and NationalAnthems. Music by the United StatesNavy band and a bagpipe solo.

Monday 20 August9:30-11AM: Farewell breakfast (op-

tional).1-10PM: Wine country tour with a

winery visit and tasting followed by adinner, San Francisco to Napa Valleyand return (optional).

ACTION THIS DAY!

Registration CostsRegistration: $50 per person. Din-

ners: $75 per person. (Includes all taxesand wines and helps defray general andspeaker expense.) Optional extras: SanFrancisco Bay boat cruise $55, Farewellbreakfast $15, Wine Country tour,tasting and dinner $85.

How to RegisterSend a check for the total amount

above to ICS Norcal, c/o Marvin Nice-ly, 1119 Malta Court, Seaside CA93955 USA. Please send US currencyonly.

Hotel ReservationsThe Stanford Court, one of the

world's finest hotels, offers ICSmembers a special rate of $150 perroom per night from Thursday throughTuesday nights. To book your rooms,telephone toll free 1-800-227-4736 or4737; in CA 1-800-622-0957; toll (415)989-3500; ask for reservations andmention ICS: or write the StanfordCourt Hotel, ICS Convention Desk, 905California Street, San Francisco CA94108.

EnquiriesFor the answers to any questions

about the ICS Convention please contactMerry Alberigi at (415) 883-9076 orwrite her at 21 Bahama Reef, NovatoCA 94949 USA.

SPEAKERSThe Lady Soames, D.B.E.

Mary Soames is the youngest ofWinston and Clementine Churchill'sfive children and the only one togrow up at Chartwell, during herfather's peak period as a writer andamid the political storms of the'tween wars years. During WorldWar II she worked for the Red Crossand the Auxiliary Territorial Servicein Britain, and also accompanied herfather as aide on several of hisjourneys overseas. In 1946 she mar-ried Christopher Soames, who wassubsequently a Member of Parlia-ment for sixteen years. They werethen assigned by the British govern-ment to posts on the Continent,where he served as Ambassador toFrance and late Vice President of theEuropean Commission in Brussels;and in Africa, where he was the lastBritish Governor of SouthernRhodesia. As Patron of the Interna-tional Churchill Society, LadySoames has appeared at numerousICS functions in Britain, Canada andthe United States, but only oncebefore (1983) as a conventionspeaker. She has proved of in-estimable help to us as an advisor anda friend, despite a pace that continueshectic. In the past year she hasserved as chairman of the NationalTheatre, traveled to Alberta for theunveiling of the new Edmontonstatue of her father (FH 65),completed a book about her father'spaintings (her fourth book about herfamily), and still managed a briefholiday in Mexico. The book, to bepublished this autumn by Collins,was written with influential Irish col-lector and critic Derek Hill, andfeatures over 70 pictures by SirWinston. "He did a lot of painting inthe south of France and Marrakesh,"she says. "But his favourite spot wasChartwell."

Robert Hardy, C.B.E.Nothing rankles like success. "All

Creatures Great and Small used to bea fine, unsentimental saga of pre-war

continued on page 14

12

O U T T O L U N C H

Robert HardyAT THE FRENCH HORN HOTEL, SONNING-ON-THAMES, BERKSHIRE

Robert Hardy, 64, last yearbegan his sixth series of"All Creatures GreatAnd Small" (BBC1) andplayed Sir WinstonChurchill for the sixth time— in the mini-series "WarAnd Remembrance''(ITV). Married twice,three children.

He disarmed, by flattery,my suspicion (gatheredfrom newspapers whichquoted him as saying hewas intolerant, and al-

leged his daughter claimed he was"impossible") that he was a curmud-geonly snob. "I usually refuse invi-tations to lunch when I'm not paying.I like to be in the driving seat. But Ididn't realise the grandeur of thisenterprise," he said, accepting cham-pagne and donning half-moon spec-tacles to read the mouthwateringmenu from which he chose the mostmundane items - melon and plaice.

He hadn't yet seen War AndRemembrance but admired the direc-tor, Dan Curtis. "He has a passionatecommitment to ensure the worlddoesn't forget what happened duringthe war. Whether the series is good ornot is another matter. It's a sequel toWinds Of War which wasn't. One canbe typecast playing Churchill. It'sdangerous to be versatile. I'm curb-ing that habit but, oh Lor, I'm acharacter actor. Occasionally one canbe better than usual. One endlesslythinks of the great moments to come.

"I have to keep saying to myself,To play Hamlet at your age is out ofthe question. Stop it!' I'd like to dosomething in the theatre soon, butwon't talk about it in case it goeswrong and everyone says, 'Boo,sucks!' My dear ex-wife gave me themost terrible blowing ups because Iblab. She said it made me look a fool.I've never minded about that. Youcan't if you're an actor. Anyway,

who cares if you're paid for it!"Hardy started his career in the

classical theatre, but moved to tele-vision after a row with Peter Hall atthe Royal Shakespeare Company in1960. "What I hated is he had noaffection for actors, preferring to kickthem around like dogs. I alwayswanted to act - get up at 4amduring the coldest winter on record,shave your head, get into a car whichwon't start, drive to Churchill's oldhome and do a summer scene on theterrace in a dinner jacket with thesnow blowing. Great," he said ironi-cally. "I shrivel when people say,

'You're a hell of a good trouper.' It'slike, 'She's a very good wife.' It reallymeans she's a bore and ugly as theback of a bus."

He sipped mineral water. "Onebecomes a connoisseur of water inbottles nowadays. When I first cameto live near here, it was an acutepleasure to drink a pint of tap waterbefore going to bed. Now it's disgust-ing. I find England depressing. At adinner party last night some deve-lopers were congratulating them-selves on how rent in a certain part ofLondon was going from £17 to £60 asquare foot and a lot of people had to

move away. I said, 'In my opinion thatpractice is as bad as gunning down stu-dents in Tiananmen Square.' Therewas the most wonderful silence."

The present series will be the last ofAll Creatures. "It's silly to go on toolong. I'm sorry we didn't stop earlier,but we got a second wind. It's been anenormous success, but I have no ideaif the public likes me or not. I don'tbelieve viewing figures. They dependon so many imponderables."

That morning his daughter Emmahad announced her engagement. "Iwasn't a good father, but I get on wellwith the children now. I was oftenaway, or preoccupied with reallydemanding things like learning dialo-gue. I'm pernickety and have beenaccused of being a perfectionist. Athird wife? Oh God, can you imagineanyone taking on a 63-year-old actor?Besides, I don't back myself verystrongly in the marriage stakes: onefallen at the first fence, one brokendown. It must be even more difficultfor actresses to be married. At leastactors like to pretend to be grown upoffstage. I try, but I don't believe it.Imagine a 'balanced' actor."

Over coffee a man came up andasked, "Remember me? We metoutside a butcher's in Shiplake. I toldyou your number plate, RH 666, wasthe mark of the beast, and was alsomy laundry number in prison?"

"I'd forgotten that," Hardy said,amiably but, yes, his BMW still hadthe same number. It was given to himby a car salesman and he explained,"666 comes from the Apocrypha andmeans the danger of death. If youunderstand that, you're a better manthan me, but Princess Elizabeth ofYugoslavia told me, 'I'm not going inthat car.' It's tiresome, but I won'tgive it away. It's worth a bit of moneyapart from anything else." He droveme to Reading station. I wasn'tworried. There was a talismanpinned to the passenger door - apicture of Sir Winston Churchill.

TATTLER

REPRINTED BY KIND PERMISSION OF THE SUNDAY EXPRESS MAGAZINE, © EXPRESS NEWSPAPERS PLC, MARCH 1989

13

, continued

vets," says a London critic of RobertHardy's best-known televisionseries. "Now it is sickly nonsense,aimed at a Disney-fed American au-dience . . . as twee as green Hunterwellies and armless Puffa jackets."In the charming interview on page13, Robert himself suggests thatperhaps, as Odgen Nash said ofprogress, "it was all right once butit's gone on too long."

But everything Robert Hardy doesis done well, and if he had to bedragged reluctantly into "All Crea-tures" one more time it was onlybecause viewers on both sides ofthe pond love it for its honesty andrealism, now as ever. Likewise, ICSprofoundly admires Mr. Hardy'sstudied role as Sir Winston innumerous productions since the

"Wilderness Years" — a productnot only of admiration, but of seriousresearch, dedication and talent.

His background is much broaderthan these two divers roles suggest.Since graduating with honors fromOxford he has played classical roleswith the Royal Shakespeare Theatre,the Old Vic, and on tour in the U.S.His television productions include"David Copperfield," Henry V in"An Age of Kings," and the Earl ofLeicester in "Elizabeth R." Headapted, narrated and presented thegreat series "Horses in Our Blood";a television documentary about thecampaign at Agincourt, "The Picar-dy Affair"; and a radio play, "TheLeopard and the Lilies." Morerecently he starred in "Robin Hood"with George Segal and in two roles inthe series "Hot Metal." Among hisfilms are "The Spy Who Came in

From the Cold." An expert on ar-chery, he has published the bookLongbow, a history of that weapon;and is archery consultant to the MaryRose Trust.

If Americans had a Peerage, theywouldn't have to fill their gossip col-umns with the antics of Hollywoodstars. Actors are treated as profes-sionals in Britain, and it is not sur-prising when Robert says, "I can'tabide showbiz parties and all thatchit-chat." He likes chit-chat onWinston Churchill fine, we are hap-py to say, and he takes a very seriousview toward "keeping the memorygreen and the record accurate" — agoal he shares with ICS. We areproud to have such a friend, honoredby his support for our work, anddeeply grateful to have both Robertand Lady Soames with us in SanFrancisco. -RML

Book ReviewsAn "Instant Remainder"A Leatherbound EditionAn Eloquent New "Early Life"Churchill and the EmpireWINSTON CHURCHILL | AN ILLUSTRATED BIOG-RAPHY, by R.G. Grant, London: W.H. Smith, NewYork: Gallery Books, 224 pages, profusely illustrated incolor and black & white, L8; ICS Churchill Book Clubprice $15 (see sidebar).

My shelves are full of "instant remainders": bookscreated to satisfy momentary urges for something —preferably well illustrated and flashy — about Chur-chill. A gaggle appeared in 1965, another gaggle in1974. During the fiftieth anniversary of his finest hoursa gaggle will probably appear again. I fully expectedthis one to be among them. It is not.

R.G. Grant is good testimony to the old adage thatwhen you need a job done right, hire a professional. Heis not a "Churchill buff," but a freelance writer withspecialties running to political, military and espionagesubjects. He brings a good background but no apparentpreconceived biases to the study of Churchill, and hehas swallowed none of the old wives' tales which afflictthe Winston saga. The result is a first-class documen-tary: broad, balanced and infinitely readable. The il-lustrations, which include fascinating newspaper clips

and wartime poster and cartoon art (some in color), arewell chosen and expertly captioned, and there is athorough index.

