1-Industry Overview (TDP-101).pdf

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IndustryOverview

INTRODUCTION

TO

HVAC

Technical Development Program


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Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory,

system design, equipment selection and application topics. They are targeted at engineers and

designers who wish to develop their knowledge in this field to effectively design, specify, sell or

apply HVAC equipment in commercial applications.

Although TDP topics have been developed as stand-alone modules, there are logical group-

ings of topics. The modules within each group begin at an introductory level and progress toadvanced levels. The breadth of this offering allows for customization into a complete HVAC

curriculum from a complete HVAC design course at an introductory-level or to an advanced-

level design course. Advanced-level modules assume prerequisite knowledge and do not review

basic concepts.

This TDP provides a general overview of the commercial HVAC industry, providing an

awareness of: the design process; participants in the design and construction process; documents

involved in construction; a typical timeline of activities in the design and construction process;

and how these activities are influenced by the different participants in the process. This industry

is also influenced by regulatory agencies and legal concerns that are important to designers of

HVAC systems.

2005 Carrier Corporation. All rights reserved.

The information in this manual is offered as a general guide for the use of industry and consulting engineers in designing systems.Judgment is required for application of this information to specific installations and design applications. Carrier is not responsiblefor any uses made of this information and assumes no responsibility for the performance or desirability of any resulting systemdesign.

The information in this publication is subject to change without notice. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of CarrierCorporation.

Printed in Syracuse, NY

CARRIER CORPORATION

Carrier ParkwaySyracuse, NY 13221, U.S.A.


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Table of ContentsIntroduction......................................................................................................................................1 Participants.......................................................................................................................................3 Equipment Supplier Organizations ..................................................................................................5 Industry Associations.......................................................................................................................6 Legal Concerns ................................................................................................................................7

Delivery Methods ..........................................................................................................................10Plans and Specifications (Plan and Spec) .................................................................................. 11Design-Build (D-B) ................................................................................................................... 12Construction Management (CM) ............................................................................................... 13Performance Contracting ........................................................................................................... 13

Typical Projects .............................................................................................................................13HVAC Systems..............................................................................................................................15 HVAC Products .............................................................................................................................17 Summary........................................................................................................................................18 Work Session .................................................................................................................................19 Work Session Answers ..................................................................................................................25

Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 27References.................................................................................................................................. 30


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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Introduction to HVAC

1

Introduction

The HVAC (Heating,

Ventilating, Air Condition-ing) industry is a large and

mature industry that serves

many markets. In fact, based

on the Commercial Buildings

Energy Consumption Survey

(CBECS) it is estimated that

there were 4,859,000 com-

mercial buildings with 71.6

billion square feet of floor

space in the United States in

2003. Table 1 summarizes

the number of buildings andfloorspace based on market

segment.

Table 2 further describes

these 4.9 million buildings by

size. Looking at the table, we

can see that over 50 percent

of the buildings are between

1,000 and 5,000 square feet

and only 1.5 percent are

above 100,000 square feet.

Table 1

Number of Buildings and Floorspace byPrincipal Building Activity, 2003

Number of

Buildings

(thousands)

% ofTotal

Total

Floorspace

(million ft2)

% ofTotal

All Bui ld ings 4,859 - 71,658 -

Education 386 8.0 9,874 13.7

Food Sales 226 4.7 1,255 1.8

Food Service 297 6.0 1,654 2.3

Health Care 129 2.7 3,163 4.4

Lodging 142 2.9 5,096 7.1

Mercantile 657 13.5 11,192 15.6

Office 824 17.0 12,208 17Public Assembly 277 5.7 3,939 5.5

Public Order and Safety 71 1.5 1,090 1.5

Religious Worship 370 7.6 3,754 5.2

Service 622 12.8 4,050 5.7

Warehouse and Storage 597 12.3 10,078 14.0

Other 79 1.6 1,738 2.40

Vacant 182 3.7 2567 3.8

Table 2

Number of Buildings and Floorspaceby Size of Building, 2003 (Preliminary)

Number ofBuildings

(thousands)

% ofTotal

TotalFloorspace(million ft

2)

% ofTotal

All Bui ld ings 4,859 - 71,658 -

1,001 to 5,000 2,585 53.2 6,922 9.7

5,001 to 10,000 948 19.5 7,033 9.8

10,001 to 25,000 810 16.7 12,659 17.7

25,001 to 50,000 261 5.4 9,382 13.1

50,001 to 100,000 147 3.0 10,291 14.4

100,001 to 200,000 74 1.5 10,217 14.3

200,001 to 500,000 26 0.5 7,494 10.5

Over 500,000 8 0.1 7,660 10.7


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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW


2

The HVAC market can be looked

at or segmented in different ways.This review can be based on the age

of the building, the use of the build-

ing, the type of equipment or system,

or the contracting arrangement. Theexisting building market is typicallytwo to three times the size of the new

construction market.

The new construction market consists of projects in which the HVAC system is installedwhen the building is originally constructed. This market includes projects in which the shell of

the building is constructed separately, with the HVAC system and other finish work installed later

under separate contracts after the tenants and their specific needs are identified.

The existing construction market

is usually identified as therenovation

or replacement market. It includes

system replacement projects, in

which the air conditioning system re-

places a previously installed system,

and equipment replacement projects

in which some or all of the majorequipment is replaced. This market

also includes projects in which the air

conditioning system is installed many

years after the building is constructed

and no specific provisions were made

for its installation.

Figure 1

By Building Age

Figure 2

B Sco e o Work


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Where market segment is based

upon building usage, the customary

commercial market segments include

offices, schools, manufacturing, retail,

healthcare, lodging, and other, which

includes entertainment, correctional

facilities, religious buildings, airports,

warehouses, etc.

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

y

uilding

Usage

of arket

Other30

Public Order

and

Safety 1

Public Assembly 6

Figure

By Building Usage

Office 17

Mercantile 13

Education 8

ood Sales and

Service 11

Where market segment is based upon contracting arrangement, the segments can be design

build, plan and specification plan and spec), or construction management. In design-build work,

the design and the construction are provided by the same organization. In plan-and-specification

work, a design organization performs the design and creates design documents called plans and

specifications) that are then used by a separate contractor organization to construct the building.

