View
215
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Pertemuan 3Komputer H/W, S/W, Network &
Telekomunikasi
Matakuliah : H0472 / Konsep Sistem Informasi
Tahun : 2006
Versi : 1
2
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menerangkan teknologi komputer dalam mendukung konsep work sistem
3
Outline Materi
• Overview sistem komputer
• Overview S/W, programming
• Overview Telekomunikasi
4
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
5
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
6
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979
7
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979
4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT
*
8
SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND
• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
• FASTEST CPUs
• LARGE SIMULATIONS
• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
• EXPENSIVE
*
9
MAINFRAME
• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
*
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
10
MINICOMPUTER
• MIDDLE-RANGE
• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME
*
11
• DESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128
MEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKED
*
MICROCOMPUTER
12
LAPTOPS & SMALLER
• LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks
• HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-miniature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and connectivity
*
13
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
• UNDERLYING STRUCTURE
• INPUT/OUTPUT
• BITS & CODING SCHEMES
• ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
*
14
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
RAMRAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNITUNIT
ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK
15
BUSES
CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY
STORAGESTORAGE
DATA BUSDATA BUS
ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS
INPUT
DEVICES
OUTPUT
DEVICES
SECONDARY
STORAGE
16
TYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM : Random Access Memory– Dynamic: Changes thru processing– Static: Remains constant (power on)
• ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)– PROM: Program can be changed once– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: Electrically erasable
*
17
INPUT/OUTPUT
• TERMINAL• POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS• AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES• PUNCHED CARDS• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION
(MICR): Used by banks to process checks
*
18
INPUT/OUTPUT
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned material translated into computer characters
• IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos digitized for computer use
• BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information read into computer. Can be used to track inventory
*
19
INPUT/OUTPUT
• COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM): Computer rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive copies in small space
• VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer recognizes, generates verbal messages
• MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, sound still images, animations, video
*
20
• BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not• BYTE: Group of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
– ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors
*
HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORY
21
EXAMPLES OF BYTES
C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1
A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0
T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1
Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number
*
EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)
22
ALU & CONTROL UNIT
• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system
*
23
COMPUTER FILES
• RECORD: Data about a transaction arranged in a set of FIELDS, each holding a datum
• FILE: A group of similar records, such as accounts receivable or payroll
• DATABASE: The files of an organization, an electronic library
*
24
COMPUTER FILES
• SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of files arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually stored on magnetic tape or cartridge
• DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE (DASD). Can move directly to any record
*
25
DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE
• HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems
• RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC
*
26
DISK PACK STORAGE
• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS
• CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES
CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5
READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS
27
THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer
*
28
CONTROLLER
• LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE DEVICES: To CPU and memory of large computer systems
• HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PROCESSOR: Manages the operation of attached devices to free the CPU from these tasks
*
29
DATA CHANNEL
• SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes over function of device communication from the CPU
• CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU
*
30
SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR
• PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE IDENTICAL, WITH EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS
• USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES
*
31
PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP)
• MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of program to each of the processors so that work on the program can proceed in parallel on the separate pieces
*
32
MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP)
PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS:
• 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of performing different instructions at the same time
• 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the same instruction at the same time
*
33
THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer
*
34
Computer Software
35
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• FIRST GENERATION: Machine language - binary language designed for particular computer
• SECOND GENERATION: Assembly language - substituted mnemonic operation codes and addresses, translated to machine language by assembler
*
36
• THIRD GENERATION: Procedural language - FORTRAN, COBOL, C - translated to machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: COBOL
• FOURTH GENERATION: Nonprocedural language. Tell what to do, not how to do it, order not important. Translate to machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: FOCUS
*
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
37
KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Programs written to accomplish particular tasks for computer users
• SUPPORT SOFTWARE: Programs that support application software in producing needed output. Does not directly produce output needed by users
*
38
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• WORD PROCESSING
• SPREADSHEETS
• DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
*
39
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• WORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERS
• ELECTRONIC MAIL, GROUPWARE
• DESKTOP PUBLISHING
• APPLICATION SUITES
*
40
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• OPERATING SYSTEMS: Helps maximize work done, eases workload of users
• JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE: Allows users to communicate with operating systems
• MULTIPROGRAMMING: Large computers can run multiple programs simultaneously. Time-driven approach is time-sharing
*
41
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• MULTITASKING: Allows small computers to work on several programs interactively
• VIRTUAL MEMORY: Allows computer to run portions of a large program as required, saving use of main memory
• MULTIPROCESSING: Multiple CPUs divide workload, increases efficiency
*
42
SOURCES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• PROPRIETARY: Written for particular computer class or system. Examples: Windows 98, Windows 2000
• OPEN SYSTEM: Not tied to specific platform. Examples: UNIX, Linux
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages network resources, local area networks
*
43
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
• MOUSE: A standard pointing device
• ICON: Graphic or label on screen associated with task or operation
• 32-BIT OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system handles 32 bits at a time
• CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON INITIATES TASK
*
44
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
• COMPUTER PROGRAMMING BASED ON CREATING, USING SET OF OBJECTS: Object combines data and methods (or chunks of programs)
• EXAMPLES: C++, Smalltalk, Java
*
45
OTHER LANGUAGES
• NATURAL LANGUAGES: User types in or speaks English, computer evolves program
• HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML): Code used to develop World Wide Web (WWW) pages and sites
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML): Used for data exchange on WWW
*
46
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
• SUPPORT SOFTWARE USED TO CREATE, MANAGE, AND PROTECT ORGANIZATIONAL DATA
• DBMS: Software that manages a database, works with operating system to store and modify data and to make data accessible in authorized ways
*
47
TYPES OF DBMSs
• HIERARCHICAL: Data arranged in a top-down, organization chart fashion
• NETWORK: Data arranged like cities on a highway systems, often with multiple paths between pieces of data
• RELATIONAL: Data arranged into simple tables, and records are related by storing common data in each of the associated tables
*
48
FILING METHODS
• INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :– EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEYEACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY– GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERSGROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS– KEYS IN INDEXKEYS IN INDEX
• VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :– MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALSMEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS– DYNAMIC FILE SPACEDYNAMIC FILE SPACE
VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
• DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD*
49
COMPONENTS OF DBMS:
• DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: Defines data elements in database
• DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: Manipulates data for applications
• DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY: Formal definitions of all variables in database, controls variety of database contents
*
50
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
*
51
ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DBMS
• NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE ADDED AS NEW NEEDS ARISE
• NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED AS NEW QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS CHANGE
• FEWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS DUE TO LESS REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE
• MORE “USER FRIENDLY” TOOLS
*
52
COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)
• HELPS AUTOMATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: Used by computer professionals to help automate software development
• MAY INCLUDE:– upper-CASE (requirements definition and design)
– lower-CASE (code generation)– I-CASE or integrated-CASE
*
53
CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
• MORE HARDWIRING OF SOFTWARE AND MORE MICROCODE
• MORE COMPLEXITY OF HARDWARE/SOFTWARE ARRANGEMENTS
• LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE EFFICIENCY
*
54
• MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS AND MORE PORTABILITY OF THESE APPLICATIONS FROM ONE COMPUTER PLATFORM TO ANOTHER
• MORE PROGRAMMING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED AND VISUAL LANGUAGES, IN LARGE PART BECAUSE OF EMPHASIS ON GUIs
*
CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
55
• MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS THAT RUN ON INTRANETS AND THE INTERNET
• MORE USER DEVELOPMENT• MORE USE OF PERSONAL PRODUCTIVITY
SOFTWARE ON MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY PACKAGES WITH A GUI
*
CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
56
Telecommunications & Networking
57
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS: Communications (both voice and data) at a distance
• NETWORKING: Electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices
*
TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING
58
THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
• SHARING OF TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES• SHARING OF DATA• DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING AND
CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS• ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS, INCLUDING
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) AND ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
*
59
KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING
• ANALOG SIGNALS: Continuous waveform, passes thru system. Example: voice communications
• DIGITAL SIGNALS: Discrete waveform two discrete states (1-bit & 0-bit, on / off pulse). Data communication. Uses modem to translate analog to digital, digital to analog
*
60
MODEM
• ABBREVIATION FOR MODULATOR/ DEMODULATOR
• DEVICE THAT CONVERTS DATA FROM DIGITAL FORM TO ANALOG FORM TO BE SENT OVER ANALOG TELEPHONE NETWORK (RECONVERTS DATA AFTER IT HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED)
*
61
SPEED OF TRANSMISSION
• BANDWIDTH: Difference between highest and lowest frequencies (cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a particular medium; a capacity measure
• HERTZ: Cycles per second
• BAUD: Signals sent per second
• BITS PER SECOND (bps): Common measure
*
62
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
• PRIVATE, OR DEDICATED, LINES
• SWITCHED LINES
• SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION
• HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
• FULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
*
63
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• TWISTED PAIR
• COAXIAL CABLE: Baseband and broadband
• WIRELESS: Cordless phone, cellular phone, wireless LAN, infrared devices
• SATELLITE: Microwave, line of sight
• FIBER OPTICS
*
64
ORBITING SATELLITES
UPLINKUPLINK
MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION
DOWNLINKDOWNLINK
65
NEW SATELLITES
• OVER A DOZEN NEW PROJECTS PROPOSED
• LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) SATELLITES: Only 400 to 1000 miles above the earth, compared to geosynchronous satellites at 22,000 miles above the equator. 1,700 satellites to be launched by 2006
*
66
NEW SATELLITES
• IRIDIUM: 66 satellites offered mobile telephony, paging, and data communications. Bankrupt by 1999.