Grant gives space both to the pros and cons of the ma-jor issues. For instance, he notes that Churchill's role inthe Irish settlement (1921) was "not without blemish. . . he did nothing to stop the blatant gerrymanderingin the North which denied many Catholics theirdemocratic rights." But he also explains that Churchillpiloted all the necessary legislation through the Com-mons and was Parliament's chief architect of the even-tual compromise: the only agreement to come out ofIreland until the London-Dublin accords of the late1980s.

This is an ideal introduction to Churchill, especiallyfor the young, with its generous coverage of Winston asAction Man: the late Victorian years when WSC was onevery front itching for battle, and battering his energeticway into politics. But the dyed-in-the-wool Chur-chillophile will like it too — and will wait in vain for theauthor to drop into conventional pitfalls. For instance,Grant illustrates the "Boer Wanted Poster" but deftly

14

avoids giving it serious credence. He mentions WSC'sclaim that his captor in South Africa was Louis Botha,but adds that it was really an obscure field-cornet calledOosthuizen. Indeed Grant hardly gets anything wrong.About the only serious gaffe I found was his referenceto My Early Life as "My Early Years."

Add this book to your shelf, or your coffee table;perhaps the latter is the better place, for you'll findyourself leafing through it again and again.

—MICHAEL RICHARDS

THE SECOND WORLD WAR, by Winston S. Churchill,' 'First Leatherbound Edition,'' Norwalk, Connecticut:The Easton Press, six volumes, 4960 pages, $234 fromthe publisher at 47 Richards Avenue, Norwalk CT06857.

Advertising this new issue of The Second World Waras the "first leather-bound edition" {Finest Hour 64,page 19) is something of a misnomer, since Cassell pro-duced a leatherbound presentation variant, and both theDiners Club "Centenary Limited Edition" and "Col-lected Works" editions of 1974 were leatherbound. Thework being Sir Winston's best-known and best-sellingtitle, this review will confine itself to the rendering ofthe edition and its value to the bibliophile . . .

. . . Which is difficult to establish, given the mixedquality of the product. The leather must be of an in-ferior grade because it is heavily varnished, acharacteristic of badly scratched hides — so heavilycoated is it that it lacks both smell and suppleness. Thebooks crack open under protest, suggesting that theywill not survive normal reading without serious hinge orjoint wear. The page edge giltwork and the cloth moireendpapers are well done, and the paper is bright whiteacid-free stock. The binding design is acceptable ifgaudy, but a set of tacky looking bookplates ("Pub-lished Expressly for the Personal Library of [fill in yourname]") spoils it — thankfully these are laid in loose.The text is taken directly from the Houghton MifflinAmerican edition rather than the Cassell Edition, mean-ing that it is not the "definitive" text with all of Chur-chill's final corrections; nor have the maps beenredrawn (as in the 1974 "Collected Works" edition) ordone in two-color (as in the two "Chartwell" editions).

What we have here is an "instant collectible" of thestyle typified by the Franklin Mint's repro Faberge eggsor the precious metal doo-dads coined by English mintsduring the Churchill Centenary — flashy trinkets withenough mass class to produce plenty of sales as"limited editions" but intrinsically not collectible, ex-cept by the unknowing.

I don't think the books are badly overpriced — a real-ly good full leather set would cost at least double themoney. But when you consider that for about the sameamount you can buy a very nice, illustrated English"Chartwell Edition" (1954); or the superior quality,half-leather Book-of-the-Month Club "Chartwell Edi-

ICS CHURCHILL 1NEW BOOKS AT

BOOK CLUB:DISCOUNT

ORDER FROM Churchillbooks, BurrageContoocook, NH 03229 USAfirst book, $1 each additional

Road,L. Add for Shipping: $3book. Visa and Master-

card accepted on orders over $100. The followingtitles are available to members and friendsSociety at the discount price

No. Title1001 India, First US Edition

Introduction byManfred Weidhorn

1002 India, LeatherboundEdition(100 only)

1003 Malakand Field Force,Norton Edition

1004 The Boer War, NortonEdition.*

1005 My African Journey,Norton Edition

1006 My Early Life, CooperEdition

1007 Images of Greatness(reviewed FH65)

1008 Blood, Toil, Tears &Sweat (speeches)

1009 Churchill: AnIllustrated Biography

1010 Churchill 1874-1922,Birkenhead

1011 Churchill on Empire,Emmert

shown at right:Reg.Price

$35

$100

$18.95

$19.95

$16.95

$30.00

$29.95

$18.95

$15.00

$35.00

$19.95

of the

ICSPrice

$28

$85

$17

$18

$15

$25

$20

$17

$15

$28

$18

*Combines London to Ladysmith and Ian Hamilton'sMarch.

tion" (1983); or two fine jacketed sets of first editions(one English, one American), you begin to questionwhether you really need this version, Published Ex-pressly For Your Personal Library.

-RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

CHURCHILL 1874-1922, by his godson the Earl ofBirkenhead, edited with a foreword by Sir John Col-ville, London: Harrap, 552 pages, illustrated, £19.95;ICS Book Club price $28 (see sidebar.)

Philip Ziegler, who describes Manchester's Last Lionas "treacle" (see FH 62), gives mixed reviews to thisbook, claiming it to be "riddled with inconsistencies,ill-constructed phrases, minor inaccuracies and, aboveall, repetitious" while at the same time outstanding"for its eloquence, its integrity and its affectionate yetclear-headed evocation of an extraordinarypersonality." The evocation which most impressesZiegler is the hackneyed old conventional view of aChurchill "indifferent to the generality of mankind . . .fanatically loyal. . . inconsiderate yet capable of show-ing the most touching gratitude . . . The warmth of his

15

own heart, his naivety, and his insensitivity to othersagain and again combined to convince him that he wasuniformly loved . . . " And so on.

The book is certainly schizoid, in that the early yearsare largely boilerplate, derived almost entirely from thepublished Churchill papers and one or two of theauthor's favorite books, albeit good ones (RhodesJames' Study in Failure, Bonham Carter's Churchill AsI Knew Him); whereas the Winston of the later yearscomes across vividly through the author's personal ac-quaintance with him. The final 40 pages, on Churchillat Chartwell in the "Wilderness Years," comprise abrilliant essay ranking with the Prologue ("Chartwell,1932") in Manchester's Volume II.

To explain how all this came about, the second Earlof Birkenhead, son and biographer of WSC's greatfriend F.E. Smith, was given access to the Churchillpapers on the understanding that he would write a one-volume biography, not to appear until the last install-ment of Gilbert's official biography. (An ironic aside:Gilbert is now working on a one-volume biography!)But Lord Birkenhead died before he had written muchbeyond 1922. His son Robin took up the task, only todie after taking it to 1940. The torch was handed to SirJohn Colville who alas passed on before he could domuch more than write a Foreword. Robin Birkenhead's1922-1940 sequel is "published privately" according tothe Foreword, but we are still trying to determinewhere, when and how, for the purposes of bibliographicresearch.

What we have, then, is an unfinished portrait,benefitting little from Sir John's deft editorial hand anddeserving of Ziegler's technical criticisms. But it ismuch more than that, at least from the post-Dardanellesperiod. Further, it is one of the most eloquent works onChurchill ever penned, and more to the point than a lotof the biographies it quotes, or the biographers whoquote it.

Take for example Churchill's attitude toward theBolshevik revolution, described by our modern right-thinkers as small-minded, tragically flawed, short-sighted and wrong-headed. "When starry-eyedsimpletons were already rhapsodizing over the 'greatsocial experiment,' " writes Birkenhead, "he saw onlyleaders committed beyond recall to a regime whose vic-tims were left rotting and freezing through the Arcticnight, under which mercy was annulled and Godblasphemed, and which rejected with contempt thesmall, the local, the kindly. In a flash of incandescentunderstanding, he realized that the Christian tolerancewhich alone lent glory to life was not only to be abol-ished but to be rendered heinous. It is to Churchill'seternal credit that he grasped the unforgiving nature ofthis philosophy in the dawn of its baneful power, andrecognized the presence of authentic evil."

Powerful stuff: and eminently true.The author quotes his father liberally throughout — a

valuable bonus, for "F .E . " arguably knew Churchill

atwcmt

better than anyone outside WSC's family, and his sum-mation is admirable: " . . . how complete is the publicmisconception of the man . . . there is no man in publiclife in England with a heart so warm, with a simplicityso complete, with a loyalty so unswerving and sodependable. He has, indeed, in the intimacy of personalfriendship a quality which is almost feminine in itscaressing charm. And he has never in all his life failed afriend . . . "

This is one of the 20 or 25 essential books for the wellrounded Churchill library. Harrap incidentally have notentirely lost the aesthetic sense so evident in theirrendering of Churchill's Marlborough fifty years ago:Birkenhead's book is handsomely bound with laid end-papers and dustcover, the latter trimmed in gilt. SirWinston would have approved. -RML

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL ON EMPIRE, by Kirk Em-mert, Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 158pages, $19.95; ICS Churchill Book Club price $18 (seesidebar).

This is the eighth book in the distinguished "Studiesin Statesmanship" Series sponsored by Professor HarryJaffa's Winston S. Churchill Association, the thirdspecifically on Churchill, and one of the most con-troversial. The dear old British Empire can use an ad-vocate: Its glory, says Jaffa in the introduction, "was itsservice to a cause that transcended Britain, thattranscended history, that transcended time itself. Thetheme of empire becomes, as we follow it throughChurchill's life and thought, the theme of political rule,as it acts to lift human life away from barbarism andsavagery towards civilization and human excellence."

Churchill's theme as developed by Emmert throughquotes from WSC's works and speeches, is that of"civilizing Empire" and the rule of law throughParliamentary institutions. But the underside of the sub-ject is also represented, in that Emmert devotes an ex-tensive chapter to the reservations to Empire, as Chur-chill himself expressed them.

Was it worth it to Britain to maintain the Empire,clearly at greater cost than benefit? Is it not true that theexercise of any despotic power, however well inten-tioned, as WSC said, "never improves the ruler andrarely gratifies the subjects"? Are the ruled improved?Churchill held Uganda a jewel of the African Empire,but under Idi Amin the facade of civilization meltedaway. Is civilizing empire also limited and moderateempire? "Churchill understood the need to find someother principle to control the expansive thrust implicit inhis view of the nature and requirements of

16

civilization," Emmert writes. And, as early as TheRiver War, "Churchill made it unmistakably clear thatthe British Empire was not exempt from the soberingdisproportion between intention and accomplishment."

Altogether, this book provides a thorough review ofChurchill's thought on both sides of the Empire ques-tion in a work not without modern applications, givensuch issues as Australia's aborigines or the blackhomelands within South Africa. Ultimately Emmert,

like Churchill, concludes that not all development needtake place in an imperial, or even a political, situation."The limits to the political life are established by theexistence of other, at least equally elevated (or, as issuggested in Savrola, more elevated) humanactivities," Emmert writes. "The civilized impetustoward imperial expansion is thus restrained by therecognition that it is possible to become fully civilizedin a non-imperial union." — M.R. •

In Print Again, With the Help of I.C.S.Twelve Churchill Works

You Couldn't Get in 1985

Five years ago the status of Sir Winston Churchill'sbook-length works was as shocking as that of thewhooping crane. "Of the 37 individual books," wewrote in Finest Hour 47, "29 are out of print andanother four are on the verge . . . The brilliant literaryheritage of Churchill is in danger of being lost to all butthe wealthy."