In construction management work, a third party oversees the design and construction activi

ties to reduce risk and insure project completion, schedule, and cost.

articipants

Many different entitles are m

volved in a typical construction

project. Their usual relationships are

shown in Figure 4

n owner

provides the money to

construct a project, and assumes most

of

the financial risk.

eveloper

pro

vides the concept and the business

plan, and usually manages the overall

project. The owner and developer

functions are frequently provided by

the same organization and referred to

as the Owner/Developer.


Figure 4

Typical Construction Project Organization

)

TurntotheExpertS.

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

The prime contractor

s

usually responsible for coordinating all construction activity and

other contractual items relating to project cost and timing. Large or critical projects are frequently

constructed on a

fast track schedule

when the major equipment is purchased and the construction

work is begun before the overall project design is completed. These projects may have a project

manager

or a

construction manager.

A project manager coordinates the entire project including

both design and construction work. A construction manager coordinates the construction activi

ties that must begin before the prime contract is awarded and continues until the project is

complete. Large developers and general contractors usually have project or construction man

agement departments that operate independently

of

their normal business.

n architect provides the building design services for the project. The design of the HVAC

structural electrical plumbing and other trades is provided by

engineers

in each specialty by

contract with the architect. f hese engineers are employed by the architect the architect becomes

an Architect/Engineer.

Contractors provide the construction work. The contract for a prime contractor is a purchase

commitment from the owner or developer. A

subcontractor

has a contract with the prime con

tractor

or

a higher-level subcontractor. The prime contractor usually assumes responsibility for all

work at the job site performs some

of

the work with his own employees and provides the rest

of

the work through use of subcontractors.

A

general contractor

is usually the prime contractor on a project.

f

he majority of the work

is of a special nature such as replacement of air conditioning the mechanical contractor may

serve as the prime contractor with the general contractor becoming a subcontractor to the me

chanical contractor.

The general contractor usually performs the work of constructing the building shell such as

foundations masonry and concrete work. The mechanical contractor electrical contractor and

automatic controls contractors are typical subcontractors. Subcontractors also perform some

work and arrange for other items through additional subcontractors . The test and balance subcon

tractor may work for the HVAC subcontractor who works for the mechanical subcontractor who

works for the prime contractor etc.

The construction contract usually includes the commissioning

or

startup phase

of

a project. A

commissioning agent or contractor is sometimes employed directly by the owner to provide a

more objective effort to identify and correct errors

mad

e during construction.

Test nd balance

contractors are specialists in measuring air and water flows and checking the performance

of

equipment after it is placed in service. The startup

of

some equipment especially chillers and

boilers is performed by or supervised by a representative of the manufacturer who is expected to

be

most familiar with the proper procedures.

The building operations manager is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the

HVAC system. This is usually done by contract with a building management service on small

buildings. Large buildings usually have a full-time HVAC operation and maintenance staff on

site.

Service contractors provide either preventative maintenance or emergency repairs after the

system is in operation. Most construction contracts provide a 12-month warranty period. The

construction contractor must correct all failures or deficiencies which are identified during the

warranty period without charge.

cfM

Introduction to HV C

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e Experti

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Equipment Supplier Organizations

Every HVAC product is produced by a manufacturer and sold to an end user. The end user

is the person or entity that finally pays for and uses the product, such as a homeowner or a shop-

ping center operator. Some end users

have enough purchase volume to jus-

tify a direct purchase relationship

between the manufacturer and the end

user, but most users are better served

by purchasing the equipment through

a supply chain which can furnish the

marketing, warehousing, installation

and service functions which are re-

lated to the purchase. Some of the

common supply chain organizations

are shown in Figure

5

Manufacturers provide design,

production and marketing (product

concept, advertising, sales literature,

etc.) for their products. Sometimes

they maintain warehouses for finished

products or provide their own sales

staff, but an equipment supplier

usually provides these functions in the

local sales area.

Manufacturer

Design, Production, Marketing

Warehouse

Sales

Representative

Figure 5

Direct Sales

HV C Equipment Suppliers

Distributor

Sales Marketing

Equipment suppliers handle the sale

of

equipment for a project. The supplier may

be

a direct

sales office of the manufacturer, or a manufacturer

s

representative, who is an independently

owned company that typically sells several different types

of

equipment made by several different

manufacturers. A typical manufacturer' s representative may sell pumps from one manufacturer,

fans from another, etc.

A

distributor

buys equipment in large quantities from a manufacturer, and resells them to

dealers or independent contractors. Distributors tend to emphasize the products

of

one manufac-

turer and provide warehousing

of

products, marketing and training for their dealers. Some

distributors are independently owned, while some are owned by manufacturers.

Dealers

are independently owned contractors who are franchised

by

distributors to install

equipment purchased from the distributor. The franchise arrangement may require the dealer to be

exclusive, in which case they buy all their equipment from one distributor in return for marketing,

training and financial assistance from that distributor.

Introduction

to HVAC

+M>

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tothe x

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Industry Associations

Industry associations are formed to provide cooperative solutions to industry wide problems

that are best solved by collective effort. The following associations are typical of those involving

the VAC industry.

SHR E (American Society of

Heating, Refrigeration and Air Condi

tioning Engineers) is primarily

concerned with creating information

for the design of projects. They pub

lish the ASHRAE Handbook and

create many of the recommended

minimum standards, which influence

project design.

@

RI (Air Conditioning and Re

frigeration

In

stitute) is primarily

concerned with creating standards for

testing and rating the various types

of

equipment. Equipment ratings, which Figure

6

American Society

of

Heating,

Refrigerating and ir

Conditioning

l l ~ Air Conditioning

~

U

Refrigeration Institute

f : M

National Fire

l JProtection Association

NFPA

Iii:\

Underwriters'

\: :J Laboratories

International

Code Council

L\

ff l l \lll IX

U.

cout:w

t:xue

are ARI certified, are

mor

e likely to

Industry ssoci ions

be correct and less likely -to be mis-

leading. ARI also provides marketing statistics for air conditioning equipment manufacturers.

NFP

(National Fire Protection Association) addresses building fire and smoke concerns, in

cluding fire and smoke dampers, duct and equipment construction materials and range hood

exhaust systems.