• TELEDESCIC: Will include 288 LEO to provide low-cost, high-speed Internet access, networking, teleconferencing
*
67
TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION SPEEDS
• Twisted pair - voice telephone 14.4 kbps -56 kbps• Twisted pair - conditioned 56 kbps - 144 kbps• Twisted pair - LAN 4 mbps - 100 mbps• Coaxial cable - baseband 10 mbps - 2 gbps• Coaxial cable - broadband 10 mbps - 550 mbps• Radio frequency wireless LAN 1 mbps - 11 mbps• Infrared light wireless LAN 4 mbps - 16 mbps• Microwave / Satellite 64 kbps - 100 mbps• Fiber optic cable 100 mbps - 100 gbps
*
68
TOPOLOGY OF NETWORKS
• BUS TOPOLOGY
• RING TOPOLOGY
• STAR TOPOLOGY
• TREE, OR HIERARCHICAL, TOPOLOGY
• MESH TOPOLOGY
• MORE COMPLEX TOPOLOGIES
*
69
NETWORK TYPES
• COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) NETWORK
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
*
70
NETWORK TYPES
• BACKBONE NETWORK
• WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• INTERNET
*
71
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• CONTENTION BUS NETWORK: Uses CSMA/CD protocol. Example: Ethernet
• TOKEN BUS NETWORK: Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)
• TOKEN RING NETWORK: Used in LAN; unidirectional data flow
*
72
NEW LAN TECHNOLOGY
• FAST ETHERNET: Ethernet operating at speeds up to 100 mbps
• FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI): Token ring architecture delivered on a dual ring at speeds up to 100 mbps
*
73
BACKBONE NETWORKS
• MIDDLE DISTANCE NETWORKS: Interconnect LANs in a single organization with each other and with the organization’s WAN and Internet
• EMPLOY HIGH-END LAN TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN OPERATING AT 100 MBPS OR MORE
*
74
• HUB: Simple device connecting one section of a LAN to another
• BRIDGE: Connects two LAN segments when the LANs use the same protocols
• ROUTER, OR GATEWAY: Connects two or more LANs together. Networks may use different protocols
• SWITCH: Connects more than two LANs that use the same protocol into a backbone network
*
BACKBONE NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
75
WIDE AREA NETWORKS
• DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING (DDD)• WIDE AREA TELEPHONE SERVICE (WATS)• LEASED LINE: Most common, T-1 lines• SATELLITE: C-Band, KU-Band• VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)• INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)
*
76
VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)
• DATA-ONLY, PRIVATE, NONREGULATED TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK: Uses packet switching
• AN ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO BUY SERVICES OF A VAN TO IMPLEMENT ITS WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
*
77
PACKET SWITCHING
• INFORMATION DIVIDED INTO PACKETS OF SOME FIXED LENGTH, SENT OVER NETWORK SEPARATELY
• PERMITS MORE EFFICIENT USE OF THE NETWORK
*
78
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)
• EMERGING SET OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
• USING PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK• EXTENSIVE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CAPABILITIES• SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF VOICE
AND DATA OVER SAME LINE TO TELEPHONE USERS WORLDWIDE
*
79
USES OF ISDN
• CUSTOMER SERVICE APPLICATION: Customer’s records automatically sent to service representative’s workstation when customer calls in
• SOLVES DIAL-IN PROBLEMS INTO CORPORATE NETWORK FOR TELECOMMUTERS, BRANCH OFFICES
*
80
NEW WAN AND LAN TECHNOLOGY
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM): Switching technology employing fast packet switching. Emerging standard for broadband ISDN. Speeds from 1.544 mbps to 622 mbps. Represents the future for both LANs and WANs
*
81
PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK
*
82
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
• OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI): Reference model, emerging standard
• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP): Standard used on the Internet
• SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (SNA): IBM standard
• FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP): Allows file transfer on Internet
*
83
INTERNET
• NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT USE THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL, WITH GATEWAYS (CONNECTIONS) TO OTHER NETWORKS THAT DO NOT USE TCP/IP
• INTERNET APPLICATIONS: e-mail, Usenet newsgroups, listserv, FTP, Gopher, Archie, Veronica, World Wide Web
*
84
CONNECTIONS TO INTERNET
• PHONE LINE MODEM
• CABLE MODEM
• DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)
• T-1 DATA PHONE LINE
• SATELLITE
• FIBER OPTICS
*
85
INTRANET
• A NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION EMPLOYING TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• ORGANIZATION USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER, SERVER SOFTWARE AS IT WOULD ON THE INTERNET, BUT INTRANET IS NOT ACCESSIBLE FROM OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZATION
*
86
CONNECTIVITY
MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE
INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION
OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function on different computer platforms. Nonproprietary operating systems, applications, protocols
*
87
Closing
• Overview sistem komputer
• Overview S/W, programming
• Overview Telekomunikasi