The International Churchill Society launched in thatissue a campaign to restore the vanished works to print.It is not without a feeling of self-satisfaction that welook upon the record today . . .

We have obviously come a very long way. ICS lob-bied hard for the reissue of the classic works nowpublished by Leo Cooper in London and W.W. Nortonin New York — so hard that they asked us to contributebibliographic notes and repaid us by a very kind twopage appendix giving the address of each ChurchillSociety. The editor has just published the first edition ofIndia in nearly 60 years (dust jacket on cover), and adeluxe leatherbound edition limited to 100 copies. Hod-der & Stoughton's New English Library has issued anew jumbo "Sceptre" paperback of the one-volumeRiver War with an introduction by the late Sir John Col-ville; ICS has published The Dream, and unearthed theremaining supply of an irreplaceable work, the four-volume Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill. (Wealso found the Collected Works, but they have sincegone out of print for keeps.)

There is a lot more to be done. The World Crisis(especially The Unknown War/The Eastern Front)desperately needs reissue, with prices for originals soar-ing; to a lesser extent a new unabridged Marlborough isneeded. The Complete Speeches and most individualspeech books have dried up, though the latter remainin good supply arid David Cannadine's Blood Sweat andTears is a selection of the best speeches. The editorwants to move from his modest beginning, India, tosomething more ambitious: a new replica of the two-volume first edition River War. And so on! •

Woods No. & Title

AlMalakand Field Force

A3Savrola

A4London to Ladysmith

A5Ian Hamilton's March

A12My African Journey

A37My Early Life

A38India

A39 Thoughtsand Adventures

A43Great Contemporaries

A145Collected Essays

A149The Dream

SpeechVolumes

1985

out ofprint

out ofprint

out ofprint

out ofprint

out ofprint

paper-back

out ofprint

out ofprint

out ofprint

out ofprint

unpub-lished

out ofprint

1990

in print: CooperUK, Norton USA*

in print:Cooper, UK*

in print {The BoerWar) Cooper/Norton*

in print (The BoerWar) Cooper/Norton*

in print: Cooper &Norton*

in print: Cooper*UK, Scribner USA

in print:Dragonwyck USA*

coming this year:Cooper/Norton

coming this year:Cooper/Norton

supply found,still available*

in print, ICS(see page 31)

Blood Sweat &Tears available*

*Available from the ICS Churchill Book Club, c/o Chur-chillbooks, see sidebar, page 15. (Write for details onSavrola).

17

CHURCHILL EVENTS 1990

BLADON, OXFORD, 24 Jan.: Members ofthe International Churchill Society of the UKpaid their traditional tribute at the Churchillgravesite at noon on the 25th Anniversary ofSir Winston's passing. The Rev. Canon JohnBeckwith, A.K.C., Rector of Bladon, con-ducted a brief service of Remembrance. Ourfloral tribute of white chrysanthemums waslaid alongside Lady Soames' Cyclamen.

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PHOENIX, ARIZONA, 29 March:Marianne and Karl Almquist launched theSociety's newest chapter, joined by eighteenICS members and friends including Fellowof the Churchill Society Bill Schulz. A broadrange of future events were discussed as wellas plans to attend the August convention inSan Francisco.

• • •SAN FRANCISCO, 4 Nov.: Luana Ham-mett spoke to 42 ICS members and friends(right) at the first chapter-wide planningmeeting for the 1990 convention, held at theheadquarters Stanford Court Hotel at NobHill. The program led off with Luana'spresentation, "Winston Churchill andClementine," and concluded after a lunchbreak with a discussion of convention plansand tour of the hotel. ICS/NorCal met againin March.

• • •BURSINEL, SWITZERLAND: Beryl andEddie Murray of ICS/UK (Eddie was WSC'sbodyguard, 1950-65) paid a nostalgic visit toMaison de Commune, where WSC stayed in1946: another addition to ICS/Australia's"Churchill Sites Worldwide." (Photos byBeryl Murray, LRPS)

i . ^ f e S

18

BLADON, Jan. 24th — Landlord Les Evans and his wifePam fuelled and victualled the ICS multitude after thesolemnities described opposite. Les told of similar visitsfrom Denmark every few years when a deputation lays awreath (Les lays it for them the rest of the time) on May 4th:the day Churchill broadcast to Denmark that the war wasending. Unlike other countries, Denmark has never forgot-ten the debt she owes Sir Winston.

Senior churchwarden Albert Danbury, who was presentby chance, recalled that Tito's wreath required two men tocarry, and that WSC expressed his wish to be buried atBladon to the then-Rector: ' 'They want to put me in the Ab-bey, but if they do I shall haunt them." L-r: Roy Daniels,Howard Pedraza, Michael Wybrow, Albert Danbury,Michael & Ann Lainchbury, Karen Churchill, BrendaLakey, Patrick Churchill, Ron Price, Les Evans. — HP

CHURCHILL TRIVIAEDITED BY BARBARA LANGWORTH

TEST your skill and knowledge! Vir-tually all questions can be answered inback issues of FINEST HOUR (but it'snot really cricket to check). Twenty-fourquestions appear in each issue, theanswers in the following issue.

Questions fall into six categories:Contemporaries (C), Literary (L),Miscellaneous (M), Personal (P),Statesmanship (S), and War (W).

169. Whom did Churchill replace asPrime Minister in 1940? (C)

170. What is the title of Churchill'sbook about the reconquest of the Sudan?(L)

171. Can you name the red automobileWSC was driving in 1911? (M)

172. What were the names of Clemen-tine and Winston's children? (P)

173. What three countries have grantedWSC honorary citizenship? (S)

174. What military campaign in theFirst World War did Churchill predictwith startling accuracy? (W)

175. What American statesman wasChurchill with when he heard the newsthat Pearl Harbor had been bombed?(C)

176. Churchill's newspaper letters con-cerning the advance to Johannesburgand Pretoria were published in bookform under what title? (L)

187. With whom did Churchill like tospeak because of the ' 'feeling of gettingnearer my father"? (C)

188. What did WSC recite before theHeadmaster of Harrow to receive a

177. In the realm of Churchill stamp special prize (1200 lines thereof)? (L)collecting what is a "Sand Dune"?(M) 189. Where does the Other Club meet?

(M)178. What was the title of WSC's last 1 9 0 W h a t w a s 2g Hyde Park Gate? (P)painting? (P)

191. What important branch of the179. Winston's speech mentioning the Navy did Churchill found? (C)"infernal . . . ah INTERNAL . . .combustion engine" was given where 192. What order did Churchill receiveand when? (S) from the Danish government? (W)

180. What was "the deadly comb"which ran back and forth over the BalticStates? (W)

181. To what was W.H. Thompson(detective) referring when he describedChurchill as being "too impetuous and. . . took chances."? (C)

182. Which of Churchill's books men-tions the racial problems of SouthAfrica? (L)

183. When and from whom did WSCpurchase Chartwell Manor? (M)

184. How many exams did WSC needto pass into Sandhurst? (P)

185. "We already have enough ignorantvoters and we don't want any more"was said by WSC in 1911 in referenceto whom? (S)

186. In 1939 Churchill said that"throwing a small State to the wolves"would not appease the Nazis. Name thisstate. (W)

ANSWERS TO LAST TRIVIA(FINEST HOUR #65)

145. W. Averell Harriman146. Step by Step147. Three148. The "Chumbolly"149. Chancellor of the Exchequer150. The Battle of Britain151. Max Aitkin (Lord Beaverbrook)152. 150 pounds153. Pigs154. A serious case of pneumonia155. Prison156. Robert Menzies157. Lawrence of Arabia158. By his pen159. The 'cello160. Ten years161. Sickness, unemployment and old

age162. War with Japan163. F.E. Smith164. Dundee (1908)165. Science and technology166. Cuba, 1895167. Changing political parties.168. 1944 •

19

ACTION THIS DAYFIRST QUARTER 1890 • Age 15

Winston was ill much of thewinter, first while visiting hisparents for Christmas and then againback at Harrow. He gave themeasles to his mother's friend,Count Kinsky, who reminded himthat the measles are much worse forgrown-up people.

His parents left for Monte Carlofrom where they sent their son somefresh oranges.

He wrote his father that the Con-servative Club had hopes of gettingLord Randolph to visit because theLiberal Club seemed to be so active.

Although he was doing better inschool a friend wrote that he hadheard that Winston has having somedifficulties and asked if he had yethad three canes broken over him.

FIRST QUARTER 1915 • Age 40Relations between Sir John

French, Commander-in-Chief of theBritish Expeditionary Forces, andthe Secretary of State for War, LordKitchener, were not harmonious.Churchill tried to mediate betweenthem.

He planned to visit Dunkirk toobserve operations firsthand but thePrime Minister agreed with Kit-chener that the First Lord should notvisit the Army Commander's head-quarters. Kitchener charged that theFirst Lord was meddling in Armymatters and exacerbating relationsbetween French and himself. As-quith forbade any future Churchillvisits to the continent. Churchill andKitchener never again had a con-genial relationship.

French and Churchill continuedcovert correspondence throughChurchill's relatives who were onthe Field Marshal's staff, his brotherJack and his cousin Freddie Guest.Perhaps the best advice for all wasChurchill's remark: "We are on thestage of history. Let us keep ouranger for the common foe."

In Parliament Churchill wascriticized by Admiral of the Fleet

Lord Charles Beresford for recentnaval defeats and for his propensityfor telling the admirals how theywere to carry out policy. Churchilldefended himself by stating thatjudgments could be made only froma close examination of thedocuments and that military securitymade it impossible to disclose theevidence. He did acknowledge "theacute discomfort under which ourgreat newspapers are living at thepresent time" and asked that par-ticular incidents not be given toomuch attention because they weremerely part of a larger strategy allover the world.

What he could not share was thenews that Britain had come intopossession of the codes for Germannaval signals and that henceforththey would have advance warning ofGerman naval movements in theNorth Sea.

Churchill and others were becom-ing very frustrated with the progressof the war, the deadlock on thewestern front and Asquith's in-decisiveness. WSC agreed with afriend who wrote that "it's going tobe a long long war in spite of the factthat on both sides every single manin it wants it stopped at once."

Because he believed that Ger-many's northern flank was the mostvulnerable, he supported Fisher'sidea to attack Germany through theBaltic combined with a joint thrust toBerlin with the Russians. But whenhe realized that he had colleagues(Kitchener, Lloyd George, Hankey)who preferred an attack in theBalkans, he characteristicallybecame the outspoken proponent forthat course of action. Asquith wroteto Venetia Stanley: "His volatilemind is at present set on Turkey andBulgaria, and he wants to organise aheroic adventure against Gallipoliand the Dardanelles: to which I amaltogether opposed . . . "

When Kitchener argued that therewere no troops available for thecampaign Churchill, despite reluc-'

EDITED BY JOHN G. PLIMPTON

tance in his own staff officers,realized that the pressure on Russiawas so great that an Admiraltyinitiative was imperative. On 13January the War Council decided onan attack on the Dardanelles andauthorized Churchill to developplans.

