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The Cold War
Notes – Chapters 36-38
Former Allies Clash
Yalta Conference – Feb 1945FDR, Churchill, StalinOccupation zones in GermanyFree PolandUNSoviets enter war against Japan in exchange for landPost-war World
Former Allies Clash
US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers
Bitter rivalry
USSR – communist countryState controlled all propertyTotalitarian government – no opposing parties
US – capitalist countryPrivate citizens control propertyDemocratic – vote with free political parties
Former Allies Clash
Stalin had only joined the Allies after Hitler invaded the USSR
US suspicious
Stalin resented Allied delay in creating the second front in WW2US ended lend-lease to USSRUS had kept atomic bomb a secretUSSR wanted sphere of influence
for protection
United NationsHopes for world peace50 Nations met to establish UN in April 1945US and USSR used UN as a forum to spread their influence
Potsdam Conference
US, UK, and USSRUS – TrumanUK – Clement AttleeUSSR – Stalin
Potsdam Conference
At Yalta, Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland
Truman wanted self-determinationUS would benefit economically•Access to raw materials•Markets to sell goods
Stalin did not keep his promiseWanted land to prevent invasions from west
Containment
Stalin installed communist governments in countries of Eastern Europe
Satellite nations – countries dominated by the USSRWar was inevitable?
US moves to contain the Soviet threatGeorge Kennan proposed policy of containmentPrevent the extension of communism to other countries
The Iron CurtainEurope was dividedCommunist Eastern Europe v. Democratic Western Europe
Churchill coins the phrase iron curtainMetaphor for the division of Europe
Cold WarUS v. USSR –neither nation confronted the other on the battlefieldDominated global affairs from 1945-1991Truman Doctrine
The US will “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”US spends $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey•Prevent communist take over
National Security Act – 1947Set up Dept of Defense, CIA (keep draft)
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Marshall PlanSec. of State George MarshallUS provides aid to all European nations that needed it
Revived European hopes16 countries received $13 billion in aidCommunist party lost its appeal to voters in Western Europe
Germany?
Issue of German reunificationGermany was divided into four zones after WW2
US, UK, and France combined their zones in 1948USSR held East Germany
City of Berlin was split into the two zonesWestern Berlin was occupied by Allies, but surrounded by Soviet territory
Stalin closed off routes into West Berlin
Berlin AirliftNo fuel or food could reach W. BerlinUS and UK flew food and supplies to BerlinW. Berlin survivedUSSR lifted blockade and US prestigewas raised
NATO
12 nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Pledged military support
First time US entered a military alliance during peacetimeNO isolationism for US!
Soviets respond with Warsaw Pact
Nuclear Arms Race
Began during Truman’s PresidencySoviets exploded atomic bomb in 1949
US entered into race for Hydrogen BombEven more destructive – immoral?US explodes H-Bomb in 1952Soviets exploded H-Bomb 1953
Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles – Ike’s Secretary of State
ANTI-COMMUNISTA moral crusade against communism
Brinkmanship – willingness to go to the edge of all-out war
US trimmed army and navy to focus on its air forceBuilt up nuclear weapons
Chinese Civil War – 1946-1950
Chiang Kai-Shek (nationalist) v. Mao Zedong (communist)US supports nationalists with aid, but no troopsNationalists lose and flee to TaiwanMainland China becomes communistDemocrats accused of being soft on communism
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean WarNorth Korea attacked the SouthUSSR absent from UN
UN votes to restore peace
US aids South – MacArthur’s troopsChina intervenes for North
MacArthur presses for retaliation/invasion of China/use of nuclear weaponsPublicly complainsFIRED!
Korean War[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”
The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]
Cold War Spreads
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)Collected information – spiesCovert operations
IranPrime Minister Mossadegh nationalized oil fieldsCIA helped the Shah of Iran return to powerTurned oil fields back over to Western companies
GuatemalaCIA took covert action to change the govt.
Cold War Spreads
Geneva Summit“open skies proposal” – allow flightsSoviets reject it, but it’s a step towards peace
Suez WarNasser looking for aid for dam on Nile• Asked US/Britain, then USSR• US withdraws offer
Nasser nationalized the Suez CanalIsrael, Britain, and France sent troopsUN defused situation
Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower’s WarningUS would defend the Middle East against communist attack
Hungarian UprisingSoviets had dominated HungaryHungarians revolted in 1956 – Democracy!Soviets brutally responded and put down rebellionUS did nothing – Hungary was a satellite
Space Race
Khruschev took power after StalinPeaceful coexistenceCompetition!
Soviets launched Sputnik in 1957World’s first artificial satellite
US frantically tries to catch upPours in money – research and educationCreation of NASA
U-2 Incident
CIA made secret flights over USSR (U-2)Eisenhower and Krushchev holding another summit
Dulles – make one last flight!
Soviets shoot down the planeFlown by Francis Gary Powers
Renewed ConfrontationEisenhower at first denies then admits incident Krushchev demands apologyEisenhower says NO! -- TENSION
Kennedy and the Cold War Foreign Policy focused on Cold War
Communists gaining loyalty in third worldPeace Corps and the Alliance for Progress
Redefine the nation’s nuclear strategyFlexible Response:Create a range of options by strengthening the conventional military
Created the Green BeretsElite branch of the Army
Cold War Continues
Fidel Castro leads communist revolution in Cuba – 1959
Nationalizes US/UK propertiesUS cuts off Cuban trade
April 17, 1961 – Bay of PigsCIA trained Cuban exiles attempted to invade Cuba and overthrow CastroFailed – JFK takes responsibility (even though the plan was put in place by Ike)Pushed Cuba further into alliance with USSR
Cold War Continues
Cuban Missile CrisisOct 1962, US spy planes review nuclear missiles in CubaJFK rejects air strike, instead issues a naval quarantine of CubaKhrushchev agrees to pull missiles out of Cuba and US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey
Berlin Wall Crisis
After the airlift, many East Germans fled to West BerlinKhrushchev wanted to close accessJFK says NO! – we are determined to not let the communists drive us from BerlinKhruschev erected the Berlin Wall
Separated East and West BerlinPrevented refugees from crossing