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Salvatore [email protected]
Navigating through archives, libraries and museums:
topic maps as a harmonizing instrument
University of Pavia
TMRA ’05 – Leipzig, 6-7 October 2005
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• Topic maps variant forms of names
3 topic maps based projects
• Topic maps cultural heritage
• Topic maps archives
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• Use users’ research to determine the variant forms
• Minimum rate to become a variant form
• The variant form will be included in topic definition
• Possibility to browse the right and wrong forms
Variant forms of names
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Variant forms of names: calculate minimum rate
xkP
log
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Minimum Rate
Parameters 2 > K < 3 to refine search
Questionnaire Number
Empirical formula to define mininum rate: the main idea is to found an equation that decrease lowly when the number of questionnaire increases. For i.e. if with 100 questionnaire we need 15-16% as minimum rate to become variant form, with 10000 2,5% (250 searches) could be enough.
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Example Shakespeare (I)
Minimum rate: 8%
Results:Shakespeare 82%Shakespear 13%Others forms 5%
xkP
log
1 600log5.2
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include it in the topic definition or just link to the correct form
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<topic id="shakespeare"><baseName>
<baseNameString>Shakespeare</baseNameString><variant>
<parameters><topicRef xlink:href="#apocope"/></parameters><variantName><resourceData>Shakespear</resourceData></
variantName> </variant> </baseName> </topic>
<topic id="apocope"> <baseName> <baseNameString>Apocope</baseNameString> </baseName>
<occurrence><instanceOf>
<topicRef xlink:href="#web"/></instanceOf><resourceRef xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocope"/>
</occurrence> </topic>
Example Shakespeare (II)
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Example Shakespeare (IV)<topic id="shakespeare">
<baseName><baseNameString>Shakespeare</baseNameString>
</baseName> </topic><topic id="shakespear">
<baseName><baseNameString>Shakespear</baseNameString>
</baseName> </topic><association>
<instanceOf><topicRef xlink:href="#variant"/></instanceOf><scope><topicRef xlink:href="#apocope"></topicRef></scope><member><roleSpec><topicRef xlink:href="#right"/></roleSpec><topicRef xlink:href="#shakespeare"/></member><member><roleSpec><topicRef xlink:href="#wrong"/></roleSpec><topicRef xlink:href="#shakespear"/></member>
</association>
We could use also
a reification
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<topic id="bocca"><baseName>
<baseNameString>Bocca</baseNameString><variant>
<parameters><topicRef xlink:href="#betacism"/></parameters><variantName><resourceData>Vocca</resourceData></variantName>
</variant> </baseName> </topic> <topic id="betacism"> <baseName> <baseNameString>Betacism</baseNameString> </baseName> <occurrence> <instanceOf> <topicRef xlink:href="#web"/> </instanceOf> <resourceRef xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive"/>
</occurrence> </topic>
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TM & Variant forms: conclusion
Features:
• Use users’ researches to define variant forms of names
• Manage variant forms with topic maps
• Enable browsing the correct and the wrong forms
• Incorporate in existing software
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Managing related terms in a cultural system
Interoperability:
• A standard to include other standards
• Problem: standards do not satisfy the requirements of all parties
• Solution: specific standards at a lower level with relations expressed in a topic map at a higher level – topic maps as a tool for harmonization
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Topic maps as a harmonizing instrument
The entity levelrecognize different forms, that would be described differently under one single ontology
The structure level
manage different models
The semantic level
Taxonomies, access point
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Entity levelExample:
Manage as a single ontology
Liliana Grassias creator
Liliana Grassias author
With a description for each different aspect
occurences scopes
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Navigate through an archive
Fonds description
Guides, finding aids Information systems
Bibliography
OPAC
Loan service, document delivery
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Topic Maps and FRBR(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)
EXPRESSION
MANIFESTATION
WORK TOPIC
OCCURRENCE
Case of the model described above:
manifestations are occurrences linked with an OPAC
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Topic Maps and FRBR
EXPRESSION
MANIFESTATION
WORK TOPIC
OCCURRENCE
ITEM
Case of a library: items are occurrences linked with loan service software
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Thanks to
Paul Gabriele Weston, Fabio Ciotti, Paola Ciandrini, Flavia Giudice, Laura Bernini, Federica Biava, Ester Bucchi de Giuli, Marina Chiogna, Elettra de Lorenzo, Elena Giavari,
Linda Giuzzi, Chiara Papalia, Roberta Pastorino
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Thank you for your attention
Questions?
Salvatore [email protected][email protected]
Cultural Heritage E-Libraries and Archives – www.chela.it
University of Pavia
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References• DALF Digital Archives of Letter in Flanders - http://www.kantl.be/ctb/project/dalf/• Dublin Core - http://dublincore.org/• EAC Encoded Archival Context - http://www.iath.virginia.edu/eac/• EAD Encoded Archival Description - http://www.loc.gov/ead/• EAG Encoded Archival Guide -
http://aer.mcu.es/sgae/jsp/censo_guia/seg_nivel/set_presenta.html• FRAR Functional Requirements for Authority Records. 2005.
http://www.ifla.org/VII/d4/FRANAR-Conceptual-M-Draft-e.pdf • FRBR Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Record. 1998.
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf • ISAAR (CPF) International Standard Archival Authority Record for Corporate Bodies,
Persons and Families. 2004. http://www.icacds.org.uk/eng/isaar2ndedn-e_3_1.pdf • ISAD (G) General International Standard Archival Description. 2000.
http://www.icacds.org.uk/eng/ISAD(G).pdf• MARC MAchine Readeable Record - http://www.loc.gov/marc• MADS Metadata Authority Description Schema - http://www.loc.gov/standards/mads/• Minerva Working Group 5: Handbook for quality in cultural web sites: improving quality
for citizens. 2003. http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/qualitycriteria1_2draft/qualitypdf1103.pdf
• MODS Metadata Object Description Schema - http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/• TEI Text Encoded Initiative - http://www.tei-c.org/