Lord Fisher did not agree withplans for an all-naval attack, and feltthat any redeployment of ships to theMediterranean would weaken thenavy in the North Sea. But he wasalways "out-argued" by Churchill.Despite their mutual affection Fisherand Churchill were constantly atodds. Admiral Beatty felt that an ex-plosion was inevitable: " . . . twovery strong and clever men, one old,wily, and of vast experience, oneyoung, self-assertive, with a greatself-satisfaction but unstable. Theycannot work together, they cannotboth run the show." Fisher took hisobjections to the War Council butfound that they were unanimous insupport of Churchill's plans for theDardanelles.

The major issue regarding thoseplans was whether Army troopswould support the naval action. Kit-chener was concerned that Russiawould collapse and all troops wouldbe required to confront the addi-tional German soldiers which wouldbe sent westward. Nevertheless onMarch 18 British and French battle-ships began the naval attack in theDardanelles.

It had been a trying winter for theFirst Lord. Not all his foes were ex-ternal. Asquith thought him "far themost disliked man in my Cabinet byhis colleagues." The Prime Ministerfelt that "he is intolerable! Noisy,longwinded and full of perorations.We don't want suggestions — wewant wisdom." Lord Fisherthreatened to resign twice. Kit-chener resented Churchill's in-terference in Army matters.

But it was also a most exhilaratingtime. At one point Churchilldesperately wanted to be Viceroy ofIndia. Now that the position wasbecoming vacant he clearly indicated

20

his preference to Margot Asquith:"My God! This war is livingHistory. Everything we are doingand saying is thrilling — it will beread by a thousand generations,think of that!! Why I would not beout of this glorious delicious war foranything the world could give me. Isay, don't repeat that I said the word"delicious" — you know what Imean."

FIRST QUARTER 1940 • Age 65The year ended with what Chur-

chill later called ' 'the war still in itssinister trance." In a Christmas cardhe told Admiral Dudley Pound that"I have the feeling (which may becorrected at any moment) that theKaiser's Germany was a muchtougher customer than Nazi Ger-many."

Clementine helped on the homefront. Lady Diana Duff Coopercommented that "she makes us allknit jerseys as thick as sheep'sfleeces, for which the minesweepersmust bless her."

In January Churchill visited thecontinent where he became con-cerned about the inferior equipmentand lackadaisical attitude of hisFrench allies. He wanted to sendtroops into Norway but it waspointed out that the Canadians whowould be used were not yet trainedto fight on skis.

Lauding the fight of Finland,Churchill criticized the neutral coun-tries. "Each one hopes that if hefeeds the crocodile enough, that thecrocodile will eat him last." Thereaction in Norway, Holland,Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland andBelgium was often hostile.Criticism, however, did not dissuadehim. "Criticism in a body politic islike pain in a human body. It is notpleasant, but where would the bodybe without it."

At a luncheon in his honour in lateFebruary he pledged himself loyallyto serve the "Captain" for the dura-tion of the voyage and PrimeMinister Chamberlain indicated hisgratitude. In early March his friendMaxine Elliot died in France. Mean-while, overwhelmed Finns acqui-

esced in an imposed treaty withRussia. In the War Cabinet onlyHankey shared Churchill's views fora landing in Norway. An angryChurchill wrote Halifax: "Now theice will melt; and the Germans arethe masters of the North."

He also had to fight attempts atpeace. He told the "peace move-ment" at home that "the only coursewas to fight to the finish" and he re-jected the efforts of United StatesUnder-Secretary of State, SumnerWelles, to find a peace solutionwhich would not require "theelimination of Herr Hitler."

In mid-March Hitler metMussolini at the Brenner Pass andPaul Reynaud succeeded EdouardDaladier as Prime Minister ofFrance. Reynaud and GeorgeMandel were the French politiciansclosest to Churchill and his fightingspirit.

FIRST QUARTER 1965 • Age 90In early January Sir Winston suf-

fered a stroke which his physician,Lord Moran, informed the familywould probably be fatal.

After telling his son-in-law,Christopher Soames: ' 'I am so boredwith it," he never again made an in-telligible remark to anyone.

While his family gathered aroundhis bedside, the world's leadersprepared to pay homage to 'thegreatest Englishman'.

Shortly after 8:00 a.m. on Sun-day, 24 January on the seventieth an-niversary of the death of his father,Sir Winston died at his home at 28Hyde Park Gate in London.

What Churchill had called"Operation Hopenot" went into ac-tion. The Queen directed that heshould lie in State in WestminsterHall and that the state funeral servicebe held at St. Paul's Cathedral. Thestate funeral was the first accorded acommoner since the Duke of Well-ington. Over 320,000 people passedby the catafalque at Westminster.

January 30th was bitter cold andgray as the Royal Navy gun crew inmeasured slow march pulled the guncarriage with the body of the"Former Naval Person" to St.

Paul's. The bearer party of Her Ma-jesty's Brigade of Guards and aRoyal Air Force escort flanked thesailors.

The sites passed by the funeralprocession were the scenes of someof Sir Winston's greatest triumphs:St. Margaret's Church, where hehad married; the Houses of Parlia-ment, where he had made history;No. 10 Downing Street, where hehad lived as Prime Minister; the Ad-miralty, where he had served asFirst Lord in two wars; Fleet Street,where he had published so many ar-ticles; and finally St. Paul's whichstood, like Churchill, defiant againsteverything Hitler had thrown atthem.

The Queen laid aside the usualprecedence of the Monarch andentered the Cathedral ahead of thecasket. Representatives of more than110 nations were in attendance. Thehonorary pall bearers were: FieldMarshal Sir Gerald Templer, Mr.Harold Macmillan, Lord Ismay,Lord Normanbrook, Sir RobertMenzies, Lord Bridges, Field Mar-shal Viscount Slim, Marshal of theR.A.F. Viscount Portal of Hunger-ford, the Earl of Avon, Earl Attlee,Field Marshall Earl Alexander ofTunis and Admiral of the Fleet EarlMountbatten of Burma.

After the service the cortegetravelled to Tower Pier, where thecoffin was transported on the Port ofLondon Authority launch Havengorefor the journey up the Thames toFestival Pier. At Waterloo Stationit was transfered to a train and,guarded by representatives of his oldregiment, the Fourth Hussars, nowcalled the Queen's Royal IrishHussars, transported it to LordHandborough Station. At the requestof Lady Churchill, the committalservice beside the graves of hismother and father at St. Martin'sChurchill at Bladon was a familyservice.

Only two wreaths were placed onthe grave: "To My DarlingWinston. Clemmie." and "Fromthe Nation and Commonwealth. Ingrateful remembrance. ElizabethR." •

21

Opinion:Mencken, Churchill and

Generational Chauvinism''William Manchesteron Two Cases of Modern BigotryONE CHARGE against Churchill by DanielLazare in the New York Observer (lastissue, pages 14-15) still stands: thatChurchill was a racist. Indeed Lazarewas careful to exclude this point fromhis other Churchill epithets disputed byAlfred Lurie of ICS/New York. In fact,Lazare's charge of racism sticks no bet-ter than his other simplistic accusations:as illustrated by a related dispute aboutMencken in The New York Times BookReview.

Reviewing The Diary of H.L. Men-cken in the NYTBR, Robert Wardfastened on to Mencken's private diaryremarks to proclaim that the greatwriter hated blacks and Jews and waspro-Nazi. This drew the fire of an ICSmember with much biography includingChurchill to his credit: William Man-chester. With Professor Manchester'spermission we quote from his responseto Ward, followed by his views onChurchill's alleged "racism" from TheLast Lion.

"In all our thousands of hourstogether I never heard Mencken insultJews or blacks. Jews, he believed, werebrighter, more sensitive and moretalented than gentiles. But his affectionfor them was scarcely surprising, con-sidering the large number of Jews whohad been close to him both professional-ly and socially.

"Nor was the word 'nigger' in hisvocabulary. A black family lived nextdoor; he was on the best of terms withthem, and frequently produced surprisegifts for the two small sons. It is truethat his attitude toward them was pater-nalistic. It is equally true that it wouldhave been extremely difficult to findmore than a few Baltimoreans at thattime — including black Baltimoreans —who would have found that paternalismobjectionable.

"Perhaps the most outrageoustwisting of the Mencken diary is the

charge that he was pro-Nazi. HenryMencken was a third-generationGerman-American, and his view of hisgrandfather's homeland was hopelesslysentimental. It was a dream of pre-Wilhelmine Germany, of whimsicalpipe-smoking eccentrics like Jo's be-loved in Little Women, of Hegel andKant, of Beethoven, Bach and, yes,Mendelssohn. He had been singled outfor persecution during this country'santi-German hysteria in World War I.As a consequence, Mencken's attitudetoward the Second World War waswholly unrealistic. He dismissed it as'Roosevelt's War,' took little interest init and was clearly unenthusiastic at theprospect of another German defeat.

"But Mencken a NazP. He despisedthe Third Reich from the outset. WhenHitler became Chancellor, he wrote, 'Igive up on the Germans as substantiallyhopeless.' Any defense of Germanywas impossible, he concluded, 'so longas the chief officer of the German statecontinues to make speeches worthy ofan Imperial Wizard of the Ku KluxKlan, and his followers imitate, plainlywith his connivance, the monkey-shinesof the American Legion at its worst.' "

Mencken, Manchester grants, oncereferred in his diary to 'two dreadfulkikes.' "My father was a social workerwho crusaded for birth control andfought housing discrimination againstJews," Manchester writes. "Yet I onceheard him describe an objectionableJew as a 'kike.' All this, it must beremembered, occurred before theHolocaust revealed to the world wheresuch ugliness ultimately led. At the timesuch slurs were usually as lacking inmalice as the Polish and Italian jokestold today.

"Mencken has been silent for 34years now. His work stands, and ittowers. He was a master polemicist; healways gave better than he got, and hereally needs no defense. But as one who

cherishes accuracy in literary history, Iam appalled by the distortions of hisconsiderable role in it. And I am deeplyoffended by the smearing of my oldfriend by ignorant liberal bigots."

Turning to Churchill, and Lazare'sperfervid proclamation of his racism(along with David Irving and a dozenother modern writers), we may con-sider other lines of Manchester, in TheLast Lion Volume I (pp 842-3):

Churchill had once described a ruf-fian as a "sort of Kaffir" and a "Mulat-to," Manchester writes: "In Cuba,fresh out of Sandhurst, he had dis-trusted 'the negro element among theinsurgents.' He never outgrew this prej-udice. Late in life he was asked if hehad seen the film Carmen Jones. Hehad walked out on it, he replied,because he didn't like 'blackamoors.'His physician was present, and Winstonasked what happened when blacks gotmeasles. Could the rash be spotted? Thedoctor replied that blacks suffered ahigh mortality rate from measles. Chur-chill said lightly, 'Well, there are plentyleft. They've got a high rate of produc-tion.' He could greet Louis Botha andMichael Collins as equals, but his rela-tionship with any Indian could never beas between compeers. It followed thattheir country must remain a vassal state.