U (Underwriters Laboratories) is a non-profit organization divided into two parts. The first

section develops standards for the design and testing of product safety. These standards are

widely accepted as the benchmarks to be used in product safety testing. The second section ofUL

s responsible for certification

of

products to the safety standards. Products may be tested by

UL

for certification

ar

e listed in the

UL

directory and bear the

UL

label. Products tested to

UL

stan

dards by an organization other than UL, such as CSA (Canadian Standards Association) , AGA

(American Gas Association), and Intertech (ETL) are called

UL

accepted and are listed in that

organization s directory and bear the label

of

the listing organization.

UL

may also test products

for specific applications that are not listed in its directory. These products are known as

UL recognized products. Local code officials generally accept the testing of these agencies to UL

standards as meeting the requirements for safety testing.

The International Code Council (ICC) is a non-profit association

of

building code officials

who develop building safety, energy efficiency, and fire prevention codes used for residential and

commercial construction. ICC has replaced other model code writing agencies such as Building

Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), Southern Building Codes Congress (SBCC), and the

International Conference of Building Code Officials (ICBCO). The ICC model code is now used

as the basis

of

most all state and local building energy codes.

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

egal oncerns

The importance of legal issues to an equipment supplier depends upon the amount

of

money

involved and the organizational relationship of the HYAC supplier on the particular project. The

responsibilities

of

the supplier must be clearly identified.

The construction and operation

of

a building must be in accordance with the applicable local

and state building codes. These codes are usually based upon one

of

the model codes such as

ICC, which are written and sponsored by various associations of building code officials. The Na

tional Electric Code NEC) is an example

of

a model code, which

is

written by an industry

association. Codes also include reference

standards

which are written by industry associations

such as

ASHRAE and ARI. ASHRAE Standard 15 , for example, is the refrigeration safety stan

dard that governs the design and installation of refrigeration systems. A model code or a reference

standard becomes part

of

the state or local building code when it is legally adopted by the appro

priate governing body The designer is responsible for meeting the elements of the design codes,

the contractor for meeting the construction elements

of

the codes, etc. The equipment supplier

is

generally responsible for meeting

HY

AC equipment safety codes. This responsibility is absolute

when the construction documents identify the codes that must be met and when the purchase or

der for the equipment requires that the equipment be furnished in compliance with the

construction documents.

The official having jurisdiction is the government official who is responsible for enforcement

of

the code item being considered. This official may be the fire marshal, the building inspector,

etc. Their interpretation of a code item is final, and they have the authority to enforce their deci

sion by refusing to issue a certificate of occupancy for the building, which is necessary before the

building can be placed in use.

The HVAC systems are addressed

in a number

of

building construction

codes, mainly relating

to

life safety,

layout, design features, and perform

ance energy conservation). Across the

United States, the International Code

Council s family of publications has

been adopted almost universally. t is

safe to say that familiarity with the

International Building Code IBC),

International Mechanical Code IMC),

International Energy Conservation

Code IECC), and International Fire

Code IFC) will cover most

of

the

code-related requirements for HYAC

systems. See Figure

7

Always verify

your general understanding of the code

requirements with the specific project

program before finalizing system se

lection or closing out a design phase.


Figure

Codes, Standards, and Guidelines

R

eproduced with p

er

mission of I

CC.

ll rights reserve

d.

-

-

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otheE

xperti.

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Figure 8 shows the relationships

involved in building codes.

Licenses and pem1its for work at

the

job

site are usually obtained by the

contractors. The equipment supplier

is

generally not responsible unless job

site labor is included and a special

license is required for this labor.

The construction documents for a

project are prepared by the designers

of the project, and include the plans

(drawings) and specifications. Archi

tects and engineers who are properly

registered by the local authorities to

perform such work must sign the con- Figure

struction documents for large projects.

Legal Issues

-

Codes

Equipment specifications and equip-

Equipment

Manufacturer

ment selection criteria are included in the construction documents for plan and specification

projects, but may be issued separately for design-build projects.

Rather than copying the entire codes and reference standards that apply to a project, a typical

specification will simply state that all equipment must comply with the requirements related to

th

at item. The codes and reference standards for a project are usually listed at the beginning

of

each major section

of

the specifications.

An

addendum is

a change or addition to the construction documents for a project. Adden

dum

1

might change the capacity

of

a chiller, for example, and Addendum 2 might add an

electronic variable speed drive to the air-handling unit. Failure to identify addendums and include

the changes in a quotation for the project may result in the delivery

of

the wrong equipment to the

job. The resulting expense and construction delay will create a very difficult situation for every

one involved.

A

contract

is the legal agreement between the participants on a project. A contract can be

created by the purchaser writing a purchase order that identifies the conditions

of

the sale. Accep

tance

of

this purchase order

by

a vendor constitutes an agreement by the seller to all

of

these

conditions. A contract can also be created by the supplier making a proposal (an offer to sell),

which identifies the conditions

of

the sale. Acceptance

of

this proposal

by

a buyer constitutes an

agreement by the buyer to all

of

these conditions. The terms and conditions

of

proposals and pur

chase orders include the fine print, which is usually on the back

of

the first page. Contractors

and equipment suppliers who do a lot

of

business together usually agree upon a standard proposal

and purchase order format.

change notice

is a revision to the contract between the owner and the prime contractor. A

change notice may include the changes resulting from several addenda that have been issued by

the designers

of

the project. For example, Change Notice 1 may include Addenda

1

3, 4, and 9,

while Change Notice 2 may include Addenda 2 and 5 through 8. Some addenda are issued, but

never incorporated into the project because the cost

is

excessive or for some other reason.

+HW?'f

ntroduction

to

HVAC

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e xpertS -

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IN USTRY OVERVIEW

Submittals and approvals are required for large projects, in order t confirm that the equip

ment being furnished is in accordance with the plans and specifications. The submittal and

approval requirements are described in the project specifications. The equipment being submitted

may have been the basis of design, which is the exact equipment that the designer used to de

termine the size of the mechanical room, the arrangement of the piping and wiring, and the

features described in the specifica-

tions.

