1 June 2005 Needs for technologies for adaptation as expressed in TNAs, National Communications and other national reports Iulian Florin Vladu Technology

1June 2005

Needs for technologies for Needs for technologies for adaptation as expressed in TNAs, adaptation as expressed in TNAs,

National Communications and other National Communications and other national reportsnational reports

Iulian Florin VladuIulian Florin Vladu

Technology Sub-programmeTechnology Sub-programme

Sustainable Development ProgrammeSustainable Development Programme

UNFCCCUNFCCC

Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago

Iulian Florin VLADU - Technology Subprogramme

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SOURCES OF INFORMATIONSOURCES OF INFORMATION

Information on needs for technologies for adaptation Information on needs for technologies for adaptation to climate change is provided by Parties in several to climate change is provided by Parties in several reports:reports: National communications of Annex I and non-Annex I PartiesNational communications of Annex I and non-Annex I Parties

Technology needs assessments (TNAs)Technology needs assessments (TNAs)

National adaptation programme of actions (NAPAs)National adaptation programme of actions (NAPAs)

Needs are expressed also indirectly through Needs are expressed also indirectly through multilateral and bilateral assistancemultilateral and bilateral assistance


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THIRD NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS OF THIRD NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS OF ANNEX I PARTIESANNEX I PARTIES

NC3 provided strategic adaptation priorities over the next NC3 provided strategic adaptation priorities over the next decades. However, decades. However, potential adaptive measures potential adaptive measures identified have identified have been very been very limitedlimited and sector specific and sector specific

Most Parties presented a set of Most Parties presented a set of strategiesstrategies for vulnerable sectorsfor vulnerable sectors and areas where planning horizons are 30–50 years, such as and areas where planning horizons are 30–50 years, such as coastal and river flood defence, coordinated approach to coastal and river flood defence, coordinated approach to infrastructure planning, water resources, forestry and agricultureinfrastructure planning, water resources, forestry and agriculture

An increasing focus on An increasing focus on integrated assessmentsintegrated assessments to include to include economic and cross-sectional analysis of adaptation optionseconomic and cross-sectional analysis of adaptation options

Planning for climate change and implementing adaptation Planning for climate change and implementing adaptation strategies is regionally based, such as State, provincial or local strategies is regionally based, such as State, provincial or local governmentsgovernments

Access to information, guidelines and policy advice is essential Access to information, guidelines and policy advice is essential (briefings, seminars, written material, and web-based information)(briefings, seminars, written material, and web-based information)


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NC3 - WATER RESOURCESNC3 - WATER RESOURCES

Various initiatives are under consideration such as Various initiatives are under consideration such as Water conservation, controlled management of surface water Water conservation, controlled management of surface water

and groundwaterand groundwater Greater emphasis on planning and preparedness for droughts Greater emphasis on planning and preparedness for droughts

and severe floodsand severe floods Establishment of national monitoring systems for water Establishment of national monitoring systems for water

quality and quantityquality and quantity

The United Kingdom reported that climate change The United Kingdom reported that climate change projections are taken into account in strategies and projections are taken into account in strategies and plans for water resources managementplans for water resources management Catchment abstraction management and maintenance of Catchment abstraction management and maintenance of

water supplies in drought conditionswater supplies in drought conditions Incentives and penalties to encourage more efficient use of Incentives and penalties to encourage more efficient use of

waterwater


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NC3 - FORESTRYNC3 - FORESTRY

Many Parties reported on adaptation options for Many Parties reported on adaptation options for forestry and indicated various forestry management forestry and indicated various forestry management projects including:projects including: Changing harvest schedules and adjusting replanting and Changing harvest schedules and adjusting replanting and

species including conservation of the genetic resources of species including conservation of the genetic resources of forestsforests

Introducing measures to prevent and combat pests and Introducing measures to prevent and combat pests and parasitesparasites

Putting other measures in place to improve the stability and Putting other measures in place to improve the stability and autonomous adjustment of forest stand to changing natural autonomous adjustment of forest stand to changing natural conditionsconditions


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NC3 - AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITYNC3 - AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

A large range of A large range of potential adaptation optionspotential adaptation options that will vary that will vary depending on the climatic changes involved and on non-climactic depending on the climatic changes involved and on non-climactic factors such as the economy, policies, environment and factors such as the economy, policies, environment and technological development. Options highlighted include:technological development. Options highlighted include: More efficient irrigation systemsMore efficient irrigation systems Development of new crop varieties that are temperature and moisture Development of new crop varieties that are temperature and moisture

toleranttolerant Land-use changes and different farming systemsLand-use changes and different farming systems Changes in the regulation of soil water regimesChanges in the regulation of soil water regimes Changes in plant nutritionChanges in plant nutrition Protection of livestock from high temperaturesProtection of livestock from high temperatures Application of livestock breeding systems which will allow reduction Application of livestock breeding systems which will allow reduction

of the influence of extreme climatic conditions on production and of the influence of extreme climatic conditions on production and health of livestockhealth of livestock