"This was the underside of his posi-tion in the great debates over India'sfuture which began in 1929. Today itwould be called an expression ofracism, and he, as its exponent, a racist.But neither word had been coined then;they would not appear in the OxfordEnglish dictionary or Webster's foranother generation. Until recently —beginning in the 1940s — racial in-tolerance was not only acceptable inpolite society; it was fashionable, evenassumed."

Manchester goes on to record Chur-chill's initial enthusiasm for KatherineMayo's Mother India: "Viewed fromthe 1980s, her work seems almost com-parable to the Protocols ofZion. Vile inits insinuations, wildly inaccurate, andabove all hypocritical, this singlevolume by an elderly prig poisoned theminds of millions who might otherwisehave reflected thoughtfully on Gandhi'smovement.

"Churchill, however, always hadsecond and third thoughts, and they usual-ly improved as he went along. It waspart of this pattern of response to any

22

political issue that while his early reac-tions were often emotional, and evenunworthy of him, they were usuallysucceeded by reason and generosity.Russia had been more than he couldhandle — though it should beremembered that he would have beencontent to see a socialist regime thereprovided it renounced wholesaleslaughter — but his record had been im-pressive in South Africa, the MiddleEast, and Ireland."

# * *To insist, as Mr. Lazare did in the

New York Observer, that Churchill wasa bigot of the type personified byChesterton, is to ignore the facts and therecord: which rank Churchill, as afriend of Jews individually and the Jewscollectively, above all major statesmen

of this century.People who argue from the conven-

ient perch of 1990 that Churchill — orMencken — were racists and bigots areguilty of what Manchester terms"generational chauvinism — judgingpast eras by the standards of the pres-ent. The passing of such ex post factojudgments seems to be increasinglypopular. A recent headline in a Con-necticut newspaper read: 'Old WestWas Sexist' — though neither the wordnor the concept of sexism existed on thefrontier. Soon, perhaps, it will bedisclosed that 'Alamo Defenders WereHomophobes.' It is sobering to reflecton the consequences were the tablesturned. How would past generationsjudge American sexual behavior in1990 and the abandonment of the tradi-

tional family?"If we are going to adopt genera-

tional chauvnism as dogma, many pastheroes will be diminished, includingliberal heroes. The kind of anti-Semitism that appears in Mencken'sprivate diary [or Churchill's privateconversations] may be found else-where: for example, in the early lettersof Eleanor Roosevelt and Adlai Steven-son. And after F.D.R.'s crutchescollapsed during a 1936 political rallyin Philadelphia, he said, 'I was the mad-dest white man you ever saw' — aremark that, in 1990, could lose anelection."

Have a little respect, Mr. Ward andMr. Lazare: if not for H.L. Menckenand Winston Churchill, at least for thetruth. •

INSIDE THE JOURNALSMartin Kitchen: "Winston Churchilland the Soviet Union during theSecond World War", The HistoricalJournal, 30, (2), (1987).

When considering Churchill'sattitude towards the Soviet Unionone automatically thinks of him asthe most outspoken of advocates ofarmed intervention during the civilwar, or as the author of the Fultonspeech, which many people regardas the opening salvo in the ColdWar. During World War II, how-ever, his attitude was quite different.As much as he detested the Sovietregime, he once said that if Hitlerwere to invade Hell he wouldpromptly sign a pact with the Devil.

On October 1 Churchill gave atalk on the BBC in which he de-scribed Russia in a famous phrase as"a riddle wrapped in a mystery in-side an engima" and although he feltRussian national interests might bethe key to that riddle he also stressedthe community of interests betweenBritain, France and the SovietUnion.

When Germany invaded the SovietUnion in June 1940, Churchill, in arhetorical flourish, spoke of"Russian soldiers standing on thethreshold of their native land, guard-ing the fields which their fathers

have tilled from time immemorial."He omitted that they stood inEstonia, Poland, Latvia andLithuania, which they had recentlyconquered.

Stalin infuriated him with hisincessant demands for a secondfront. Because of the Soviet reluc-tance to enter the war earlier, he toldtheir Ambassador, "You of all peo-ple have no right to make reproachesto us." He attributed Russian sur-liness to "the guilt and self-reproachin their own hearts" for the twoyears they had been allied to NaziGermany.

Throughout the war Churchill wasunable to make up his mind on theissue of Soviet claims to the Balticstates and to Finnish territory won in1940 although that issue was centralto any improvement of relations withthe Soviet Union. He could notdecide whether the Russians wereperfidious aggressors in the Balticstates or whether they were simplydefending their legitimate nationalinterests.

Despite his colleagues' concernsfor his health he went to Moscow inAugust 1942. Although he was per-ceived to be "at his bloody worst,"back in London he claimed to bemost impressed with Stalin.

EDITED BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

After the victories at Stalingradand El Alamein the British slowlyturned their attention to the shape ofthe post-war world. Churchill wasconvinced that Russia would be anoverwhelming preponderant powerin Europe after the war and pro-posed that France should be built upas the main European defenceagainst a potentially dangerousSoviet Union.

As Churchill prepared to meetRoosevelt and Stalin at Teheran hisprincipal concern was with the pain-fully slow progress of the Italiancampaign. He knew he would haveto face Stalin with a very poor hand,and he arrived at Teheran tired,frustrated, badly prepared andheading for a serious illness. Thetreatment of the Polish question wasso off-hand that Stalin must have feltthat it was a matter of little concernto the British government and he wasdelighted that the western Allies hadgranted the Soviet Union the right toestablish what were euphemisticallydescribed as "friendly govern-ments" in eastern Europe.

In October 1944 Churchill went toMoscow to resolve the growingRusso-British disputes. At their firstmeeting Churchill slipped a smallpiece of paper across the table to

23

Journals, continued

Stalin on which the following waswritten: Romania 90% to Russia;Greece 90% to Britain; Yugoslavia50-50; Hungary 50-50; Bulgaria75% to Russia. Stalin looked at thelist, changed Bulgaria to 90% andticked it with a fat blue pencil.

At Yalta Churchill was concernedabout moving Poland too farwestward. "It would be a great pityto stuff the Polish goose so full ofGerman food that it died of indiges-tion." Before they had begun to bedenied, he had been delighted withthe Yalta agreements: "Poor NevilleChamberlain believed he could trustHitler. He was wrong. But I don'tthink I'm wrong about Stalin."

Gradually, Churchill had begun torealize that he had been outwitted bythe Russians at Yalta and that ex-pressions such as "democratic"meant quite different things to Stalinthan they did to him. On 18 May hesaid that they were "dropping aniron screen across Europe fromLubeck to Trieste behind which wehave no knowledge of what was hap-pening."

At Potsdam Churchill no longerfelt Stalin to be a friend he couldtrust, but he had yet to revert to hisfull anti-communist militancy ofFulton, Missouri.

Britain and the Soviet Union hadbeen brought together by Hitler'slust for conquest and for no otherreason. The old suspicions andmisunderstandings where bound to

resurface as soon as the Germanmenace was crushed.

It was typical of Churchill tooverestimate the value of personalcontacts with other statesmen and toimagine friendship were none ex-isted. He seriously misjudged Stalinthe man and failed to realize thedominant role he played in theSoviet state. In his single-mindeddetermination to defeat the Ger-mans, he neglected the Soviet Unionand undervalued their contributionsto the common cause. For all hismistakes, Churchill did well in anexceedingly difficult situation. Hewas operating with dwindling fundsand diminishing returns, and like allmen, however great, was powerlessto alter the great decisions ofhistory. •

English-Speaking Agenda, continued

ministers have shown more interest in Australia playingan independent role in international affairs. They enjoybeing involved in international affairs as leaders of theirnation, rather than always appearing as a mere additionto British or US foreign policy.

Australia now has more opportunities to play an in-dependent role. International conferences take placecontinually and at these gatherings Australia can insmall ways play its own role. For example, at the long-running Law of the Sea Conference, Australia tended tobe a go-between for the US and Third World nations.Additionally, because diplomacy is now conductedopenly rather than behind closed doors, Australiamakes its views clear via a steady stream of pressreleases. Some of these are taken up by the domesticand foreign mass media.

There is also a greater professionalism among thestaff at the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.No longer are they instructed simply to act according tothe US and British delegations at international con-ferences. The Department now has the same type of ex-pertise as that in the US and Britain and can arrive at itsown research conclusions. There are, of course, manyinstances where Australia's votes or speeches coincidewith those of the US and the UK. But at least Australiahas arrived at its own decisions in its own way.

Some pressure groups have made foreign policy moreof a political issue. Using lobbying techniques, some ofwhich have been adopted from the US, they have urgedAustralia to develop a more independent foreign policy.Their views have attracted some support among politi-cians and the mass media, and the Government isobliged to pay some attention to their views.

It is notable that the greater role which Australia

started to play in the early 1970s in international affairshas not been challenged by Australian voters. Therehave been controversial instances, but there has notbeen any challenge to the principle that Australia shouldplay her own role. No one has advocated simply return-ing to the days when Australia automatically followedUS and British opinions.

Australia has thus come of age. The country isdeveloping a more independent foreign policy not in aspirit of being anti-American or anti-British. It is simplya recognition that Australia is now a mature actor in in-ternational policies and it has its own national interests. •

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24

WOODS CORNERBY RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

Addenda and corrigenda to theBibliography of the Works of SirWinston Churchill, by Frederick Woods(2nd rev. edition 1975). Numbers inquotemarks are ' 'temporary,'' insertedwhere they would be if Woods were everupdated.

Draft Addenda toWoods Section D(b)

Woods Section D(b), "Books, leaf-lets, etc. containing speeches andletters" of Churchill, is not onlymisclassified (normal bibliographicpractice would be to put these into Sec-tion B) but woefully inadequate. Thefollowing are addenda and corrigenda Ihave noted over the years; I would beglad to hear about more, so that the"Churchill Handbook" can eventuallypublish an amplified checklist. Sendcomments to Finest Hour.

"D(b)23/3"Speech by Mr. Winston Churchill,M. P., in The Proceedings in Connec-tion with the 26th Annual Meeting, Na-tional Liberal Federation, London:Liberal Publications Dept. 1904. At pp98-103, Churchill 's speech of13MayO4.

"D(b)27/2"Lord Glenesk and the ' 'Morning Post'',by Reginald Lucas, London: AlstonRivers 1910. Churchill letters toGlenesk at pp 368, 385, 406; speechquote at pp 294-5. Reported by RonaldI. Cohen.

D(b)33(b)Great Speeches of the War. Woods' in-formation is incorrect. In the Hazell,Watson and Viney edition there arethree not one speeches (the others at pp216 and 282); there is also a Caxton edi-tion of the same date with fourspeeches, the fourth at page 32.

D(b)33(c)Crowned Masterpieces of Eloquence,Vol. II. Woods' pagination incorrect:pp 167-78.