Equipment, which was not the ba

sis of design, will almost always be

different in some respect. These items

should be resolved during the bidding

and submittal processes. Considerable

experience is necessary in order to

identify what constitutes a significant

deviation, and how to either obtain

approval of the deviation

or

modify

the equipment to meet the specified

requirements.

f

incorrect equipment

is installed, it may have to be removed

and replaced without charge by the

contractor, probably t the expense of

the supplier.

Construction Documents

Plans and Specifications)

Proposal or

Quotation

Figure

Legal Issues - Purchase ontract

Addendums to

Construction Documents

Figure 9 shows the relationship of the various documents that are most frequently encoun

tered

by

equipment suppliers.

ntroduction

to HVAC

.. .

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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

elivery Methods

There are many different methods of taking a project from the needs identification phase to

the completed uilding. The various design elements are not always completed in the same se-

quence or by the same members of the design team. Design is a shared ongoing process that is

not always done by the HVAC designer. System selection needs to be responsive to this fact

along with the many other criteria placed upon the process. Four common methods are shown

below. Features are shown in Figure

10

Typical Projects

All

types of Complex or schedule Complex or budget Energy conservation

buildings constrained

constrained or

system

retrofits

When

are Design

Before bidding for Completed after Before or after Completed after

Details Worked

constr

uct

on bidding

bidding bidding

Who Works on

HVAC Desig

ner

and

Either

HVAC

HVAC

Designer

Des

igner or

Cont

ractor

Them?

Contractor

Contractor

Who is

Responsible

Either HVAC

HVAC Designer

D B Contractor Des

igner

or

Contractor

for HVAC

Design?

Contractor

Level

of Design

Complete through

Can

become

May

change duri

ng

Depends

on

Team Continuity

process

fragmented process Cont

ractor

control

Who

Controls

Controlled by Often

forced

to

adjust

Often forced to

adjust

to compet

i

ng Contractor

Integrity of

Design?

HVAC Designer

to competing needs

needs

Degree of Process

Gr

eatest

Less than Normal Moderate to High

Least

Burden

Level of Owner

Highest Moderate Moderate

to

Limited Very Limited

Involvement

Length

of Schedule

1

o

4 years

typical

15

to 25

ess than

Like Plan and

Spec 3 o12

Months

Plan and

Spec

Relative Cost to

Average to High

-

Greatest

- caused

by

Average to

High -

Least - paid out

of

depends on bidding

CM

fees

and

biddi

ng

Owner

climate

shortened

schedu

le

climate

savings

Figure 1

omparison of the Features of Delivery Methods


s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

1


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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Plans and Specifications Plan and Spec)

A typical Plan

and

Spec pro

jec

t organization is shown in Figure 11. This delivery method

has dominated the public money segments of the industry for quite some time. A detailed set of

contract drawings and specifications

are prepared y the HVAC designer,

then bid by mechanical contractors,

either publicly or y invitation. Once

a contract is awarded, the construction

team executes the design and turns

over the building

t

the client for use.

Other

Desi ners

HV C Design

Engineer

Figure

Other

Subcontractors

HV C

Subcontractors

therVendor

HV C

quipment

Supplier

Typical onstruction

r

oject Organiz

at

ion

HV C

Service

Plan and Spec project delivery offers system selection as an up -front activity led by the

HVAC system designer Figure 12). The designer completes drawings and specifications that

document what will eventually be

provided by the construction contrac

tor, often with minimal input by the

architect and client, and seldom

if

at

all from the eventual occupants.


Plan

and Spec

Project Structure

Fig 11

Figure 12

lan

and

Spec Project Structure

r t i


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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

A negative feature

of

Plan and

Spec is that only during bidding does

the potential construction contractor

have a chance to review the design

and communicate concerns

to

the de

signer. Changes to the design are

difficult to bring about.

Design-Build D-B)

Q,)

C

c:

I)

s::

0

0

i

i5

O

c:

I)

t l

0

0

During System Design Process

Criteria System

Concept

Design Calculations

and Equipment

Selection

Figure 3

Cost

nd

Difficulty ofMaking Changes

Plans

and

Specs

Design Build differs from Plan and Spec in that the construction bidding phase is moved up

to

the front

of

the design process (Figure 14). Properly done, the client prepares building systems

performance plans and specifications

that are bid by contractor teams with

design capability that carry forward

with the design process, meshing it

with the construction activities

to

shorten the overall project delivery

schedule.

The HVAC system selection oc

curs right up front, along with the

other building systems, as the per

formance documents are prepared.

I f

good communication and documenta

tion occurs during the performance

phase, the initial system selection will

Owner-Prepared Performance

Bid Package

Review

of

Contractor

Bid

Packages

and

Contract Award

J

~ ~ i n e e r j

Single-Line

Layouts

Equipment

Selections

Completion Dates

Update

Layout,

Coordinate

Contractor

Drawings

Confirm Equip.

Selections

---- . . i Owner Approval

I ossible 3rd Party Reviews - Arch/Engr V

carry forward in the remaining phases

Figure 4

of the design process and be properly Design Build Project Structure

implemented during construction. Of-

Warranty Period

Owner

Takes

Beneficial Occupancy

Equipment

Installation

ten, the original architect and engineer who worked on the performance specifications, if not on

the winning bid team, will be retained s consultants to ensure that the client s needs are met as

the building design takes shape and construction is completed.


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INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Construction Management CM)

In the

construction m n gement

delivery method, an additional person is added to the team -

the construction manager (also called the CM). Traditionally hired by the client, the CM oversees

the design and construction process, streamlining both efforts. The construction manager relieves

the client

of

watching over the complexities of the project and ensures that the design process and

construction results will be responsive to the client s program. Many times the CM will operate at

risk, having guaranteed an overall project maximum cost or a construction schedule, or both.

When a client hires a construction manager, the final selection

of

the architect and engineers

may be the decision of the CM.

Performance Contracting

The

perform nce contr cting

method of project delivery

pu

ts the greatest amount of deci

sion-making in the contractor s hands. Usually a client

is

interested in lowering their energy costs

by replacing or upgrading a building system (like lighting, HVAC, or high-use motors), but is not

willing or able to provide the capital financing. Performance contracting transfers the financing

responsibility from the client to the contractor, who is then paid a percentage of the future savings

in energy costs.

