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proximal

distal

lateral medial

superior (cranial)

inferior(caudal)

anterior(ventral)

NOT SHOWNposterior(dorsal)

Anatomical/ DirectionalTermsDistal - further from trunkProximal - closer to trunk

Lateral - away from midlineMedial - closer to midline

Anterior - front side (aka ventral)Posterior - back side (aka dorsal)

Superior - closer to head (aka cranial)Inferior - further from head (aka caudal)

Superficial - closer to surfaceDeep - further from surface

Plantar - bottom of footDorsal - top of foot

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PLANE

PLANE -- a two-dimensional surface defined by 3 pointsnot on the same line (i.e. not colinear)

pt 1pt 2

pt 3

MOTION OCCURS “IN A PLANE”

PLANES

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Leg Swing during gait (walking/running)

Plane

Even though leg has considerable thickness - only consider thejoint centers and the lines connecting them; so “thin” segmentsdefine the leg which swings “IN THE PLANE”

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PLANE

AXIS

MOTION OCCURS “ABOUT AN AXIS”

AXIS -- a line passing perpendicularly through a plane

AXES

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Leg Swing during gait (walking/running)

AXIS

AXIS PASSES THROUGH JOINT CENTER

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PLANE

AXISMotion occurs “IN A PLANE”

Motion occurs “ABOUT AN AXIS”

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Body Planes

• Sagittal -- vertical plane that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT parts

• Frontal -- vertical plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR parts

• Transverse -- horizontal planes that divides the body into TOP and BOTTOM parts

TransversePlane

Sagittal Plane

FrontalPlane

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Cardinal or “Mid” Planes• DEFINITION -- if a

plane passes through the body such that it divides it into equal mass halves

• INTERSECTION -- the point at which the mid-sagittal, mid-frontal, and mid-transverse planes intersect is the CENTER OF MASS

MID-SAGGITALPLANE

SAGITTALPLANE

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Body Planes & Axes

Sagittal Plane = Medial-Lateral Axis (ML)

Frontal Plane = Anterior-Posterior Axis (AP)

Transverse Plane = Longitudinal Axis

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Sagittal Plane Movements

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Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts

flexion = decrease angle between 2 segs

extension = increase angle between 2 segs

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Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts

dorsiflexion = point toes up (towards shin)

plantar flexion = point toes down

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Frontal Plane Movements

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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts

abduction = move away from midline

adduction = move towards midline

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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts

elevation = move shoulder girdle superiorly

depression = move shoulder girdle inferiorly

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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsinversion = lift medial border of foot

eversion = lift lateral border of foot

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Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsradial deviation = move toward radial

styloid

ulnar deviation = move toward ulnar styloid

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Frontal Plane Joint MvmtsL/R lateral bending = bend trunk to L/R

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Transverse Plane Movements

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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts L/R rotation = anterior

surface movement about longitudinal axis

medial rotation = anterior surface rotates medially

lateral rotation = anterior surface rotates laterally

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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts

supination = rotate thumb laterally

pronation = rotate thumb medially

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Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts

horizontal adduction = move towards midline in transverse plane

horizontal abduction = move away from midline in transverse plane

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Circumduction = Flexion + Abduction+ Adduction + Extension