D(b)36Speech to the Anglo-Saxon Fellowship

• •3 '

Three items not in Woods: Cadogan Diaries (1972), Politics FromInside ("48/2"), Caxton's Great Speeches of the War (33b).

League was reprinted in CurrentHistory, New York: The New YorkTimes, Volume 8, Part 2, 1918.

D(b)38/11914: American Edition publishedBoston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1919.

"D(b)38/3"American Journalists in Europe, Swet-land, New York: United Publishers1919. At pp 21-3 is a Churchill speechto the journalists. Published in heavydark green wrappers and half-leatherhard binding.

"D(b)39/1A"The History of the 9th (Scottish) Divi-sion 1914-1919, London:.John Murray1920. Plate 1 reproduces Churchill's"Lawrence Farm," believed to be thefirst published appearance of a Chur-chill painting. The loose plates to thiswork were also sold in a silver on navyblue slipcase.

"D(b)40/3"Ex-Inspector John Syme and the HomeOffice. Has an Injustice Been Done?Mr. Winston Churchill's Opinion andthe Report of the Three Judges. London:privately published by John Syme, n.d.[1925]. A 16-page pamphlet containingChurchill's 20Apr 10 official opinion onSyme's dismissal from the MetropolitanPolice Force 31 Jan 10.

D(b)42Memories and Reflections was alsopublished in Boston: Little Brown,1928.

"D(b)43(c)"Lord Fisher/Admiral of the Fleet (2vols), by Reginald Bacon, London:Hodder & Stoughton 1928. Churchillletters and speeches extracted on pp153, 178, 246 of Volume 2.

"D(b)44/l(a)"Speeches and Documents on the BritishDominions 1918-1931, Keith & ArthurBerriedale, Oxford Univ. Press, n.d.[1931]. Churchill speech of 20Nov31 isat pages 274-85.

"D(b)44/l(b)"The Adventures of Sidney ReillylBritain's Master Spy, by Sidney Reilly,edited and completed by his wife. Lon-don: Elkin, Mathews & Marrot 1931.At pp 150-1, letter from WSC to Reillyon Savinkov. (See also Reilly-relatedChurchill letters indexed in CompanionVolume V, Part 2 of the officialbiography, edited by Martin Gilbert.)

D(b)45Battle saw subsequent publication byVictor Gollancz and Hamish Hamilton,both London: 1940. Chapters 6 and 8differ from original. There was also aFrench translation. See Redburn #16.

"D(b)47/1"Naval Memoirs, by Admiral of the FleetSir Roger Keyes, London: ThorntonButterworth 1934. Atpp 264-6, 269-70,272, telegrams from Churchill; WSC'sevidence before the Dardanelles Com-mission, p263 & passim.

25

"D(b)48/2"Politics from Inside by AustenChamberlain, London: Cassell 1936.Three WSC letters to Chamberlain reAsquith's position on Home Rule atpages 579-81.

D(b)49Grey ofFalloden also published in USAby Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.,1937. The letter cited in Woods is onp 248 of the American edition.

Out of Their Own Mouths, London:Labour Publications Dept., n.d. [1938].At pp 9-13, excerpts from Churchill'sspeech in Commons of 5Oct38.

"D(b)52/2"A Record of the War (24 Vols), London:Hutchinson, 1940-?. Probably pub-lished from 1940. Different from "Hut-chinson's Pictorial History of theWar." Bound in 15 volumes, but maybe a periodical. Information is re-quested.

"D(b)53/3"Winston Churchill by Lewis Broad,London: Hutchinson 1941, extendededitions by Hutchinson and otherpublishers through 1963 (see Redburnitem 30a-30hb). Should be a D(b) listingsince it contains numerous Churchill let-ters and speeches, passim.

D(b)55Winston Churchill and Harrow has asecond revised, extended edition, pub-lished November 1941, adding no newChurchill material, apparently bound inthe cheaper paper-covered boards only.

D(b)55/1Trumpeter of St. George should bedropped. A three-line quotation fromone speech already published hardlyqualifies this work for any bibliographicnotice.

D(b)55/3Jean by Ian Hamilton was privatelypublished in 1941.

"D(b)55/4"The Prime Minister on India/An Ex-amination of Mr. Churchill's Statementon India in the House of Commons onthe 10th September 1942, London: TheIndia League, 1942. Excerpts from thespeech, passim.

"D(b)58/1"The Little Ships, Holman, London:Hodder & Stoughton 1943. At p8,Churchill's message on the Dunkirkflotilla, typeset but the same as, andpreceding, D(b)64 (q.v.).

D(b)59Ceremonies in Honor. . .etc. title word-ing is "Honorable" not "Hon-ourable" per Woods. This volume waspublished in both card wrappers anddark maroon boards.

"D(b)61/1A"Oxford Periodical History of the WarNo. 15 (Jan-Mar 1943), Toronto: Ox-ford University Press 1943. At p 143,facsimile of Churchill directive toCadogan. This may belong in SectionC. Comments?

"D(b)61/1B"Churchill on India (Let His Past RecordSpeak) by H.L. Seth, Lahore: First Na-tional Publishers 1943; second enlargededition, Lahore: Hero Publications1944. (See Redburn item 59.) Chur-chill's letters to The Times on India andhis 1917 and 1921 positions at pp 4 and9 of the 1943 edition and pp 14 and 21of the 1944 edition; also his speech of10Sep42. See also A94, C256 andC257.

"D(b)61/2(c)"Winning the Peace/Extracts fromSpeeches by Members of the BritishGovernment, New York: British Infor-mation Services, January 1944. In-cludes Churchill speeches, passim;must be checked for first appearances.

"D(b)61/3"Listening for the Drums by Gen. Sir IanHamilton, London: Faber & Faber1944. Chapter XIV ("Winston") con-tains Churchill materials, viz: p238,telegram to Hamilton on fall of Bardia,6Jan41; p241-2, letter to Hamilton onhis appointment in England, 1900 (in-cludes holograph excerpt); pp243-4, let-ter of 16Sep98 on the "River War."

"D(b)63/1"Statements Relating to the AtomicBomb, London: HMSO, 1945. Atpp3-5, Churchill's statement on thebomb, 6Aug45, written while still PM.

D(b)64The Battle of the Narrow Seas Americanedition published New York: Scribners

1946. The Churchill letter on smallcoastal forces in this work is supersededby the same letter in "D(b)58/1."

"D(b)67/1"In Praise of Churchill: An Anthology inHis Honour, London: Frederick Muller1946. Excerpts from speeches of 4 & 18Jun40, 8Oct40; and from 16Jun40 radiobroadcast to USA. Must be checked forfirst appearances.

"D(b)67/2"Honoured in Scotland's Capital, com-piled by C.J. Cousland, Edinburgh:Cousland 1946. At pp 118, 120-6,Churchill's 1942 speech on being madea Freeman of Edinburgh.

"D(b)70/4"Roosevelt and Hopkins, by Robert Sher-wood, New York: Harper 1948 andLondon: Cassell (2vols) 1949-50. Atp806, a scroll presented to Hopkins byChurchill, with WSC's accompanyingletter on the death of Hopkins' son,13Feb44.

"D(b)74/1"In Search of South Africa, by H.V.Morton, London: Methuen 1948. Atpp321-2, Churchill's letter to De Souza onhis escape from Pretoria, HDec99 (dif-fers slightly from Companion VolumeI)-

D(b)76Stafford Cripps also published USA,New York: John Day 1949.

"D(b)76/2"Select Problems — England 1066-1945,by Henning, Foord & Mathais, NY:Henry Holt & Co. 1949, 1958. Atpp547-9, two WSC letters at Attlee onthe coming election, 18/22May45; atp553, WSC's declaration of policy tothe electors (excerpt; see also C468/1)of HJun45; at p559, Churchill's broad-cast of 4Jun45.

"D(b)76/3"All The Way, Viscount Cecil of Chel-wood, London: Hodder & Stoughton1949. At p234, WSC letter on author's80th birthday lSep44.

"D(b)76/4"Let Candles Be Brought In, Shake-speare, London: Macdonald 1949. Atpp235-6, 236-7 & 238, Churchillmemos.

26

"D(b)77/1"Independent Member by A.P. Herbert,London: Methuen 1950. Atp291, WSCcouplet to Herbert at sea 16Sep43; atpp38 & 106-7, WSC comments in Com-mons smoking room; at p480, WSC onHalifax's Latin; at pp 238-43 and 353,speech excerpts.

"D(b)86/1"72nd Annual Conference/Scarborough/9th-llth October 1952/National Unionof Conservative and Unionist Associa-tions, London: Cons. PublicationsDept. 1952. At ppl 10-15, Churchill'sconference speech, HOct52.

D(b)87Harold Laski also published in USA,New York: Viking 1953.

D(b)89(a&b)Assignment to Catastrophe (2vols) alsopublished New York: A. A. Wyn,1954/55.

D(b)92This work published in USA as TheRemarkable Mr. Jerome, New York:Holt 1954.

D(b)93A King's Heritage published 1955, not1954.

D(b)104War Memoirs by DeGaulle is a three-volume work with three supplementalvolumes of documents, originallypublished Paris: Plon and in English byCollins.

D(b)107Men and Power 1917-1918 was alsopublished in New York by Duell, Sloan& Pearce, 1956; pagination same asLondon edition.

"D(b)107/l"Gallipoli, by Alan Moorehead, London:Hamish Hamilton and New York:Harper, 1956. At p42, Churchill'stestimony before the Dardanelles Com-mittee concerning the role played byKitchener.

also published in New York by St. Mar-tins, 1958.

D(b)113Kitchener was also published in NewYork by E. P. Dutton, 1959.

Memoirs of Field Marshal The ViscountMontgomery, London: Collins and NewYork: World, 1958. Churchill's in-scriptions in Monty's autograph book[D(b)68] quoted on pp 166, 209, 250,287, 330, 345-6. Letter, p409;messages, pp 330, 377 and 531.

D(b)115/2Edward Marsh should be subititled ABiography, and was published also inNew York by Harcourt, Brace, 1959.

"D(b)115/3"Lord Derby/King of Lancashire by Ran-dolph Churchill, London: Heinemann1959; New York: Putnam 1960. Con-tains Churchill's letter to Derby endingtheir quarrel.

"D(b)115/4"War at the Top by James Leasor, Lon-don: Michael Joseph 1959. At p245,WSC memo to Gen. Hollis on AlgiersMission, May 1944; pp 162 and 180-1,letters to Stalin, 25 June 1940 and 20July 1941.

"D(b)115/5"Orde Wingate/A Biography, byChristopher Sykes, New York: World(London: ?), 1959. At p477, Churchilltelegram to Wingate on his illness, 17Oct 43; pp 544-5, WSC's tribute inCommons, 2 Aug 45.

"D(b)115/6"Action This Day, by Sir Philip Vian,London: Frederick Muller 1960. Fron-tispiece contains Churchill's message ofMarch 1942 on Vian's saving of a Maltaconvoy.

Fullness of Days, Halifax, London:Collins 1957. WSC messages to Halifaxat pp 220-1, 236. (See also C520/1.)