Potential savings in energy costs are discovered during an energy audit of

the facility and

proposed to the client by the contractor. V C systems are often a source of the energy savings,

both because of how much energy they use, and the savings that occur through improvements in

maintenance and operations. When significant upgrades in HVAC systems or a retrofit to another

system are suggested, the client needs to carefully review the impact on their employee comfort

and productivity to make sure it is a net gain. Many clients will bring in an HVAC systems con

sultant to review the recommended changes before authorizing the performance contractor to

proceed with the work.

Typical Projects

Residential projects are usually design-build projects handled by air conditioning dealers and

contractors. The purchaser is usually a developer in new construction, or a homeowner for exist

ing buildings.

New small commercial systems are also design-build projects by air conditioning dealers and

contractors. The purchaser is usually a developer in new construction, and a business owner or

tenant for existing buildings. New large systems, above 100 tons, are usually plan and specifica

tion projects. The equipment sale is usually to a contractor, but the owner and the designer can be

very influential in determining the equipment supplier. n some cases, the equipment is purchased

directly by the owner.

Introduction

t

HV C

Turn

t

oth

eExperti.

13


17/35

jNDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Equipment replacement projects are usually negotiated between the owner and a service con

tractor.

Regardless of the type of project, the sequence of events is as shown in Figure 15, which is

sometimes referred to as the time line of a project. The initial phase is an organizational phase,

in which the owner or developer

identify the major participants and

decide how the project will be

organized (negotiated, plan and

specification with competitive

bids, etc.).

The conceptual phase begins

with the identification

of

the pur

pose and general criteria for the

project by the owner. Each

of

the

design professionals then deter

mines which general concepts are

most appropriate to meet the es-

ORGANIZATION

PHASE

Organization Typo:

Design Build

Plan andSpec

Construction

Management

Purchase Method:

Competitive Bid

Negotiation

Create Project

Team

tablished criteria. The Figure 5

CONCEPT

PHASE

Project Criteria:

Comfort Level

Costs

Appearance

System Choice

Coordination:

Spa

ce

Budgets

requirements for each trade are Typ ical V

C

Proj ect m

el

ine

coordinated. Using the HVAC

DESIGN

PHASE

Load

Calculations

Equipment

Selection

Air

Distribution

Water

Distribution

utomatic

Controls

Co

nstructi

on

Documents

Co

ordinate

Details

CONSTRUCTION WARRANTY AND

PHASE SERV E PHASE

Pr

ici

ng

w

ard of

Contracts

Equipment

Purchase

Submittal

and pproval

Installation

Commissioning

Resolve Equipment

Failure and System

Operational Problems

system as an example, the equipment and duct space is allocated by the architect, the preliminary

electrical power requirements are provided to the electrical engineer, the equipment weights to

the structural engineer, etc. The budgets for each trade and for the entire project are established.

The

V

AC system design phase is dominated by the

V

AC designer, either an independent

consulting engineer or an employee

of

the design-build contractor. The designer confirms the cri

teria for the

V

AC system, calculates the cooling and heating loads, selects the equipment,

designs the air, water and refrigerant distribution systems a

nd

the

V

AC control system. Each

item must meet the space, cost and service requirements that were agreed upon during the concept

phase, or the designer must coordinate the new requirements with all

of

the affected parties. De

sign changes become increasingly difficult during this phase.

The constmction phase is dominated by the contractor.

It includes the purchase of equipment,

installation of equipment, air and water distribution and control systems and the commissioning

of the HV AC system. To the contractor, timing is extremely important. Delays in equipment

submittals or deliveries can result in substantial increased cost to the contractor that may lead to

legal damage claims.

The warranty and service phase involves the owner and, for commercial projects, the building

management and service contractors as well. Everyon

e

including owner, tenants, contractor, ar

chitect and engineer, becomes aware

of

problems that affect or prevent operation

of

the

V

AC

system. Prompt and fair resolution

of

any problems is extremely important.

a


Turn to the Expert$

14


18/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

HV C Systems

Many types

of

HVAC systems have been developed to serve a wide range of different mar

kets and performance requirements. The choice of a suitable type of system is a logical first step

toward providing a satisfied client. The choice should

be

based on the priorities that have been

established for that individual project. These priorities include functional performance, costs and

many other considerations.

HVAC systems differ widely in their ability to provide the normal air conditioning functions,

which include the control

of

temperature, humidity, air motion, air quality ventilation and air

purity) and sound level. Costs include the initial construction cost

of

the system; the cost

of

en

ergy, makeup water, water treatment and disposal; the cost of operation labor, maintenance,

repair and equipment replacement; the cost of system modification to serve future tenants; and the

construction cost

of

building space for ductwork, piping and mechanical rooms. Other considera

tions include the architectural appearance of visible system elements, the probability and impact

.

of

HVAC system failures and the disruption

of

tenant activities related to maintenance

of

items in

tenant areas.

From the above, it should

be obvious that the lowest construction cost system is inappropriate

for most applications. Most owners and system designers are very interested in providing appro

priate systems, and are relatively open to discussion of these items. To be successful, these

discussions must occur before or during the concept phase of the project.

HVAC systems are generally classified by the type

of

refrigeration and by the type

of

air

system.

Refrigeration systems are either direct called

X

for direct-expansion ) or indirect. The

cooling coil in a DX system is cooled directly by the expansion

of

refrigerant inside the tubes

of

the coil. The cooling coil in an indirect system is cooled by chilled water or brine that is circu

lated through a piping system between a water chiller and the cooling coil.

Packaged X systems with a single refrigeration compressor, cooling coil and condenser in

close proximity to each other generally have low initial cost, and can be very efficient

if

the com

ponents are selected for high efficiency. They are usually simple and trouble-free. Split system

DX systems become more complex and prone to refrigerant leakage with increasing numher

of

components and the length

of

piping. A single leak can result in loss

of

the entire refrigerant

charge of a system.

Chilled-water systems are generally preferred if one or two central water chillers can replace

a large number of separate DX systems, or

if

the refrigeration equipment must be remote from the

cooling coils. Water piping between the chiller and the cooling coils is simpler than refrigerant

piping. The refrigerant piping system can be factory-installed and tested

on

practically any size

chiller, and the possibility

of

refrigerant leakage

is

minimized.

