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Overview of High-Performance Vehicles as Naval Platforms

Volker Bertram

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Our definition: • no simple monohull form• weight supported by:

• hydrostatic buoyancy • hydrodynamic lift • aerostatic lift• aerodynamic lift• hybrid

High-performance usually includes:• usually high speeds • good seakeeping characteristics• enhanced manoeuvrability • reduced signatures

High-performance Marine Vehicles

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SYTKA = System Technology for Future Combatants

compared displacement fast monohull to HPMVs

identifying as potential alternatives

• SWATH• high-speed SWATH (HSS)• surface-effect ship (SES)• trimaran

MTG conducted study of HPMVs

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• Design characteristics: • platform stability• general arrangement (deck area and volume space)• maximum draft• ...

• Hydrodynamic characteristics: • range of operating speed• propulsion configuration• speed loss in waves• seakeeping, manoeuvrability• weight and trim sensitivity• ...

HPMVs investigated in terms of 4 characteristics

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HPMVs investigated in terms of 4 characteristics

• Structural characteristics: • global strength, local strength• dynamic loads (slamming)• use of advanced materials• complex structures• ...

• Other characteristics: • acquisition and operating costs• state of development of the technology• survivability:

• detectability or stealth characteristics • vulnerability

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Classification follows sustention triangle

almost 100 different concepts for hybrids

different stages of development:• preliminary concept• prototypes • in operation

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Displacement ships

SWATHHSStrimaranwave piercer

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Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH)

+ superior seakeeping

+ large deck area

– higher power requirement

– weight and trim sensitive

– large draft

– acquisition and operating costs

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Early SWATH demonstrators in USA and Japan

T-AGOSUS Navy

“Hibeki“Japan

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German SWATH development in 2001

Wehrforschungsschiff, TNSW

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German SWATH development in 2001

SWATHs for pilots of Abeking+Rasmussen

A+R proposed also navy SWATH

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German Navy project for mine-hunting

SWATHs for Navy Applications

Cooperation: Luerssen Shipyard, A+R

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SWATH“Sea Shadow”

source: http://www.fas.org

stealth technologydemonstrator

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SWATHSLICE

source: Lockheed Martin

Lower resistance through wave system interaction

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High Speed SWATH (HSS)

source: http://192.49.188.22

SWATH bow section

Stern planing catamaran

GTS Stena Explorer MTG HSS design

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Record-breaking “Adventurer”

Trimarans allow high speeds

Artistvision

Reality

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Trimaran Demonstrator “Triton”

UK Navy: Trimaran demonstrator

source: http://www.trimaran.dera.gov.uk

+ low power at high speed

+ reduced operating costs

+ better damage stability

+ good seakeeping

+ large deck area

+ efficient payload layout

+ good survivability

– ?

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Concept study of MTG

Trimarans investigated by several navies

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Wave Piercer

source: http://www.incat.com.au

Incat 045, HMAS “Jervis Bay”

Incat HSV-X1 “Joint Venture”

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Wave Piercer Incat HSV-X1

“Joint Venture” (US Army)

500 fully equipped troops

40+ knots

up to 1000 nm

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Paragon Mann: VSV Wave Piercer Patrol boat

Wave Piercer

source: http://www.halmatic.co.uk

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Wave Piercer Projects

source: http://www.dd21.goldteam.com

Stealth designDD 21 project

Stealth design“Sea Wraith”

MTG Frigate

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Fast Monohull

source: Blohm&Voss

Only civilian applications built

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Hydrofoils

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+ high cruising speed+ improved seakeeping

– limited payload capability– large draft

Russian Mukha class

Surface Piercing Hydrofoils (SPH)

Fully Submerged Hydrofoils (FSH)

photo: Ehlers

Canadian Bras d‘Or

PHM (Boeing)

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Air-Cushion Vehicles

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+ very high speed

+ low vulnerability to

underwater explosions

+ small draft and underwater signature

+ amphibious capability

source: http://www.tmls.textron.com

– affected by wind

– trim sensitivity

– high acquisition cost

– high maintenance cost

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USA employs ACV as LCAC (Landing Craft Air Cushion)

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Russian LCAC Aist Class70 knots

photos: Ehlers

Russian LCACPomornik classLargest ACV worldwide150t payload, 63 knots

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Finnish ACV “Tuuli”delivered in 2002

photos: Ehlers

ACVs suitable for operation in ice

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SES (Surface Effect Ships)

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No surface effect involved

+ operate at high speeds (> 40 knots)+ reduced underwater signature+ improved shock resistance+ good platform stability + shallow draft and large deck area

– speed loss in head seas– loss of amphibious capability– high acquisition and maintenance costs

Air Cushion Catamarans (SES)

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Various SES built and operated by navies

Oksøy class minehunter (NO)AGNES 200 (FR)

“Bora“ missile corvette (RU)

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Stealth SES built in Scandinavia

Skjöld class patrol boat (NO) “Smyge“ (SE)

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SES Demonstrator “Corsair”

Blohm&Voss

MEKAT conceptallows modular conversion

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Hybrid Hydrofoils

HysucatHYSWAS

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HYSWAS = Hydrofoil small waterplane area ship

Foil contribute 30-70% lift

+ extended range+ good seakeeping

– high cost– payload critical

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German Concept study never realized

Design study for fast ferry by Bremer Vulkan

photos: EMIT

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Japanese built prototype

TSL-F

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Navy HYSWAS projectedUS Projects ranging from patrol boat to 2400t frigate

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HYSWAS demonstrator: “Quest”

Tested 1995, US Navy

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Hysucat: Hydrofoil-supported catamaran

South-African development, Tandem foil arrangement

+ good seakeeping+ low resistance– foil tailored to design condition

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Sustention Pyramid

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Wing-in-Ground (WIG) = Ekranoplans

Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

+ very high cruising speeds+ good transport efficiency (vs aeroplanes)+ no airports needed– safety concerns– low payload– take-off requires high power

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Russian Navy used Ekranoplans

“Caspian Sea Monster” 550t weight (>747-400)

500 km/h

Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

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Russian Navy used Ekranoplans

“Lun” (missile launcher)400t weight, 450 km/h

Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

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Russian Navy used Ekranoplans

“Orlyonok” (troop transporter)110t weight, 400 km/h

Source: jpcolliat.free.fr/ekra/ekraA.html

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US Navy has studied WIGs as transporters

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German Wing-in-Ground (WIG)

Flightship

Hoverwing

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• Deep-V monohull

• Planing hulls

• Semi-planing hulls

• Weinblume (staggered hull cataramans)

• ...

Many more concepts exist...

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And now it’s time to…