D(b)112King George VI: His Life and Reign was

The Prof in Two World Wars,Birkenhead, London: Collins 1961;published in USA as The Professor andthe Prime Minister, Boston: HoughtonMifflin Co. 1962. Numerous Churchillletters, passim.

"D(b)116/2"Neville Chamberlain, by Iain MacLeod,London: Frederick Muller 1961. Con-

tains Churchill's tribute to Chamberlainin Commons; not a first appearance.

"D(b)116/3"The Memoirs of Lord Chandos, Lon-don: The Bodley Head 1962. Churchillletters, passim. (Listing required.)

"D(b)116/4"Facing the Dictators, by Anthony Eden,London: Cassell and Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 1962. At p598, Churchill's let-ter to Eden on his resignation, 1938.

"D(b)116/5"Sir Winston S. Churchill/HonoraryCitizen of the United States of America,unknown author, Worcester, Mass.:Achille St. Onge 1963 (leatherboundminiature). At pp 23-30, Churchill's let-ter to President Kennedy.

"D(b)117/2(d)"My Darling Clementine, by JackFishman, New York: McKay 1963. Atpp 137-8, WSC letter to his wife of 26Dec 44.

D(b)117/3The Decline and Fall of Llyod Georgewas also published in New York byDuell, Sloan and Pearce, 1963.

D(b)117/7Should be changed to 117/7(a), since

"D(b)117/7(b)"Conan Doyle, by Pierre Nordon, Paris:Librairie Marcel Didier 1964, London:John Murray 1966 (English edition).Churchill letters to Conan Doyle at p76(5Oct09) and p97 (1 Oct 16).

"D(b)117/7(c)"The Jerome Connexion, by SeymourLeslie, London: John Murray 1964. Atpages 44-5 at letter from WSC to hisbrother Jack; at pages 135-6 to his auntLeonie re his visit to America in 1929.

D(b)117/8MEMORIAL ADDRESSES was pub-lished in card wrappers as well as hard-bound form.

Subsequent works will be listed in afuture column. •

27

Your Books Are Being Stolen!How ICS Can Help You Stop a Thief

MAT FOX

A man I never met is stealing myChurchill collection. As a matter offact he's probably stealing yours. Itwould be bad enough if he knew me.He doesn't. He died before I wasborn. I don't even know his name.

He's the person who developedthe process for making paper fromwood pulp, without rags: paperthat's cheap but disintegrates.

I slammed headlong into thisvillain when I acquired a strangeChurchill volume in Dutch, whichhad been printed in Paris by theFrench underground, purportedly ina secret room under Gestapo Head-quarters. It was printed on butcherpaper.

Now butcher paper can be charm-ing when wrapped around a goodfilet mignon, but as reading materialit lacks something. What it lacks islife expectancy. It is one of thecoarsest and cheapest forms of woodpulp paper, and highly acidic. As aresult it disintegrates with time. Thecheaper papers are made for andused where their useful life ismeasured in weeks, not years.

Imagine keeping for years paperthat once wrapped a particularlygood steak. The steak may havebeen so good it brought tears to youreyes. If you kept the paper (and theremnants of the meat it held) I haveno doubt it would bring tears to youreyes again, but for an altogether dif-ferent reason. You can see whythere is no sense making an expen-sive butcher paper, so they don't.No one, it seems, thought thatsomeone else might print a bookon it.

My volume started out withyellowed edges and tender leaves. Itrapidly changed to orange, brittleleaves. Finally it progressed topages that are so brittle they willsnap if the page is turned. In factsome of the pages were turning todust without being touched. Yet thebook is scarcely 50 years old.

Prime candidate for deacidification: the original 1910 editionof The People's Rights (left), shown with the 1970 reprints.

I was very upset about what washappening, not because I had a greatinvestment in the book, ratherbecause it was so symbolic of whatChurchill represented. Here was avolume that people risked their livesto print, transport and read, pro-duced under the noses of the hatedand feared Geheirrjestats FeldPolizie. It has outlived the 1000-yearReich, but did not seem destined tooutlive me.

In fact, every book printed onwood pulp paper is facing thisproblem. The sad and frighteningfact is that this paper has a life ex-pectancy of only 50 years. Think ofthe Woods " A " titles and you beginto realize what a tragic loss we arefacing. Somehow I don't think that amicrofilmed copy of Malakand FieldForce acccompanied by a bag of dustthat was the original book will havethe same hold on me that my boundvolume has.

Realizing what was happening tomy Dutch/French volume and thatthe problem was limited to this onebook, I sought a conservator whomight help rescue my little orphan.My first letter went to the Library ofCongress. If anyone knew who

could help I was sure they would.Their answer froze my blood.

The Library said that they wellknew the problem. They now havethree million (it's not a typo) volumesthat are too fragile to circulate. Inthe next few years that number willgrow to a projected sixteen million.That just the Library of Congress!

I should now point out that theytold me another curdling fact. Oncea book has started to deteriorate itcannot be brought back. The papercan be stabilized, but the deteriora-tion can't be reversed. Therefore theprocess has to be done before thebook shows evidence that it needshelp. Here is one case where wehave to fix it before it breaks.

Having aged me considerably inthis conversation the Library wasnonetheless very helpful. Theyrecommended that I first contact theNewberry Library in Chicago, asthe Newberry is very heavily in-volved in book preservation.Through them I reached a very wellregarded conservator. He and I thensat down to discuss how to save myFrench underground volume. Thebad news came next. To save thebook would cost at least $5000.1 set-

28

tied for saving the covers and titlepage. I couldn't afford to do more.

Let me explain why this presentprocess is so costly. First, the bookhas to be taken apart. Then, eachpage has to be washed in an alkalibath, to neutralize the acid. Then thepages are separately dried and thebook resewn. All of this is done byhand. Now look at your own Chur-chill collection. Virtually everybook in it is printed on wood pulppaper.

At this point you may believe thatI am merely trying to frighteneveryone into selling their collec-tions so I can fill in my missing slots.Not so!

Having now shown you Scrooge'sghost of Christmas yet to come, Iwill try to offer a solution. Thereare, in fact, existing methods to ac-complish the preservation at a lowercost. Having said that, I hasten topoint out that being lower than$5000 still doesn't help. The presentmethods are still very costly.

Of equal importance, the presentmethods are not certain. The entireprocess might have to be repeated in20-30 years. Moreover, the processis dangerous.

A recent pilot project by the Na-tional Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration utilized a low pressuregas chamber that exposes the booksto a gas of diethyl zinc (DEZ).Library of Congress researchersfound that the life of books could belengthened if exposed to DEZ in thisway. Unfortunately NASA's projectended with a fire in the chamberwhich destroyed all the books.

There is hope however. A newprocess has been successfully testedby a joint Dutch-American company(how appropriate). A pilot plant inTexas has been finished and a testprogram completed. Based uponthese tests the Library of Congresshas now contracted with the com-pany to build a facility that canhandle a million books a year.

However, the Library of Con-gress's needs will utilize 100% oftheir planned capacity for the nexteighteen years. Individual collectorsmay have either to bribe their way

Extremely rare, the 1946 War Speeches(Woods A113; published earlier in someforeign languages) is printed on porous

paper that is fast deteriorating.

into the schedule or hope that an ad-ditional plant gets built. It well may,given the number of books in otherinstitutions that also face ruin.

There is another ray of hope,however. In very preliminarydiscussions I have had, ICS may beable to obtain access to the facility,as an Association, where individualsmay not. The cost per book if donethrough ICS, at this facility could beas low as $15 per volume.

If you have any reasonably sizedcollection — enough that you con-sider it a collection not just that youhave some works of Churchill —you can be looking at upwards of$1000 to do all of your books.However, any reasonable collectionwill be worth over $25,000 intoday's market. And remember, theprices of these volumes are going upas their deterioration is continuing.Preservation is therefore highlycost-effective.

In addition, not all the volumesneed to be done at once. Some maynot need to be done at all. Some ofthe books were printed, in some edi-tions, on semi-rag content paper.

I think it would be advisable forthe reader to go through your owncollection and make note of whichvolumes seem to be showing their"age". The yellowing processwhich most of us had always as-sumed was due to poor handling, orthe sun, etc. is actually the first signof acidic deterioration. Some edi-tions will be worse than others andsome may show no deterioration atall. But, you should be aware ofwhat is happening to the books youhave.

It's also important to realize that

exposure to heat or moisture is amajor factor in this process. If youremember your high school chem-istry you know that heat/moisture are key elements in anychemical reaction. That is true here.A volume kept in a cool dry place,such as New Hampshire, may showno deterioration at all. The samework in New Orleans may beseriously effected.

I think that most of us have alwaysbeen concerned with the effect of thesun due to its capacity to fade thecovers. The sun is also our source ofheat. Even with ultraviolet screeningwe now have to be careful of the ef-fect of the heating caused by directsunlight. The fact that your volumesare ultraviolet protected and areseldom if ever removed from theshelf, no longer means that they areprotected. Slowly but certainly ourChurchills are disappearing.

To my limited knowledge no onehas ever tested the various editionsof all the " A " titles in Woods, todetermine which are acidic woodpulp paper and which are not. Thiswould be an excellent project forICS. ICS lacks only the re$ource$ todo this. Lacking this knowledge youmay wish to have the work donemerely as a preventative measure.Certainly the cost is low enough.

Given the value of the books andtheir increasing rarity it would bewell to think of how many of youreditions you think you would bewilling to have treated this way,assuming ICS can arrange it.

Please also consider that ICS mayonly get one shot at this, with all ICSsponsored books being done at once.Do not rely upon our being able tohave access to the process at fre-quent intervals. Given the Library ofCongress need and their budget, wemay well get only one chance. If youare going to do it, think of doing itnow.

Since this is a new and painfultopic, which few will have con-sidered, we would appreciate yourcomments. Please write ICS c/o MatFox, 1210 North Astor St.,Chicago, Illinois 60610; and let usknow your thinking. •

29

Do the Churchill Societies NeedConstitutions and Elections?

A Discussion of National and International Implicationsof Organizing as Charitable and Educational Trusts

This issue was to have contained adraft of new working rules for the inter-national directors representing the in-dependent Churchill Societies, and tohave requested nominations for thesedirectors, who make decisions of jointconcern, mostly over publications andactivities.

Then I read a letter from RichardHaslam-Hopwood concerning the newstatus of ICS/UK, which caused me towonder whether the ICS/USA andICS/Canada are charitable trustorganisations rather than "clubs."

After conversations with our Patronand a British solicitor experienced intrust work, Haslam-Hopwood believesthat ICS/UK does not need a constitu-tion or election of a Committee bymembers, since it has ceased being amembership organisation and has beenchartered as a Charitable Trust, gov-erned by Trustees empowered to ap-point its Committee and govern itsaffairs. I therefore asked Jon Richard-son, who serves as attorney for ICS/USA, to determine whether ICS/USA,which has a similar charter under U.S.law, should be set up similarly.