Air systems are generally classified as either single or multiple zone systems. Single-zone

systems can serve any size building area as long as a single temperature control zone can provide

reasonable temperatures throughout the area served by that system. A window air conditioner and

a 50,000 cfm central system serving an exhibition hall are examples of single-zone systems. Mul

tiple single-zone systems can be installed to provide separate zones within the building area, with

a separate temperature control for each single-zone unit.

Introduction t HV C

+4

-

Turn to the Expert .

15


19/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Multiple zone systems provide several or many temperature control zones from the same cen

tral equipment. One central air handler can serve over a thousand separate temperature control

zones. Many of these systems use room terminal units to serve each zone. Multiple-zone systems

are sub-classified in several ways, as shown below.

,------------

---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

System

T

pe

:

L l l l . . . . . . . a l o l ~ ; ; . . , l i l ~ , , . _ , , , i i i i l l i i l ~ ~ .................. ~ _ . . . . . . . . j . . ; J

i Water

Cool

ed Pa

ckaged l Commercial :

1 1 I

3 2 , 4 5

1

1

1

2

w ~ t ~ r ~ ~ . ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

= : ~ : . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ; ~ ~ -

q

. J 3_. f . = ~ - : : = - - i = - ~ ~ _;

1

Water Source Heat

Pum

pw/ 1 Office '

2

I

2

i

3

I

2 2

I

4

I

3

i

2

I

I

Precond1t1oned

Vent1lat1on

I

___

-

---+---------+----

1

_

f-------

_

Duct

Fre

e Spilt ,

Commercial

' 1

1

1 I 4

1

2 2 5 1 2

_________ ______

_

___________________________________

-

_ _ J _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

------ ----------- - -------

..

----- -

:

l

---------- r . r

- ........-- - -

2

Pipe

C h a n g e o ____________ ___________________ J_

___

____; ____ _____ ________

J

___ s _

__J

- - - L - - - - - I

__

__2 ______ ----

- - - - -

j 2 Pipe

Electric

Heater

I Hotel, Apt. 1 ' 1

I

4

I

3

1

5 ' 5 i 3 2

4 Pipe t Hote1

, Apt-

:

1

---r-

sT

-

Multizone :

Mtg

. Rooms ____ - - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - ____ ____

L_

__ - - - -

L

' 3 Deck

Multizone

; Mtg Rooms : 1 , 3 ' 5 : 5 ' 3 , 4 , 2

~ ~ i - O ~ c t

-- --------------

:

Mg. Rooms

~ - - - - - -

--

1-

j-

..

-1-

.....

___ 5-----t -- -

5

.

--

h

-:--

-4-

:-

---1

,

__

__ _________ ------- --------------- ----------- r - r------ --r t - ----,- - -

I

Constant

Volume

Reheat

Labora

tory

3 3 I 3 I 5 5 5 2

Figure 16

Multiple Zone System Characteristics

'

- -

'

2

1

1

All air systems are systems in which a central air system provides all

of

the cooling effect to

the individual zones. All water systems do not have a central cold air system, but provide a sepa

rate chilled-water fan-and-coil unit to serve each zone. Combination air water systems provide a

central conditioned air system to do a portion of the zone cooling and also provide a chilled-water

coil in each zone to supply the remaining zone cooling load. The performance and costs of the

multiple-zone systems vary widely and are beyond the scope of this discussion.

+

Introduction to

HVAC

Turn

to the EXpertS

16


20/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

HV C Products

Products are also classified in many ways, beginning with the type

of

HVAC system for

which it is intended. A room type chilled-water fan-coil unit is obviously intended for use as

the room terminal

of

that type

of

system.

Products are classified by the degree of factory design, either factory-engineered or custom

designed; and by the degree of factory assembly, such as single-piece, split-system, or field

assembled component. The design of a factory-engineered system has the advantages of being

tested before it is produced for sale and of continual improvement in response to product failures

of units previously manufactured. The fabrication of a factory-fabricated system has the advan

tage

of

production using properly trained labor with the optimum tooling and materials, plus

quality testing of the finished product.

A single-piece, factory-engineered assembled unit is inherently the most reliable and least

expensive. Split-systems provide the ability to locate the elements in more appropriate locations,

but with the possibility

of

poor refrigerant piping connections. Factory-engineered package

equipment is usually designed for the mass market, with commensurate lower equipment price.

Field-assembled components provide the ultimate in design flexibility for projects with unusual

needs such

as

extremely low energy consumption or extremely high fabrication quality.

Products are classified by the type of condenser, either air-cooled, water-cooled, or evapora

tive. Air-cooled units have greater electricity demand and consumption, but require much less

maintenance and

do

not require any makeup water, treatment, or disposal. The type of compres

sor is usually part of the classification, such as reciprocating, scroll, rotary screw, or centrifugal.

Finally, products are classified by

the components in the product. A

condensing unit includes a condenser

and a compressor, in order to con

dense the refrigerant that evaporates

in a remote X

cooling coil. A pack

age water chiller is a complete

assembly

of

compressor, chiller, con

denser, controls and wiring.

The CSI (Construction Specifica

tions Institute) format is used by most

specification writers. The above dis

cussion generally follows the CSI

classifications

of

HVAC equipment.


Indoor

Unit

AHU Fan

Coil)

Figure 7

Typical Components

of

irCooled Split System

Indoor

Unit

Furnace

nd Coil

-

Turn to the Experts :

17


21/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

ummary

The HVAC industry is a challenging and diverse marketplace. The size o the market is huge

considering the 4.9 million building base that might require some type

o

new HVAC system or

upgrade. Selection systems for this varied base can be complicated further by the multiple types

o systems that are available and the potential unique requirements o each building. Each partici-

pant in the design process is critical in assuring properly functioning systems are delivered to

building owners. Compliance with building codes and specifications are also the responsibility o

all members o the design and construction team.

The HVAC industry is an exciting business to be a part of. Customer requirements continu-

ally evolve and drive industry standards. Designers, manufacturers, and contractors must

constantly upgrade their knowledge

t

meet their customers needs. The Technical Development

Program series is presented t help all players in the industry to develop, maintain, and upgrade

their skills in meeting customer needs.


22/35

Work Session

M RKETS

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

1. For the HVAC industry identify the two market segments that are based upon the age

of

the

buildings involved.