Modifying subsidy, support and incentive programmes to influence Modifying subsidy, support and incentive programmes to influence farm-level production and management practicesfarm-level production and management practices

Adaptation policies for agriculture should encourage flexibility of Adaptation policies for agriculture should encourage flexibility of land use, crop production and farming systemsland use, crop production and farming systems


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NC3 - HUMAN HEALTHNC3 - HUMAN HEALTH

Potential adaptation measures reported in the NC3 Potential adaptation measures reported in the NC3 include:include: Strengthening public health programmes (education and Strengthening public health programmes (education and

vaccination programmes), vaccination programmes), Supporting methods for early detection of climate-change-Supporting methods for early detection of climate-change-

related health impacts related health impacts Developing surveillance systems to detect changes in the Developing surveillance systems to detect changes in the

occurrence of infectious diseasesoccurrence of infectious diseases

The Russian Federation indicated the need to establish The Russian Federation indicated the need to establish a federal database of historical statistics and data on a federal database of historical statistics and data on the health of its population and the environmental the health of its population and the environmental factors affecting itfactors affecting it


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NC3 - FLOOD AND COASTAL DEFENCENC3 - FLOOD AND COASTAL DEFENCE

The United Kingdom reported that guidance provided The United Kingdom reported that guidance provided by government to flood defence authorities in England by government to flood defence authorities in England and Wales includes allowances for sea-level rise and and Wales includes allowances for sea-level rise and higher river flows as a result of climate changehigher river flows as a result of climate change

Climate change and sea-level rise projections are Climate change and sea-level rise projections are being used in land-use planning, for preparing long-being used in land-use planning, for preparing long-term shoreline management plans, and river and term shoreline management plans, and river and catchment flood management plans.catchment flood management plans.

Several Parties (Canada, Germany, France, Several Parties (Canada, Germany, France, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, United States) reported on the allocation of additional United States) reported on the allocation of additional financial resources for improvements to flood warning financial resources for improvements to flood warning dissemination, flood prevention and coastal protection dissemination, flood prevention and coastal protection infrastructureinfrastructure


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NC3 - FISHERIESNC3 - FISHERIES

Possible adaptation options for this sector:Possible adaptation options for this sector:

Modifying and strengthening fishery operations and fish Modifying and strengthening fishery operations and fish monitoring programmes to prevent overfishing and ensure monitoring programmes to prevent overfishing and ensure sustainable harvestingsustainable harvesting

Enhancing fish breeding to preserve the genetic diversity of Enhancing fish breeding to preserve the genetic diversity of fish populations; restocking areas with robust speciesfish populations; restocking areas with robust species

Taking into consideration fish habitat needs in planning and Taking into consideration fish habitat needs in planning and coastal developmentcoastal development


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NC3 - INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE SECTORSNC3 - INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE SECTORS

Several countries reported that greater emphasis has Several countries reported that greater emphasis has been placed on the protection of infrastructure (e.g. been placed on the protection of infrastructure (e.g. Liechtenstein, United Kingdom, United States)Liechtenstein, United Kingdom, United States)

Some Parties cited the revision of building codes and Some Parties cited the revision of building codes and regulations to reflect new climate change conditions as regulations to reflect new climate change conditions as being an important adaptation option in the short termbeing an important adaptation option in the short term

The United Kingdom reported that climate change The United Kingdom reported that climate change projections are now used in reviewing building and projections are now used in reviewing building and infrastructure regulations, including technical infrastructure regulations, including technical revisions that may be required to address climate revisions that may be required to address climate change impactschange impacts

Some Parties mentioned other adaptation measures Some Parties mentioned other adaptation measures such as incorporating climate change into land use, such as incorporating climate change into land use, community and transportation planningcommunity and transportation planning


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NC3 - BILLATERAL ASSITANCENC3 - BILLATERAL ASSITANCE

Projects in the forestry sector seek to improve forest Projects in the forestry sector seek to improve forest management, create protected areas and increase afforestation. management, create protected areas and increase afforestation.

Aid in the agriculture sector is directed to facilitating sustainable Aid in the agriculture sector is directed to facilitating sustainable land-use, soil management, and protection against desertification.land-use, soil management, and protection against desertification.

Integrated coastal zone management, protection against sea-level Integrated coastal zone management, protection against sea-level rise and capacity-building, receive most of the support targeted to rise and capacity-building, receive most of the support targeted to adaptation. adaptation.

Examples are the French Fund for the Global Environment Examples are the French Fund for the Global Environment (FFEM), the Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance (FFEM), the Netherlands Climate Change Studies Assistance Programme (NCCSAP), the German initiative “Protecting the Programme (NCCSAP), the German initiative “Protecting the future through climate protection”, Canada’s Climate Change future through climate protection”, Canada’s Climate Change Action Fund. Action Fund.

