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1
IRMM actions in IDEA
Mikael Hult
Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)Geel, Belgium
http://www.irmm.jrc.be http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int
2
Main good news
• 37.5 kg of enriched Ge (86% 76Ge) has been transported from Siberia (Krasnoyarsk) to HADES (in the form of GeO2 powder)
• Transport with special iron transport container reducing cosmogenic activation a factor 20
3
• Investigation into underground production of Ge
• Who are we?
• Co-ordination of underground storage (Ge, Cu)
• Radiopurity measurements for GERDA
• Other issues
HADES
; sandwich
4
The EU InstitutionsCourt of Auditors
JRC can apply for funding from DG RTD like any other institution. The only restriction is that JRC persons are not allowed to co-ordinate indirect actions
The Council of Ministers
Committee of the Regions
Court of Justice
The European Commission(the ‘College’ of Commissioners)
Economic and Social Committee
SG RELEX ENTR ENV SANCO JRC…. ...
IHCP
... ... ... RTD
IRMMIPSC …..IPTS
…. ......
Directorates General: the “Commission services”
JRC Institutes:
European Parliament
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Structure of the DG-JRC
IRMM – Geel, Belgium- Institute for Reference Materials and MeasurementsStaff: 250
IE – Petten, The Netherlands- Institute for EnergyStaff: 180
ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany - Institute for Transuranium elementsStaff: 250
IPSC - IHCP - IES – Ispra, Italy - Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - Institute for Environment and Sustainability Staff: 350, 250, 370
IPTS – Seville, Spain- Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesStaff: 100
7 Institutes in 5 Member States
Total staff: ~ 2200 people
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Personnel involved in ILIAS activities - status 1st half of 2006
• Uwe Wätjen (D), Sector Head Radionuclide Metrology, in EUROMET Technical Committee Ionising Radiation, CCRI Section II
• Mikael Hult (S), Group leader low-level measurements, co-ordinator of CELLAR,
• Gerd Marissens (B), Chief technician
• Joël Gasparro (F), Post doc. Fellow
• Patric Lindahl (S), Postdoc
• Elisabeth Wieslander (S) PhD student
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Olen – Geel – Mol - Dessel
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Canberra Semiconductor
Umicore
SCK•CEN + VITO (+ HADES)
5 km
IRMM
BR1 (700 kW) + BR2 (10 MW)
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Nearby facilities
• Canberra Semiconductor – for HPGe detector assemblies
• Umicore – for Ge crystal growth
• IRMM – for radioactivity measurements (low-level or high accuracy)
• IRMM – other facilities: LINAC, Van de Graaff, reference facilities in analytical chemistry etc.
• SCK – HADES, 2 research reactors and analytical facilities
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Transport times
• Canberra – IRMM (20-30 minutes)
• Umicore – IRMM (20-30 minutes)
• IRMM – HADES (10-15 minutes)
• Canberra/Umicore – HADES (~45 minutes)
60Co: ~5 (kg[76Ge] day)-1 , Half-life: 5.27 years
68Ge: ~1 (kg[natGe] day)-1 , Half-life: 271 daysSaturation: 400 kg-1
Estimated production rates
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Radionuclide metrology - Facilities
• IRMM operates 7 HPGe-detectors for ultra-low level -spectrometry in the HADES underground laboratory (-225 m) at SCK•CEN
• Laboratories with a large number of different primary and secondary standardisation instruments
• Source preparation laboratories, including chemical facilities
• Mass determinations traceable to the IRMM standard of 1 kg which is directly traceable to the BIPM 1 kg standard, the SI unit
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HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
223
m
Overburden:~ 175 m sand~ 50 m clay
Location ofIRMM’s ULGS
setupFirst shaftSecond shaftConstructed 1999
Test driftConnecting galleryConstructed 2003
PRACLAY gallery
223
m
HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental SiteHADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site
Located at SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium, operated by EURIDICE
14
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Ge-production (i)
1) Raw material: residue from e.g. Zn-ore with 3-5% Ge
2) Reduction of Ge-oxide
3) Zone-refinement
repeat4) Czochralski growth
Measurements
Resistivity
Hall
DLTS
Resistivity measurement
Zn-plant Balen?
16
Ge-production (ii)Reduction of Ge-oxide
Needs a powerful furnace. A bit difficult to put underground but possible
Zone-refinement
12-13 days work (24/24)=> > 1 months without shift work
Relatively easy to put underground (“low power”, some gas)
Czochralski growth
2-3 days
Relatively easy to place underground
(small “low power”, some gas)
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Underground production
• Main problem related to cost and safety
• The “pulling” achieves a high degree of purification. Possible to place only pulling step underground.
• Pulling needs clean room => expensive
• Conclusion (for the moment) optimise (=minimise) transport time.
• Technical report (Schönert)
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Co-ordination of underground storage
• Since 2004: 15 transports to HADES
• For the moment: 3 boxes of enriched Ge, 1 box of Ge natural composition, 1 detector in process of being manufactured
• 12 transports carried out “immediately”, 3 transports the following day.
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Main activation problems with Ge
• 68Ge and 60Co (minor problems 57Co, 65Zn)
• 68Ge: 12·10-3 counts/(keV kg y) 180 days exposure after enrichment + 180 days underground storage
• 60Co: 2.5·10-3 counts/(keV kg y) 30 days exposure after crystal growth
• Main goal for GERDA performance < 1·10-3 counts/(keV kg y) (Phase II)
• We believe we can cut the exposure time significantly by storage in HADES
20
Radiopurity measurements for GERDA
• Cu/P pellets for GERDA tank (cleaned + non cleaned)
• Glass for PM-tube necks
• Kapton foil (cleaned / not cleaned)
• Kapton foil with copper (cleaned / not cleaned)
21
Why is this a current issue?
Development in germanium detector technology
14 ISST Nova Gorica, 2005
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
Year
Fig
ure
of M
erit
(s1
/2)
The first Ge(Li)
3 crystals in one cryostat
The first HPGePlanar
Coaxial
)()(
)(
EBER
E
FoM = )()(
)(
EBER
E