2. Identify the market segments that are based upon the usage of the building.

3.

Identify the market segments that are based upon the type

of

design and contracting method.

P RTICIP NTS

4. Match the following participants in the

HV

AC industry:

Engineer

Contractor

Architect

Owner

Developer

Commissioning Agent

Dealer

Service Contractor

Equipment Sales Distributor

Equipment Sales

- - Representative

Bui lding

Op

erations

Manager


A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F

G.

H.

I

J

K

provides the money

and

assumes the primary finan-

cial risk of the project.

provides the concept and business

plan

for the pro-

ject.

May

also provide the project management.

provides the architectural design of the building and

coordinates the design services of the engineers

and

other design specialists for the project.

provides the design services for technical portions

of

the project such as HVAC electrical structural.

provide the constructi

on

work ofpurchasing and in-

stalling the items

ne

e

ded

for the project.

places the equipment and systems in operation after

they have been installed by others. A Test and Bal-

ance Contractor is a commissioning agent.

operates and maintains the

HV C

and other building

systems.

provides maintenance and repair service for

th

e

HV C and

other bui lding systems.

handles the sale of equipment to the contractor. Usu

ally sells products manufactured

by

several different

manufacturers.

an equipment sales representative who provides local

warehousing

of

products. Often provides training and

marketing services for a dealer network.

a contractor with a formal ongoing re

la

tionship with

an equipment distributor.

-

- - - - - - Turn to the Exp ert .

19


23/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

INDUSTRY SSOCI TIONS

5 What is ASHRAE's primary mission?

6. What is

NFPA's

primary mission?

7 What is UL's primary mission?

LEG L CONCERNS

8 Which entity (contractor, engineer, equipment supplier, etc .) has the primary responsible for

meeting the following requirements?

A Building design codes

B Building construction work codes

C

Equipment construction codes

D. Building licenses and pennits

9

What is a national building code or standard?

10

What is a local building code?

11 What are Construction Documents ?

12

What is an Addendum to the construction documents?

13

Describe two ways of creating a contract to purchase HVAC equipment.

14. In question

13

above, why does it make any difference?

15

. What is a Change Notice?

16 What is the purpose of an equipment submittal?


24/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

TYPIC L PROJECTS

17. What are the 5 phases

of

a typical project?

8

. Identify some reasons to become involved early

in

a project.

V

C SYSTEMS

19. There are many different types

of

HVAC systems - direct expansion or chilled-water, central

or

unitary, etc.; and many different applications - offices, hotels, residences, shopping cen

ters, etc. Is any one

of

these types

of

systems better than all

of

the others for all

of

the

different applications?

20. What is a

DX

system?

2

. What is a chilled-water system?

22. What is likely to be different

if

one type

of

HY C system is chosen instead of another type?

23. What is a single-zone system?

24. What is a multiple-zone system?

HV C PRODUCTS

25. Name some typical benefits

of

a factory-engineered product compared to a custom

design using standard components.

26. Name some typical benefits

of

a factory-assembled product compared to a field assembly

of

components.

i

Commercial HV C Systems

- Turn to the Experts:

2


25/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

27. Name an advantage of aircooled equipment.

28. Name n advantage ofwater cooled equipment.

HV C

DESIGN PRO ESS

29. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the concept

of

a system after it has been

agreed upon?

30. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the selection ofHVAC equipment after

it has been done?

31. Why might a system designer be reluctant to change the construction documents for a system

after they have been issued?

< 4


Turn to the Experts:


26/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Notes

C o ~ m ~ m ~ e ~ r c ~ i ~ a ~ I ~ V ~ A ~ C ~ S ~ y ~ s = t e m = s

T u r n

t e Experts

23


27/35

IN USTRY OVERVIEW

Notes


28/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Work Session nswers

M RKETS

1 A. New Construction

B. Existing Buildings

2. A. Residential

B. Commercial

C. Office

D. Industrial

E. Institutional (schools, hospitals, prisons)

3. A. Design/build

B. P lan and specification

P RTICIP NTS

4. Describe the following participants in the

HV

C industry:

D Engineer K

Dealer

E Contractor H Service Contractor

C Architect J Equipment Sales Distributor

A Owner I Equipment Sales Representative

B Developer G Building Operations

Manager

C Commissioning

gent

INDUSTRY SSOCI TIONS

5. create

HV C

design information

6. create fire and smoke safety standards

7. test products for safety

LEG L CONCERNS

8. A. Building design codes the designer

of

the item

or

system involved, usually the architect

and engineer

B. Building construction

work

codes contractor

C. Equipment construction codes equipment supplier

D. Building licenses

and

permits

con

tractor

9. A design or construction code prepared by a national code authority, such as ICC, UL ,

ASHRAE, NFPA,

NEC

, etc. .

10. A legal document enacted

by

the local governing body, such as a city, county or state, that

describes the

minimum

requirements for building construction. A local code usually refers

to the various national codes and standards, instead of copying the items into the local

document.

11. Drawings and specifications prepared

by

the designer

of

a project to describe the construction

work. They are used to obtain building permits and as the basis for construction contracts.

12. a document issued

by

the designer

to

describe a change in the drawings or specifications

13.

A

The buyer accepts a proposal from a seller

B.

The

seller accepts a purchase order from a

buyer

14. The terms and conditions

of

a purchase order usually favor the

buyer

, while those

of

a

proposal usually favor the seller.

15. A revision to the contract in which the contractor agrees to make the changes described in

an

ddendum

in return for

an

agreed

upon

change in the contract price.

16. t is to confirm that the equipment to be furnished is in conformance with the construction

documents.

The

objective is to avoid the project delay and expense that will result

if

the

fMQi

Turn

to

theEx

pert

Commercial HV C Systems

25


29/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

wrong equipment is shipped to the job site and must be removed and replaced at the

supplier's expense.

TYPIC L PROJECTS

17. A. Organize: decide who does what

B. Concept: decide what is to be built and the appropriate budget

C. Design: determine capacity, arrangement and construction detail

D. Construction: Build and commission the project

E. Warranty and Service: Prevent or correct problems

18. A.

f

you have done good work with one of the organizers (owner, engineer, contractor) on a

previous project, they can influence the others to favor you when close decisions must be

made.