The United States described three major bilateral initiatives: the The United States described three major bilateral initiatives: the U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation, the U.S. Country Studies U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation, the U.S. Country Studies Program and the Climate Change Initiative.Program and the Climate Change Initiative.

The European Community indicated its numerous programmes of The European Community indicated its numerous programmes of bilateral cooperation in a wide range of sectors relevant to climate bilateral cooperation in a wide range of sectors relevant to climate change to support Accession countries. change to support Accession countries.


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NC3 - BILLATERAL ASSITANCENC3 - BILLATERAL ASSITANCE

Described projects aimed at Described projects aimed at Assessments of vulnerability, disaster preparedness, and Assessments of vulnerability, disaster preparedness, and

response and risk managementresponse and risk management Integrated water management, Integrated water management, Prevention of desertification, Prevention of desertification, Support of meteorological networks and monitoring of Support of meteorological networks and monitoring of

extreme weather eventsextreme weather events Much of the bilateral assistance was directed toward Much of the bilateral assistance was directed toward

sustainable forestry management and agriculture and sustainable forestry management and agriculture and would also facilitate adaptation to climate changewould also facilitate adaptation to climate change

The ongoing effort of OECD countries to develop a set The ongoing effort of OECD countries to develop a set of “markers” to distinguish between climate-related of “markers” to distinguish between climate-related funding and other environment-related funding in the funding and other environment-related funding in the OECD/DAC statistics, could provide additional relevant OECD/DAC statistics, could provide additional relevant information on bilateral aid targeted to adaptationinformation on bilateral aid targeted to adaptation


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NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS OF NON-NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS OF NON-ANNEX I PARTIES - C&S OF 99 NCsANNEX I PARTIES - C&S OF 99 NCs

Compilation and syhthesis (C&S)

Decision Documenty symbol No. of NAI

Parties1 12/CP.4 FCCC/SBI/1999/1 112 7/CP.5 FCCC/SBI/200/15 163 3/CP.6 FCCC/SBI/2001/14 254 30/CP7 FCCC/SBI/2002/8

FCCC/SBI/2002/1631

5 2/CP.8 FCCC/SBI/2003/13 16Total 99

Work is on-going for preparation of C&S 6 for COP 11Work is on-going for preparation of C&S 6 for COP 11


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MAIN VULNERABILITY SECTORS MAIN VULNERABILITY SECTORS C&S OF 99 NCsC&S OF 99 NCs

0102030405060708090

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V&A UNDER THE UNFCCC – C&S OF 99 NCsV&A UNDER THE UNFCCC – C&S OF 99 NCs

Vulnerable sectorsVulnerable sectors Need to Need to adaptadapt

Developing countryDeveloping country

regionregion

AfricaAfrica Very highVery high AgricultureAgriculture

Water resourcesWater resources

AsiaAsia HighHigh AgricultureAgriculture

Terrestrial ecosystemsTerrestrial ecosystems

Latin AmericaLatin America HighHigh AgricultureAgriculture

Water resourcesWater resources

Small islandSmall island

developing statesdeveloping states

Very highVery high Water resourcesWater resources

Coastal zone (sea level rise)Coastal zone (sea level rise)


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INFORMATION ON COOPERATION PROJECTSINFORMATION ON COOPERATION PROJECTS


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TECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASESSMENTS - TNAsTECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASESSMENTS - TNAs

Provided support to non-Annex I Parties to conduct Provided support to non-Annex I Parties to conduct technology needs assessments (TNAs)technology needs assessments (TNAs) Some 80 TNAs conducted with support from UNDPSome 80 TNAs conducted with support from UNDP Some 15 TNAs conducted with support from UNEPSome 15 TNAs conducted with support from UNEP

UNDP prepared a guidebook on Conducting UNDP prepared a guidebook on Conducting technology needs assessments for climate changetechnology needs assessments for climate change

Started to work on summarizing the results of the Started to work on summarizing the results of the TNAs completed so farTNAs completed so far


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TNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIATNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIA

Options => Technologies for adaptation to climate change

Water resources: WaterModification of existing physical infrastructure; 1 Flood warning and emergency responseConstruction of new infrastructure; 2 Monitoring of sea and shorelineWater pollution control; 3 Modernization of the hydraulic laboratoriesImprovement of the monitoring and forecasting system for flood and drought;

4 GIS

Drafting and approval of new legislation for water use;

5 Satellite remote sensing

Setting a real price for water use;Implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management.