If it transpires that the independentChurchill Societies are in fact Trustsand not membership organizationsunder their countries' respective laws,and all of us not members but"Friends" of the Societies, electionswill not be required and a Board ofTrustees will be empowered to governaffairs.

I must say that I do not view thispossibility with any misgiving. In our22 years of existence there has neverbeen any interest in elections; those whobothered to vote on the last draft con-stitution (FH 62) were a tiny minority oftotal membership. Hard workers in anyorganization are few. Conversely,anyone who joins ICS has a perfect rightto pay a subscription in exchange for theservices ICS promises without beingobliged to volunteer for anything.

In practice, a Trustee-governed ICSwould simply do what we do now

anyway: appoint people who are in-terested and capable to positions oftrust, subject to review, to carry outfunctions and goals we all agree on. Ifanything, the Trustee system would bemore flexible, in that Trustees couldmove instantly to replace a director orofficer who was not doing the job, orwho retired. International decisionswould be handled as they are now, bydirectors appointed by the Trustees,proportional to the memberships of thevarious Societies.

I will report Mr. Richardson's find-ings and meanwhile welcome comment,particularly that of lawyers. Canadianmembers should write Celwyn Ball ofICS/Canada (address on page 3).

— Richard M. Langworth

1990 BudgetThe international directors have ap-

proved a calendar year 1990 budget of

$38,800 (US dollars), expended thus:Finest Hour 65-69 $20,000, FH postageand shipping $3000, Administration$5000, Commemorative covers $1000,Chairman expenses $300, Travel$1000, Awards and prizes $500, inter-national membership brochures $1000.This amount is to be funded by the in-dividual Societies as follows: ICS/USA$27,550, ICS/Canada $6600, ICS/UK$4300, ICS/Australia and others $1550.

The directors have also approveddisposition of $30,000 raised in ourfund appeal last year: a new book, TheOrders and Decorations of Sir WinstonChurchill $7500; the short story, TheBoer Conspiracy $5000; Proceedings ofICS 1988-1989 (combined in onevolume) $5000; a 1941-1991 calendar$2000; leatherbound Proceedings andChartwell Bulletins for major sup-porters of the appeal $1000; Speakertravel $5000; leaving a balance of$4500 for future purposes.

The National TrustKent andEast Sussex

ChartwellThe home of Sir Winston Churchill from 1924(o the end of his life. The rooms, kept as theywere in his lifetime, evoke the whole career ofthis remarkable man. whose long life isrepresented by maps, photographs, books andmementoes which summarize the history ofBritain during the twentieth century. Tworooms contain a museum. Sir Winston's gardenStudio containing many of his paintings is alsoopen to visitors. There is a beautiful garden.

Opening Times for 1990:House only: March and November. Sats. Sunsand Weds only 11-4.House, Garden & Studio: April to end October.Tues. Weds.Thurs. 12-5.30; Sats. Suns & BankHoliday Mons 11-5.30. Last admission Vi hourbefore closing.Closed Good Fri and Tucs following BankHoliday. Shop open same times as house.CarPark|<MWC.

THE NATIO;

The Syd

MUSIC MEMORIES& MOONLIGHT

DANCE THE NIGHT

AWAY OR -JU5T ENJOY

THE ATMOSPHERE ON A

VEKY SPECiAt, EVENING

RECAPTURING THE

MUSIC AND THE

MEMORIES OF THE

WAR YEARS AT THE

HOME OF SIR

WINSTON CHURCHILL

30

I.C.S. STORES SOLD IN SUPPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY

ORDERS PAYABLE ICS STORES, 25 EASTON LANE, CHAGRIN FALLS, OHIO 44022 USACOMMONWEALTH MEMBERS MAY ORDER FROM THEIR NATIONAL OFFICES (ADDRESSES ON PAGE 3)

1940-1990 CHURCHILL CALENDAR#123: All the events of 50 years ago. $3 pp;free to schools, any qty.

CHRISTMAS CARDSAND NOTE CARDSFull-color cards using cover artfrom Finest Hour 63 with 1941

• - KK Churchill quote and flags.Wf VIT" Christmas card reads inside:(/A •"•..: 4iim "Greetings of the Season,"

with WSC's 1941 White HouseChristmas remarks. All cards

carry ICS' name and five-nation identification in-side. Notecards are otherwise blank. In packets often with envelopes, airmail postpaid. Personalcheques welcome.121. Christmas cards . . . . USA $8, UK £6, A$10, C$10.122. Note cards USA $8, UK £6, A$10, CS10.

ROYAL DOULTON STATUETTE

#102 Brand new Royal Doulton china statuette ofsize and quality that promises solid collectorvalue. Designed by Adrian Hughes, WSC wears awhite suit and Homburg, pink buttonhole andblack bow-tie to match his silver-topped blackcane. Hand-painted facial detail is wonderfully ac-curate — even the cigar is carefully sculptured.Size: 10V4 inches. List price $195. ICS postpaidprice: USA $150, Canada C$180, Aus. A$200.

COMMEMORATIVE COVERS22-23. (Advertise in FH for those no longeravailable from us.) Postpaid prices:USA $3, Can/Aus $4 (air), UK £2 (air).5: 30th Ann. UN Conference 28Dec7113: Last Day Centenary Exhibit 14Oct7423: 40th Ann. Battle of Bulge 26Dec8425a: 40th Ann. V-E Day, 8May 8527: 40th Ann. Fulton Speech Mar 8628: 50th Ann. Abdication HDec8630: 25th Ann. Hon. US Citizenship, 9Apr8831: 20th Ann. of Churchill Society, 15June88

Churchill;An Uncomfortable Her

SOCIETYBOOKS &

PAMPHLETSAirmail, Postpaid

Order by number:Bl . "Churchill — An Uncomfortable Hero,"

by Caspar W. Weinberger, 1986 (speech at 1985Convention.) US $15, GB £10, Can/Aus $18.

B2. "The Dream," by Winston S. Churchill,1987 (500 numbered copies in padded leather &gilt; 90% of cost tax-deductible in USA andCanada). US $100, GB £65, Can/Aus $135.

B3. "Churchill's London," by Martin Gilbert,1987 (illustrated guide to all key sites). US $10,GB £7, Can/Aus $14.

B4. "Proceedings of ICS 1987" (speeches byRobert Hardy, Fitzroy Maclean, Grace Hamblin,Jim Courter). US $5, GB £4, Can/Aus $7.

B5. "Chartwell Bulletins 1935," by WinstonS. Churchill (letters to his wife), illustrated. US$10, GB £7, Can/Aus $14.

MEMBERSHIP CERTIFICATES

#120 Display your support of ICS and the Man ofthe Century with a beautiful 8'/JX 11-inch Cer-tificate of Membership, signed by our boardchairman and executive director, and individuallylettered with your name.

These certificates were suggested several yearsago by ICS director Ronald Downey of Van-couver, but we are only now able to produce themto the standard we felt necessary.

Certificates are printed on heavy, 300-year,acid-free Mohawk Superfine card stock, with theChurchill coat of arms reproduced in full colour.The handsome document may be housed in a stan-dard frame, but responds particularly well to anl lx 14-inch frame with a lVi-inch matt. Ordertwo, for home and office. Available only to cur-rent members and their families. Sent airmail.

Each, postpaid: USA $10, Canada $12, UK£6, Australia $13. Allow 4 weeks to process.

FINEST HOUR BACK ISSUES

#114 Issues M0 (mostphotocopies, but manyearly issues were sooriginally), surface post:USA $98, Canada $120,UK £50, Australia $125.

Order by number. Each,surface postpaid: USA $3, ICanada/Australia $3.75, IUK £1.50 Please note: issues 1-13 were and arephotocopied. Originals of nos. 17, 24, 26, 30 & 31were in stock at this writing, but all others through29, as well as 37 and 56, are now supplied only asphotocopies. We hope to be able to reprint 37 and56 in future.

HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENTS

#115 The CompleteHandbook to date, 70pages airmail to Aus/UK:USA $15, Canada/Aus$19, UK £8.

Individual HandbookSections:#116 Stamps (32 pp) USA$8, Can/Aus $10, UK £4#119 Books By (12pp) USA $3, Can/Aus $4, UK £2

ORAL HISTORY PROGRAMMENo.OOl: THE WAR MEMOIRS. WSC reads

from The Second World War, with excerpts fromhis war speeches, 12 cassettes, 24 sides, postpaid:USA $60, Can/Aus $75 (air), UK £35 (air)

Speeches to ICS in cassette tapes: each of theseare priced inclusive of postage (air to UK/Aus):USA $6, Can/Aus $7.50, UK £3.50

No.002: SIR JOHN COLVILLE: "He Had NoUse For Second-Best" (London 22May 83).

No.003: LADY SOAMES: "Pages From TheFamily Album" (London 31 May83).

No.004: MARTIN GILBERT: "Churchill'sLondon" (London 17Sep85).

No.006: CASPAR WEINBERGER: "Churchill,An Uncomfortable Hero" (Boston 2Nov85).

No.007: LADY SOAMES: "Churchill AsFather and Family Man" (Dallas 19Feb86).

No. 008: ALISTAIR COOKE: "Churchill:Hindsight vs. Retrospect" (NH, USA 27Aug88)

No. 009: ENOCH POWELL: "Churchill: AMan of His Time" (Sussex, England 22Oct88)

"ACTION THIS DAY" LABELS

ACTIONTHIS DAY

#108 Reproductions of WSC's famous wartimelabel. Perfect for tax returns! Black & orange,3x1% inches. Pad of 100 postpaid: USA $3, UK£2, Canada C$4, Australia A$5.

IMMORTAL WORDS

TO THE ITALIAN PEOPLE

Tonight I speak to the Italian people,and I speak to you from London, the heart of the British Islands

and of the British Commonwealth and Empire.I speak to you what the diplomatists call words of great truth and respect.

We are at war.That is a very strange and terrible thought.

Whoever imagined until the last few melancholy yearsthat the British and Italian nations would be trying to destroy one another?

We have always been such friends.We were the champions of the Italian Risorgimento.

We were the partisans of Garibaldi,the admirers of Mazzini and Cavour.

All that great movement towards the unity of the Italian nationwhich lighted the nineteenth century

was aided and hailed by the British Parliament and public.Our fathers and grandfathers longed to see Italy freed of the Austrian yoke . . .

We have never been your foes — till now.How has all this come about, and what is it all for?

Italians, I will tell you the truth.It is because of one man.

One man, and one man alone,has ranged the Italian people in deadly struggle against the British Empire

and has deprived Italy of the sympathy and intimacy of the United States.That he is a great man I do not deny,

but that after eighteen years of unbridled powerhe has led your country to the horrid verge of ruin

can be denied by none.It is all one — one man, who,

against the Crown and Royal Family of Italy,against the Pope and all the authority of the Vatican and of the Roman Catholic Church

against the wishes of the Italian people who had no lust for this war —one man has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome

upon the side of the ferocious, pagan barbarians.There lies the tragedy of Italian history,

and there stands the criminal who has wrought the deed of follyand of shame.

— BROADCAST: LONDON, 23 DECEMBER 1940