B. You may be able to identify situations, which would place you at a competitive disadvan

tage, and suggest changes to improve your position without hurting the overall cost or

performance of the project.

HV C SYSTEMS

19.

O

20. A system in which refrigerant circulates directly through the cooling coil.

21. A system in which a water chiller

is

used to cool water. The chilled-water is circulated

through the cooling coils in the air-handling units.

22.

A.

functional performance: temperature, humidity, air quality and sound level

B. costs: design and construction, energy consumption, water and water treatment, operation

and maintenance

C. space: for duct, piping, equipment rooms

D architectural appearance

23. A system that serves an area with one thermostat.

24. A system that serves several different areas and provides a separate temperature control zone

for each area.

HV C PRODUCTS

25. less design cost, less chance of design errors

26. lower cost because of tooling and production quantity; better quality because of better

supervision and testing.

27. no water consumption or chemical water treatment is necessary

28. lower electricity consumption

HV C DESIGN PROCESS

29. The other designers, such as the architect or electrical engineer, may have to change work

they have already done in order to accommodate the new concept.

30. The designer will not be paid for the time required to make the change, and there is risk that

this change will require changes to other items that have already been completed.

31. Addendums are time consuming and expensive. They also raise the issue ofwho is to blame

for the change.


30/35

Glossary

addendum

air water system

all air system

all water system

architect

RI

SHR E

building operations

manager

change notice

commissioning agent

construction

management

construction

manager

contract

contractor

dealers

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

change or addition to the construction documents for a project

an air conditioning system that controls space conditions by supplying a

combination cooled and dehumidified, heated, or neutral, and

conditioned air and chilled or heated water from a conditioning unit and

central plant equipment located outside the conditioned zone.

an air conditioning system that controls space cooling .conditions by

supplying cooled, dehumidified, and conditioned air

to

the zone from a

conditioning unit normally located outside the conditioned zone; heated

air may also be provided for heating control.

an air conditioning system that controls space cooling conditions by

supplying chilled-water to the zone from a chiller outside the

conditioned zone; heated water may also be provided for heating control.

participant in a typical construction project who provides the building

design services; when employing the engineers is called Architect/

Engineer

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute; concerned with creating

standards for testing and rating equipment; provides marketing statistics

for air conditioning equipment manufacturers

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning

engineers; organization concerned with creating information for the

design

of

projects; publishes the ASHRAE handbook and establishes

minimum standards that influence project design

responsible for the operation and maintenance of the HVAC system

revision to the contract between the owner and the prime contractor

employed by the owner

to

provide an objective perspective to correct

errors made during construction

delivery method where an oversight contractor controls the design,

bidding, and construction activities, most often paralleling the sequence

used in plan and spec

participant in a typical construction project who

is

responsible for

coordinating the construction activities that must begin before the prime

contract

is

awarded and continues until the project

is

complete; common

in a fast-track schedule

legal agreement between the participants

of

a project; can be created by a

purchase order, or proposal

participant in a typical construction project who provides the

construction work

independently owned contractors who are franchised by distributors

to

install equipment purchased from the distributor; this arrangement may

require the deal to be exclusive


31/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

design build

developer

direct expansion

DX)

distributor

engineer

equipment

replacement project

equipment supplier

fast track schedule

ICC

Multiple wne system

new construction

market

NFP

owner

Performance

Contracting

Plan

and

Specification


32/35

prime contractor

project manager

reference standards

replacement

m rket

service contractors

subcontractor

test nd balance

contractors

U

IN USTRY OVERVIEW

participant in a typical construction project responsible for coordinating

all construction activity and other contractual items relating to project

cost and timing; often the general contractor but may be a subcontractor

if most of the work is in their specialty- -

participant in a typical construction project responsible for coordinating

the entire project, including design and construction work

standards created by organizations such s ARI arid ASHRAE that

govern the design, manufacture, and installation of HVAC equipment

and systems

market consisting of projects in which a previously installed system or

equipment is replaced

provide either preventative maintenance or

emergency repairs after the

system is operational

participant in a typical construction project who has a contract with the

prime contractor or a higher-level subcontractor

specialists in measuring air and water flows and checking the

performance of equipment after it is placed in service

Underwriters Laboratories; concerned with product safety requirements;

a UL label denotes that equipment has been tested to comply with safety

standards

flip

ommercial HV C Systems

Turnto

the x

perti.

29


33/35

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

eferences

2003 International Building Code. Copyright 2002. Falls Church Virginia: International Code

Council Inc.

2003 International Energy Conservation Code. Copyright 2003. Falls Church Virginia: Interna

tional Code Council Inc.

2003 International Mechanical Code. Copyright 2003 Falls Church Virginia: International Code

Council Inc.

fi


urnt

o th

e

xpert

- - - - -

30


34/35

Prerequisites:

None

Learning Objectives:

After reading this module participants will

be

able

to

Describe the commercial and how its market is served.

Describe the participants

in

the construction process and total HVAC life cycle influencers

in

the various market categories.

Understand the steps in the construction process of typical commercial projects .

Describe the commercial new construction process and influencers plan and specification

and design build.

Describe the commercial retrofit replacement and renovation market and how they are in

fluenced by the construction process and decision makers.

Understand how codes and regulatory influences impact building decision.

Be able to identify how different industry organizations influence HVAC design.

Understand how influencers and regulatory influences affect system selection.

Understand how various players

in

the process can work together.

Appreciate who does what design in each method o going to market and know when it is

their turn to perform.

Supplemental Material:

Book

T P

Cat No

TDP-701 796-067

Instructor Information

Instructor CD

Cat No

797-067

Title

System Selection

Each TDP topic is supported with a number of different items to meet the specific needs o the

user. Instructor materials consist o a CD-ROM disk that includes a PowerPointpresentation

with convenient links to all required support materials required for the topic. This always includes:

slides presenter notes text file including work sessions and work session solutions quiz and

quiz answers. Depending upon the topic the instructor

CD

may also include sound video

spreadsheets forms or other material required to present a complete class. Self-study or

student material consists o a text including work sessions and work session answers and may

also include forms worksheets calculators etc.


35/35

Turn

to

the

ExpertS.

Carrier Corporation

Technical Training

800 6 5544

www.training.carrier.com