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TNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIATNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIA

Options => Technologies for adaptation to climate changeAgriculture: AgricultureAfforestation and the setting up of the barriers to protect the arable land threatened by soil erosion and alteration;

1 Introduction of vacuum packaging for food preservation

Planning of agricultural production toward xerophilic crops to allow adaptation to the higher winter and summer temperatures and to the scarcity of water in summer. Agricultural development should be adjusted towards species that would adapt best to the e

2 Use of thermal insulating material in farmhouse construction

A significant improvement of irrigation systems. 3 Introduction of salt tolerant and drought resistant plant species in arid areas.

4 Setting up of an network “alert” system for the identification of vector borne diseases in farm animals

5 Application of contour cropping to slope6 “Alert” system for the early warning of abnormal toxic phytoplankton

growth and bio toxins in seawater and bivalve mollusks.

7 Land levelling8 Application of minimum tillage9 Advancement of sowing dates


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TNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIATNA – EXAMPLES - ALBANIAForestry (options) Forestry (technologies)Formulation of the Sustainable Forest Development Strategy;

1 Preparation of Sustainable Development Projects for 10 coastal districts

Preparation and implementation of the study-research programs for forest management;

2 Preparing of management plans for 27 forest units of 10 coastal units that take climate change into consideration.

Increasing of the protected forest area; 3 Study and experimentation on cultivation systems.Reducing the illegal cuttings; 4 Study of desertification scale, due of fires.Increasing of the investments to implement more actions in existing forests;

5 Experimentation on rehabilitation of burned forest area.

Implementation of the actions to increase the existing forest productivity;

6 Study of genetically variation among forest tree species and inside each species.

Increasing of the forest area through reforestation; 7 Fast-growing species to adapt in new conditions

Monitoring of the forest health; 8 Study and experimentation on rehabilitation of degraded forests

Studying and monitoring the fire situation in forests;

9 Implementation of projects for rehabilitation of the degraded forest area through conversion of coppice forests to high stem forests with the same species in an area a fast-growing species. Reforestation of the eroded lands and refused agriculture lands,

Reduction of the wood consumption for energy. 10 Study and experimentation on rehabilitation of degraded forests


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TNA – EXAMPLES - MAURITIUSTNA – EXAMPLES - MAURITIUS

Coastal Zones Coastal Zones (technologies in use) Coastal Zones (projects)

Retreat Hard engineering River Management Project

Replacement Casements (alternative casements such as coastal access roads may need to be rearranged far in advance of their erosion / submergence) Sea walls

Marine Parks4 Setback Building Distance (a buffer zone between the shoreline and permanent structures, which protect properties in the event of sea level rise and more frequent

flooding. It should not be uniform and will depend on coastal type.Groynes

IsletsAccommodate Gabions Monitoring

Inland flood defences (essentially the creation of a new coastal strip to reduce vulnerability to more frequent flooding) Breakwaters Mangrove Re-plantationFlood warning systems (systems to provide real-time forecasts of high tides, surges and wave overtopping) Soft Engineering Integrated Resort SchemeBetter management of rain / waste water (various technologies related to drainage and sewer schemeswill need to be introduced to improve management of rain and wastewater. This will reduce potential geo-technical erosion and recession problems)

Beach nourishment,

Awareness ProgrammeProtect Building with nature techniques

2 Building with 'nature' techniques (building with nature techniques includes the creation, maintenance or restoration of wetlands, marshlands and dune systems) Artificial reefs

3 Stimulate growth of coral reefs naturally or artificially (it involves the creation of appropriate media for corals togrow upon)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Hand-placed rock sea walls (hand placed rocks to form sea walls are a common line of protection used. Placed correctly and maintained, they have been demonstrated to be an effective technology)

Gabions (They are low-cost wire or plastic baskets filled with local materials. The baskets are placed together as building blocks to form structures that act as a last line of defence against high waves associated with storms)

Groynes (They are structures placed perpendicularly to the shore to trap sediments often in direct response to an acute erosion problem)

Revertments (It is a slope consisting of loose or inter-locking nature, which provides protection to banks or cliffs made up of erodable material)

Bulkheads and seawalls (They are retaining walls made of concrete or interlocking rocks, whose primary purpose is to hold or prevent sliding of terrain while providing protection from light to moderate wave action)

Breakwaters (they are double-sided structures with water on both sides, used to dissipate wave and current energy. They are made with large amount of rocks and other special construction material)

Storm surge barriers (They are sophisticated coastal defence structures that can protect tidal inlets, rivers and estuaries from occasional surge events)

Flooding and storm drains (They are technologies to manage the run-off of rainwater and can prevent serious erosion during storms)

1 Beach nourishment


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INFORMATION ON COOPERATION PROJECTSINFORMATION ON COOPERATION PROJECTSFROM NAPAsFROM NAPAs


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Thank you! Thank you!

Documents

1 June 2005 Needs for technologies for adaptation as expressed in TNAs, National Communications and other national reports Iulian Florin Vladu Technology